We are ready to represent the best custom paper writing assistance that can cope with any task like ideas even at the eleventh hour. The matter is that we posses the greatest base of expert writers. Our staff of freelance writers includes approximately 300 experienced writers are at your disposal all year round. They are striving to provide the best ever services to the most desperate students that have already lost the hope for academic success. We offer the range of the most widely required, however, not recommended for college use papers. It is advisable to use our examples like ideas in learning at public-education level. Get prepared and be smart with our best essay samples cheap and fast! Get in touch and we will write excellent custom coursework or essay especially for you.
People choose to pursue graduate degrees for a variety of reasons
knowledge, personal fulfillment, increased salary, and enhanced
career opportunities are some of the most common. A graduate degree
may be a minimum qualification for some jobs. For others, a graduate
degree may help with promotions and obtaining a higher-level
position with more responsibility within an organization. Others
choose the graduate path based solely on their genuine passion for
learning and a deep interest in a specific subject.
Everyone has their own unique motivation for continuing their
education. Consider the possibilities - career mobility, advancing
your degree, marketing yourself, changing & stimulating your career,
or simply seeking knowledge.
For security reasons, this email contains only your password for your new online application account for Duke University Graduate School.
Multi-session Form Completion
Since Applyweb lets you save your data, you dont have
to complete a form in one sitting or from the same
computer. You can start the form from this computer,
work on the next section a week later from the library,
counselors office or elsewhere.
This question is not as redundant as it may appear. It is highly likely that you will attend graduate or professional school at some point in your future, but the decision to attend is a highly personal one, and each persons reasons vary. It is critical in making this decision that you ask fundamental questions of yourself and of the process.
Two of the best sources of advice about postgraduate plans are your DUS and your residential dean. Many students also seek out a faculty mentor with whom they have worked closely. This may be particularly useful if your selected graduate field is significantly different from that of your undergraduate major. The counselors at UCS are another great source of advice, and they can also help you to identify other people who are experts in your field of interest.
Ultimately, however, YOU must make your decision. A wise choice can be the launching point into a stimulating academic experience and a successful career. A poor choice can cost you thousands of dollars, wasted years and do little or nothing for your future.
Mind that the sample papers like ideas presented are to be used for review only. In order to warn you and eliminate any plagiarism writing intentions, it is highly recommended not to use the essays in class. In cases you experience difficulties with essay writing in class and for in class use, order original papers with our expert writers. Cheap custom papers can be written from scratch for each customer that entrusts his or her academic success to our writing team. Order your unique assignment from the best custom writing services cheap and fast!
Showing posts with label free college essays. Show all posts
Showing posts with label free college essays. Show all posts
Thursday, September 6, 2012
Tuesday, August 14, 2012
Desirees Baby
We are ready to represent the best custom paper writing assistance that can cope with any task like Desirees Baby even at the eleventh hour. The matter is that we posses the greatest base of expert writers. Our staff of freelance writers includes approximately 300 experienced writers are at your disposal all year round. They are striving to provide the best ever services to the most desperate students that have already lost the hope for academic success. We offer the range of the most widely required, however, not recommended for college use papers. It is advisable to use our examples like Desirees Baby in learning at public-education level. Get prepared and be smart with our best essay samples cheap and fast! Get in touch and we will write excellent custom coursework or essay especially for you.
Desiree’s Baby
Kate Chopin
I thought that this story was sad and very interesting. It showed us how innocent people suffer because of the racial barriers. Desiree was married to a black man and didn’t know it until they had their baby. Even at the end of the story the author doesn’t tell us that she’d found out about his color. Armand, her husband, accused her of being black and made her leave with the baby. But he was mistaken. Armand’s mother was black and his parents kept it a secret from him. The story has a lot of irony in it. The entire time I thought that Desiree was responsible for the child’s color, until the last paragraph! He sent her away and then found out that he was black. I think he regretted his actions afterwards and wanted her to come back. Armand was willing to give up his love only because he thought she was black. It’s a great story and it made me realized that this actually happens to many people. I didn’t like that Armand acted so cruelly towards his wife, and made her suffer. Even if she would have been black, I didn’t think he should have acted the way he did.
After the class discussion, I understood the story more. More than that, I realized that the discrimination is still among us, even after about 50 years. Not as much as it used to be and maybe by far less, but the unfairness is still there.
Mind that the sample papers like Desirees Baby presented are to be used for review only. In order to warn you and eliminate any plagiarism writing intentions, it is highly recommended not to use the essays in class. In cases you experience difficulties with essay writing in class and for in class use, order original papers with our expert writers. Cheap custom papers can be written from scratch for each customer that entrusts his or her academic success to our writing team. Order your unique assignment from the best custom writing services cheap and fast!
Desiree’s Baby
Kate Chopin
I thought that this story was sad and very interesting. It showed us how innocent people suffer because of the racial barriers. Desiree was married to a black man and didn’t know it until they had their baby. Even at the end of the story the author doesn’t tell us that she’d found out about his color. Armand, her husband, accused her of being black and made her leave with the baby. But he was mistaken. Armand’s mother was black and his parents kept it a secret from him. The story has a lot of irony in it. The entire time I thought that Desiree was responsible for the child’s color, until the last paragraph! He sent her away and then found out that he was black. I think he regretted his actions afterwards and wanted her to come back. Armand was willing to give up his love only because he thought she was black. It’s a great story and it made me realized that this actually happens to many people. I didn’t like that Armand acted so cruelly towards his wife, and made her suffer. Even if she would have been black, I didn’t think he should have acted the way he did.
After the class discussion, I understood the story more. More than that, I realized that the discrimination is still among us, even after about 50 years. Not as much as it used to be and maybe by far less, but the unfairness is still there.
Mind that the sample papers like Desirees Baby presented are to be used for review only. In order to warn you and eliminate any plagiarism writing intentions, it is highly recommended not to use the essays in class. In cases you experience difficulties with essay writing in class and for in class use, order original papers with our expert writers. Cheap custom papers can be written from scratch for each customer that entrusts his or her academic success to our writing team. Order your unique assignment from the best custom writing services cheap and fast!
Wednesday, August 8, 2012
Basketball is a great sport
We are ready to represent the best custom paper writing assistance that can cope with any task like Basketball is a great sport even at the eleventh hour. The matter is that we posses the greatest base of expert writers. Our staff of freelance writers includes approximately 300 experienced writers are at your disposal all year round. They are striving to provide the best ever services to the most desperate students that have already lost the hope for academic success. We offer the range of the most widely required, however, not recommended for college use papers. It is advisable to use our examples like Basketball is a great sport in learning at public-education level. Get prepared and be smart with our best essay samples cheap and fast! Get in touch and we will write excellent custom coursework or essay especially for you.
One of the smoothest sports that can be played is basketball. Basketball consisted of many different positions like forwards, shooting guards, a point guard, and a center that makes a team. A jazz band is also like a basketball team in many ways. A jazz band has many different instruments that can be compared to a basketball team. The instruments can be compared to a team because every complete jazz band has trumpets, saxophones, and clarinets that can represent the player at the top of the key. Also, the band has all the basses, and trombones that could represent the player down low. The most important instrument would be the drums that would represent the point guard, who leads the team. Playing basketball for a team is like playing in a jazz band because it’s very exciting.
The looks of a basketball team is very important for a team performance. The looks of a team includes on how they move the ball from end to end of the court, how the pass the ball, how they perform as a team, and how they shoot the ball. In order for a team to look good they must be able to run the floor without going tried. While running up and down the court they must be able to play hard defense. On offense they must be able to make nice sharp passes in order not to get a turnover. Also, the team must be able to shoot in order to look good for there fans. Next, a team must have a type of chemistry between each other for better communication. Communication is vital because it allow the team to be more focus which helps them make better decisions. But, looks are also important for a jazz band for the performance. In order for a jazz band to look good they must be able to make smooth transition in the music, keep full energy while playing and all the instrument must be in tunes with each other with playing. A jazz band must be able to make smooth transition from measure to measure in order for them to look and perform well. For example the band must be able to go from a nice fast swinging beat to a nice smooth beat in a matter of two measures. Second, the band must be full of energy especially the wind section. The wind or brass section consists of the trumpets, trombones, saxophones, and clarinet that make up half of a jazz band. Most of the energy lies in the hands of the drummer which usually slow or speeds up things in the band. In return the rest of the band feeds off the energy provided by each other and the drummer giving them a good exciting performance. Third, in order for the band to look good they must be able to sound good. In order for them to song good all of the instrument must be in tune with each other. For example the whole band must play their B flat on their instrument before and performance to get in tune. Therefore, a jazz band and a basketball team are very alike on how they look at a performance.
Every Basketball team has a coach to help guide them through a basketball game. Usually the coach control the tempo of the game by giving his player special plays to control the game. Also he subs different player in and out the game according to the type of game that is being played. For example if it’s a hard played fast tempo game he might put in one his more aggressive and relax players in to try to slow the tempo down some. Next, he can also be the most moody person on the floor on changes of events. A coach can be in a semi relax mood and with a bad call against his team he can become the most aggressive person on the floor. But, a jazz band is lead by and conductor which control the tempo of the band. The conductor is very important to the band in many different ways. The conductor always gives the band the tempo of the song before they actually started playing. This gives the band an idea on how fast the song would be played in the performance. During the performance he queue different instruments in and out the songs. Like if the drums, trombones, clarinets, and trumpets started the song playing, and the saxophones had rest in the beginning he would queue them in when it’s their time. The conductor is also very moody because he can go to a nice, smooth, and relaxing to a swinging, fast, and dancing mood in a matter of a measure. Therefore, the conductor gives you many qualities of a basketball coach doing to game.
The performance of a basketball team is very important to a team. The team that gives their best performance usually draws a bigger crowd of fans to their game. Fans like this because they know that the game will be very exciting and well played. This will begin in more money for the franchise to better help their futility. But, the performance of a jazz band is very important. The performance is important because the better the show is the more people will attend the concert. This will result in more people beginning and donating money to the band. With the money that the band begins in they will the able to buy better material like amps, and microphones to better the band. Therefore, the performance of a jazz band and a basketball team is very similar.
In conclusion playing for basketball team is like playing for a jazz band it’s very exciting.
Mind that the sample papers like Basketball is a great sport presented are to be used for review only. In order to warn you and eliminate any plagiarism writing intentions, it is highly recommended not to use the essays in class. In cases you experience difficulties with essay writing in class and for in class use, order original papers with our expert writers. Cheap custom papers can be written from scratch for each customer that entrusts his or her academic success to our writing team. Order your unique assignment from the best custom writing services cheap and fast!
One of the smoothest sports that can be played is basketball. Basketball consisted of many different positions like forwards, shooting guards, a point guard, and a center that makes a team. A jazz band is also like a basketball team in many ways. A jazz band has many different instruments that can be compared to a basketball team. The instruments can be compared to a team because every complete jazz band has trumpets, saxophones, and clarinets that can represent the player at the top of the key. Also, the band has all the basses, and trombones that could represent the player down low. The most important instrument would be the drums that would represent the point guard, who leads the team. Playing basketball for a team is like playing in a jazz band because it’s very exciting.
The looks of a basketball team is very important for a team performance. The looks of a team includes on how they move the ball from end to end of the court, how the pass the ball, how they perform as a team, and how they shoot the ball. In order for a team to look good they must be able to run the floor without going tried. While running up and down the court they must be able to play hard defense. On offense they must be able to make nice sharp passes in order not to get a turnover. Also, the team must be able to shoot in order to look good for there fans. Next, a team must have a type of chemistry between each other for better communication. Communication is vital because it allow the team to be more focus which helps them make better decisions. But, looks are also important for a jazz band for the performance. In order for a jazz band to look good they must be able to make smooth transition in the music, keep full energy while playing and all the instrument must be in tunes with each other with playing. A jazz band must be able to make smooth transition from measure to measure in order for them to look and perform well. For example the band must be able to go from a nice fast swinging beat to a nice smooth beat in a matter of two measures. Second, the band must be full of energy especially the wind section. The wind or brass section consists of the trumpets, trombones, saxophones, and clarinet that make up half of a jazz band. Most of the energy lies in the hands of the drummer which usually slow or speeds up things in the band. In return the rest of the band feeds off the energy provided by each other and the drummer giving them a good exciting performance. Third, in order for the band to look good they must be able to sound good. In order for them to song good all of the instrument must be in tune with each other. For example the whole band must play their B flat on their instrument before and performance to get in tune. Therefore, a jazz band and a basketball team are very alike on how they look at a performance.
Every Basketball team has a coach to help guide them through a basketball game. Usually the coach control the tempo of the game by giving his player special plays to control the game. Also he subs different player in and out the game according to the type of game that is being played. For example if it’s a hard played fast tempo game he might put in one his more aggressive and relax players in to try to slow the tempo down some. Next, he can also be the most moody person on the floor on changes of events. A coach can be in a semi relax mood and with a bad call against his team he can become the most aggressive person on the floor. But, a jazz band is lead by and conductor which control the tempo of the band. The conductor is very important to the band in many different ways. The conductor always gives the band the tempo of the song before they actually started playing. This gives the band an idea on how fast the song would be played in the performance. During the performance he queue different instruments in and out the songs. Like if the drums, trombones, clarinets, and trumpets started the song playing, and the saxophones had rest in the beginning he would queue them in when it’s their time. The conductor is also very moody because he can go to a nice, smooth, and relaxing to a swinging, fast, and dancing mood in a matter of a measure. Therefore, the conductor gives you many qualities of a basketball coach doing to game.
The performance of a basketball team is very important to a team. The team that gives their best performance usually draws a bigger crowd of fans to their game. Fans like this because they know that the game will be very exciting and well played. This will begin in more money for the franchise to better help their futility. But, the performance of a jazz band is very important. The performance is important because the better the show is the more people will attend the concert. This will result in more people beginning and donating money to the band. With the money that the band begins in they will the able to buy better material like amps, and microphones to better the band. Therefore, the performance of a jazz band and a basketball team is very similar.
In conclusion playing for basketball team is like playing for a jazz band it’s very exciting.
Mind that the sample papers like Basketball is a great sport presented are to be used for review only. In order to warn you and eliminate any plagiarism writing intentions, it is highly recommended not to use the essays in class. In cases you experience difficulties with essay writing in class and for in class use, order original papers with our expert writers. Cheap custom papers can be written from scratch for each customer that entrusts his or her academic success to our writing team. Order your unique assignment from the best custom writing services cheap and fast!
Thursday, July 12, 2012
Lambeau Field Renovations
We are ready to represent the best custom paper writing assistance that can cope with any task like Lambeau Field Renovations even at the eleventh hour. The matter is that we posses the greatest base of expert writers. Our staff of freelance writers includes approximately 300 experienced writers are at your disposal all year round. They are striving to provide the best ever services to the most desperate students that have already lost the hope for academic success. We offer the range of the most widely required, however, not recommended for college use papers. It is advisable to use our examples like Lambeau Field Renovations in learning at public-education level. Get prepared and be smart with our best essay samples cheap and fast! Get in touch and we will write excellent custom coursework or essay especially for you.
Lambeau Field Renovations � A Win For Green Bay
The Green Bay Packers have dominated the headlines in local newspapers lately and it has little to do with their dismal season that concluded a little more than four months ago. The headlines are now pointing towards renovation plans for their historic Lambeau Field. The Packers have asked Brown County to help with the funding of these renovations. This debate has drawn some negative reactions from the general public. For some time now professional sports franchises have been seen as greedy, fortune seeking businesses. The Packers seem to be the exception. They highly regard themselves as a fan friendly organization. The Packers seem to display some characteristics that few franchises have the ability to match. The fact that the Packers are the only publicly owned franchises in professional sports strengthens that claim. A billionaire owner is non-existent in this organization. However, in this rare case the public must exist. The renovations call for a larger seating bowl, a new pro shop, a new hall of fame, and a new stadium club, among other things that would aid in revenue for the Packers. Since the residents of Brown County will benefit most from the renovations, a small increase on sales tax will be laid upon them. The public is not alone; the Packers will also contribute a large amount of money to make this happen. The Packers have proposed a renovation plan essential not only for their organization, but also the city of Green Bay. It is the duty of the public to make these proposals a reality.
For the past year or so Packers President Bob Harlan has been hinting at the possibility that the Packers may need a new stadium or a major renovation to Lambeau Field in order to remain competitive in the National Football League. Many people began to believe that maybe this was the beginning of the end to Lambeau Field, which has been in use for the Packers since it was known as City Stadium until 165. For several months the topic was isolated within Packer headquarters. Finally, after the frustrating 1-000-football campaign in which the Packers finished a dismal 8-8 and failed to make the playoffs for the first time in seven years, the subject once again arose. Within weeks it was known that the intent of Harlan and the Packer’s organization was not to construct a new stadium, but to renovate their current field. Within a few weeks the plans for the renovations were unveiled.
An increase in seating capacity is the main level of concern. According to the Packers’ official website, Lambeau Field currently seats 60,80 fans. After the renovations are complete in 00, the stadium would have enough seating for roughly 71,000 people. 6,000 seats would be for general admission, an increase of nearly 6,000 from the current amount of 56,11. The other ,000 would be in the form of club seating and luxury suites. The proposal calls for ,060 indoor and ,00 more outdoor club seats. The new luxury suites would total 167.
The renovation plans also included expanding and improving the public concourses. During a Monday Night Football game two years ago, the concourse quickly became crowded after a majority of the capacity crowd surged into the area to escape a heavy rainstorm. The congestion got so bad that fans were calling 11 seeking medical assistance. In the proposal, a second story concourse will be added to where the expanded seating bowl is to be constructed. (
The construction of additional restroom and concession facilities is also a must. Currently, there are enough restrooms to accommodate ,000 fans a game. This means the current restroom capacity must be more than doubled. There are 15 concession areas located in the concourse. The renovation plan calls for the amount of concession areas to reach 8, and also a concession stand for every 150-club seats. The increase in restrooms and concessions will surely make the confines of Lambeau friendlier.
In an effort to acquire more revenue the Packers will also add a new atrium to the east side of the stadium. The atrium will be called “Titletown.” It will house the new 5,000 square foot Packer Hall of Fame, a larger Pro Shop, and Lambeau Field’s only stadium club restaurant. The current Hall of Fame is located across the street from the stadium; it alone attracts nearly 100,000 people per year. A Hall of Fame location within the confines of the stadium would make it more tempting to fans before and after games. Roughly 1,000 square feet of merchandising would be present in the Pro Shop. The current Pro Shop is located next to the Packer offices. The team feels business would benefit more for the Pro Shop if it too were located in the atrium. The stadium club would be an excellent place for people to meet before and after the game. The current Lambeau Field doesn’t have anything even remotely close to a stadium club. The club shouldn’t deter a lot of tailgaters because also in the proposal are new tailgating terraces. This will surely make the tailgating more desirable.
Since Lambeau Field is over 40 years old, many improvements need to be made to the structures holding the stadium in place. The Packers aren’t going to stop with just general improvements. The renovation calls for a new classic style brick exterior. This has been a common trend of many new stadiums that have been built recently. It will definitely add some character to a somewhat boring and plain current exterior. The city of Green Bay would be able to now boast a state of the art facility it currently lacks.
Green Bay is the smallest city of any professional sports franchises. No other city even comes remotely close to the size of Green Bay. In fact, Green Bay is the only city in professional sports that has a population under 100,000 people. Unlike New York, Los Angeles, and Chicago they can’t benefit from a large television market to help produce money. A billionaire owner such as Microsoft co-founder Paul Allen who owns the Seattle Seahawks isn’t available to help with funding. The city of Green Bay itself doesn’t have the large corporations that reluctantly make contributions for the organizations. Their stadium isn’t named after some business group such as Com Park in San Francisco. It’s not to say that someday Lambeau Field may share its name with Schneider National, the largest business in Green Bay. A business paying money for naming rights is a common trend and the Packers have not ruled out the possibility. Naming rights for stadiums can create millions of dollars for the organizations.
In 15, the Packers were th in the NFL in revenue, last year they dropped six places to 15th, and by 00 they could be dead last. Money is the issue right now. The total cost for the renovations is slated to be roughly $5 million. Out of the $5 million, private funds will account for $15. million of it; the other $16.1 million would come from public funding. Included in the public funding is of course the increase of 0.5% sales tax in Brown County. Meaning for every dollar spent instead of paying five cents for every dollar spent, the consumer would be paying five and a half cents. Brown County residents aren’t the only ones being affected by the increase. Consumers from other regions would also be paying a little bit extra on their purchases. The small increase is not going to be all that much to ask. The sales tax will account for about $160 million of the public funding. State infrastructure funding would account for the other $.1 million. Another possibility is the personalized Packer license plate. The Packers and legislature are proposing a license plate similar to that of the UW alumni program. There have been no predictions of how much revenue could be gained from this proposal. The license plate would be a good way for the rest of the state of Wisconsin to make a donation to Lambeau Field’s renovations.
As far as the private funding, a one-time user fee, more commonly known as a seat license would create $.5 million. What this means is that every season ticket holder must pay a one-time fee of $1,400 per seat. The fee may cause some ticket holders to relinquish multiple seats. That would allow some names to be dropped off the long waiting list. This doesn’t pertain to single-game general admission tickets, which may also be a possibility. A few years ago the Packers offered stock to the public, $0.4 million was raised. That $0.4 million will also be apart of the private funding. Finally, the other $1 million will come from an NFL loan. If the Packers would have chosen to build a new stadium the cost would have been up in the range of $480 million. An interesting statistic states that in comparison with other NFL stadiums, the Packers are lower than the average in both public funds and private funds. The average NFL stadium uses 66.5% of public funds and only .5% of private funds. The Packers are using only 57% from public funds and 4% from private funds. This means is that the Packers are paying more out of their own pocket than most NFL teams building a new stadium.
The Packers are not going to be the only business to benefit from an improved stadium. The commercial industry around the area will also benefit. The increase in seating means that roughly 10,000 more people will be in town every time that the Packers play. Summer training camps alone attract nearly 85,000 fans from all over the country. These people need places to stay and eat. Hotels and restaurants would benefit greatly from this. In a recent study released by the Green Bay Chamber of Commerce, the team has an annual economic impact of $145 million. Not to mention the number of jobs created by not only the Packers, but also the businesses surrounding the stadium. Car rentals, various retail stores, and bars all benefit from the thousands of people coming in town for games and training camps. These businesses need to hire more people just to stay on pace with the growth. The average spending is estimated to range from $ to $57 per person for each game alone.
The Packers have given back to the community in more ways than one. Over the past decade, the Packers have contributed $ million to various non-profit organizations via the concession operations. This means is that the Packers don’t profit fully from concessions, they allow other non-profit organizations to come in and sell concessions during games. The Packers have also donated $756,000 in charitable grants provided through the Green Bay Packers Foundation since its inception. Also in the past year alone, over 00 players and coaches have made appearances in the community. The Packers are truly unique in the ways they help the community. It would be a loss to everyone if the Packers weren’t in our area.
The Packers are laying the foundation for many more entertainment venues to come to the area. Oneida Casino was just a start for the city of Green Bay. Now another casino is looking to come into the area, whether or not it gets voted in, it still shows promise for the community. If the city of Green Bay wishes to grow beyond its current capacities, it needs to take full advantage of these proposals. Any person opposing this plan should take a hard look at the benefits behind this. It has been said that the state of professional sports is in shambles, but when a community can benefit as much as Green Bay can from this it should take full advantage of this.
The major opposing viewpoints are directed primarily at the millions of dollars the athletes are making. These people feel that if the organizations have enough money to pay the athletes that amount of money, then they can surely have enough to pay for their own stadiums. After all, most families seeking to build a new home do not ask taxpayers to fund their homes. It’s easy to say that blue-collar workers should not have to help pay for multi-millionaires. A simple answer to that question is; do doctors and medical researchers pay for their employment offices? With the current state of free agency, and the risk of injury, it would be impossible for players to pay for their own stadiums. The league would have to restructure salaries and salary caps. That would be a task in itself.
The Packers are asking a once in a lifetime favor by their request for public funding for their renovations. They have given a lot to their fans in terms of entertainment. If the Packers were to move on to another city or even if they lost their economic edge to compete, then Green Bay as a whole would lose. The Packers stand for everything that professional sports should stand for, and we are lucky enough to have them as our own. They don’t have a billionaire owner out to make his own fortune, they have us the community that thrives on watching them succeed and makes us proud to say that we are from Wisconsin. Green Bay taxpayers must vote in favor of the renovations. Keep the legacy of the Packers alive, as well as the community that supports them.
Mind that the sample papers like Lambeau Field Renovations presented are to be used for review only. In order to warn you and eliminate any plagiarism writing intentions, it is highly recommended not to use the essays in class. In cases you experience difficulties with essay writing in class and for in class use, order original papers with our expert writers. Cheap custom papers can be written from scratch for each customer that entrusts his or her academic success to our writing team. Order your unique assignment from the best custom writing services cheap and fast!
Lambeau Field Renovations � A Win For Green Bay
The Green Bay Packers have dominated the headlines in local newspapers lately and it has little to do with their dismal season that concluded a little more than four months ago. The headlines are now pointing towards renovation plans for their historic Lambeau Field. The Packers have asked Brown County to help with the funding of these renovations. This debate has drawn some negative reactions from the general public. For some time now professional sports franchises have been seen as greedy, fortune seeking businesses. The Packers seem to be the exception. They highly regard themselves as a fan friendly organization. The Packers seem to display some characteristics that few franchises have the ability to match. The fact that the Packers are the only publicly owned franchises in professional sports strengthens that claim. A billionaire owner is non-existent in this organization. However, in this rare case the public must exist. The renovations call for a larger seating bowl, a new pro shop, a new hall of fame, and a new stadium club, among other things that would aid in revenue for the Packers. Since the residents of Brown County will benefit most from the renovations, a small increase on sales tax will be laid upon them. The public is not alone; the Packers will also contribute a large amount of money to make this happen. The Packers have proposed a renovation plan essential not only for their organization, but also the city of Green Bay. It is the duty of the public to make these proposals a reality.
For the past year or so Packers President Bob Harlan has been hinting at the possibility that the Packers may need a new stadium or a major renovation to Lambeau Field in order to remain competitive in the National Football League. Many people began to believe that maybe this was the beginning of the end to Lambeau Field, which has been in use for the Packers since it was known as City Stadium until 165. For several months the topic was isolated within Packer headquarters. Finally, after the frustrating 1-000-football campaign in which the Packers finished a dismal 8-8 and failed to make the playoffs for the first time in seven years, the subject once again arose. Within weeks it was known that the intent of Harlan and the Packer’s organization was not to construct a new stadium, but to renovate their current field. Within a few weeks the plans for the renovations were unveiled.
An increase in seating capacity is the main level of concern. According to the Packers’ official website, Lambeau Field currently seats 60,80 fans. After the renovations are complete in 00, the stadium would have enough seating for roughly 71,000 people. 6,000 seats would be for general admission, an increase of nearly 6,000 from the current amount of 56,11. The other ,000 would be in the form of club seating and luxury suites. The proposal calls for ,060 indoor and ,00 more outdoor club seats. The new luxury suites would total 167.
The renovation plans also included expanding and improving the public concourses. During a Monday Night Football game two years ago, the concourse quickly became crowded after a majority of the capacity crowd surged into the area to escape a heavy rainstorm. The congestion got so bad that fans were calling 11 seeking medical assistance. In the proposal, a second story concourse will be added to where the expanded seating bowl is to be constructed. (
The construction of additional restroom and concession facilities is also a must. Currently, there are enough restrooms to accommodate ,000 fans a game. This means the current restroom capacity must be more than doubled. There are 15 concession areas located in the concourse. The renovation plan calls for the amount of concession areas to reach 8, and also a concession stand for every 150-club seats. The increase in restrooms and concessions will surely make the confines of Lambeau friendlier.
In an effort to acquire more revenue the Packers will also add a new atrium to the east side of the stadium. The atrium will be called “Titletown.” It will house the new 5,000 square foot Packer Hall of Fame, a larger Pro Shop, and Lambeau Field’s only stadium club restaurant. The current Hall of Fame is located across the street from the stadium; it alone attracts nearly 100,000 people per year. A Hall of Fame location within the confines of the stadium would make it more tempting to fans before and after games. Roughly 1,000 square feet of merchandising would be present in the Pro Shop. The current Pro Shop is located next to the Packer offices. The team feels business would benefit more for the Pro Shop if it too were located in the atrium. The stadium club would be an excellent place for people to meet before and after the game. The current Lambeau Field doesn’t have anything even remotely close to a stadium club. The club shouldn’t deter a lot of tailgaters because also in the proposal are new tailgating terraces. This will surely make the tailgating more desirable.
Since Lambeau Field is over 40 years old, many improvements need to be made to the structures holding the stadium in place. The Packers aren’t going to stop with just general improvements. The renovation calls for a new classic style brick exterior. This has been a common trend of many new stadiums that have been built recently. It will definitely add some character to a somewhat boring and plain current exterior. The city of Green Bay would be able to now boast a state of the art facility it currently lacks.
Green Bay is the smallest city of any professional sports franchises. No other city even comes remotely close to the size of Green Bay. In fact, Green Bay is the only city in professional sports that has a population under 100,000 people. Unlike New York, Los Angeles, and Chicago they can’t benefit from a large television market to help produce money. A billionaire owner such as Microsoft co-founder Paul Allen who owns the Seattle Seahawks isn’t available to help with funding. The city of Green Bay itself doesn’t have the large corporations that reluctantly make contributions for the organizations. Their stadium isn’t named after some business group such as Com Park in San Francisco. It’s not to say that someday Lambeau Field may share its name with Schneider National, the largest business in Green Bay. A business paying money for naming rights is a common trend and the Packers have not ruled out the possibility. Naming rights for stadiums can create millions of dollars for the organizations.
In 15, the Packers were th in the NFL in revenue, last year they dropped six places to 15th, and by 00 they could be dead last. Money is the issue right now. The total cost for the renovations is slated to be roughly $5 million. Out of the $5 million, private funds will account for $15. million of it; the other $16.1 million would come from public funding. Included in the public funding is of course the increase of 0.5% sales tax in Brown County. Meaning for every dollar spent instead of paying five cents for every dollar spent, the consumer would be paying five and a half cents. Brown County residents aren’t the only ones being affected by the increase. Consumers from other regions would also be paying a little bit extra on their purchases. The small increase is not going to be all that much to ask. The sales tax will account for about $160 million of the public funding. State infrastructure funding would account for the other $.1 million. Another possibility is the personalized Packer license plate. The Packers and legislature are proposing a license plate similar to that of the UW alumni program. There have been no predictions of how much revenue could be gained from this proposal. The license plate would be a good way for the rest of the state of Wisconsin to make a donation to Lambeau Field’s renovations.
As far as the private funding, a one-time user fee, more commonly known as a seat license would create $.5 million. What this means is that every season ticket holder must pay a one-time fee of $1,400 per seat. The fee may cause some ticket holders to relinquish multiple seats. That would allow some names to be dropped off the long waiting list. This doesn’t pertain to single-game general admission tickets, which may also be a possibility. A few years ago the Packers offered stock to the public, $0.4 million was raised. That $0.4 million will also be apart of the private funding. Finally, the other $1 million will come from an NFL loan. If the Packers would have chosen to build a new stadium the cost would have been up in the range of $480 million. An interesting statistic states that in comparison with other NFL stadiums, the Packers are lower than the average in both public funds and private funds. The average NFL stadium uses 66.5% of public funds and only .5% of private funds. The Packers are using only 57% from public funds and 4% from private funds. This means is that the Packers are paying more out of their own pocket than most NFL teams building a new stadium.
The Packers are not going to be the only business to benefit from an improved stadium. The commercial industry around the area will also benefit. The increase in seating means that roughly 10,000 more people will be in town every time that the Packers play. Summer training camps alone attract nearly 85,000 fans from all over the country. These people need places to stay and eat. Hotels and restaurants would benefit greatly from this. In a recent study released by the Green Bay Chamber of Commerce, the team has an annual economic impact of $145 million. Not to mention the number of jobs created by not only the Packers, but also the businesses surrounding the stadium. Car rentals, various retail stores, and bars all benefit from the thousands of people coming in town for games and training camps. These businesses need to hire more people just to stay on pace with the growth. The average spending is estimated to range from $ to $57 per person for each game alone.
The Packers have given back to the community in more ways than one. Over the past decade, the Packers have contributed $ million to various non-profit organizations via the concession operations. This means is that the Packers don’t profit fully from concessions, they allow other non-profit organizations to come in and sell concessions during games. The Packers have also donated $756,000 in charitable grants provided through the Green Bay Packers Foundation since its inception. Also in the past year alone, over 00 players and coaches have made appearances in the community. The Packers are truly unique in the ways they help the community. It would be a loss to everyone if the Packers weren’t in our area.
The Packers are laying the foundation for many more entertainment venues to come to the area. Oneida Casino was just a start for the city of Green Bay. Now another casino is looking to come into the area, whether or not it gets voted in, it still shows promise for the community. If the city of Green Bay wishes to grow beyond its current capacities, it needs to take full advantage of these proposals. Any person opposing this plan should take a hard look at the benefits behind this. It has been said that the state of professional sports is in shambles, but when a community can benefit as much as Green Bay can from this it should take full advantage of this.
The major opposing viewpoints are directed primarily at the millions of dollars the athletes are making. These people feel that if the organizations have enough money to pay the athletes that amount of money, then they can surely have enough to pay for their own stadiums. After all, most families seeking to build a new home do not ask taxpayers to fund their homes. It’s easy to say that blue-collar workers should not have to help pay for multi-millionaires. A simple answer to that question is; do doctors and medical researchers pay for their employment offices? With the current state of free agency, and the risk of injury, it would be impossible for players to pay for their own stadiums. The league would have to restructure salaries and salary caps. That would be a task in itself.
The Packers are asking a once in a lifetime favor by their request for public funding for their renovations. They have given a lot to their fans in terms of entertainment. If the Packers were to move on to another city or even if they lost their economic edge to compete, then Green Bay as a whole would lose. The Packers stand for everything that professional sports should stand for, and we are lucky enough to have them as our own. They don’t have a billionaire owner out to make his own fortune, they have us the community that thrives on watching them succeed and makes us proud to say that we are from Wisconsin. Green Bay taxpayers must vote in favor of the renovations. Keep the legacy of the Packers alive, as well as the community that supports them.
Mind that the sample papers like Lambeau Field Renovations presented are to be used for review only. In order to warn you and eliminate any plagiarism writing intentions, it is highly recommended not to use the essays in class. In cases you experience difficulties with essay writing in class and for in class use, order original papers with our expert writers. Cheap custom papers can be written from scratch for each customer that entrusts his or her academic success to our writing team. Order your unique assignment from the best custom writing services cheap and fast!
The Elements
We are ready to represent the best custom paper writing assistance that can cope with any task like The Elements even at the eleventh hour. The matter is that we posses the greatest base of expert writers. Our staff of freelance writers includes approximately 300 experienced writers are at your disposal all year round. They are striving to provide the best ever services to the most desperate students that have already lost the hope for academic success. We offer the range of the most widely required, however, not recommended for college use papers. It is advisable to use our examples like The Elements in learning at public-education level. Get prepared and be smart with our best essay samples cheap and fast! Get in touch and we will write excellent custom coursework or essay especially for you.
The Symbolism of the Four Elements
The four elements in nature are earth, water, air and fire. In many traditions there is believed to be a fifth element which is a spirit or a perfect being.
The four elements are represented in many different cultures in many different ways, they also play a large part in fantasy and myth, for example the elements are extremely important in relation to witches who are said to draw their power from the elements.
Examples of cultures and different beliefs are as follows in Tarot and Astrology, Ancient Greek science and philosophy, Indian and Buddhist beliefs and Chinese beliefs.
Tarot and Astrology
In tarot and astrology it is believed that the ancients tried to understand or explain the world as being made up of these four elements. All matter, according to theory, is a combination of fire, water, earth and air. In Astrology the twelve star signs are divided into earth sings, water signs, air signs and fire signs, each personality exhibiting some of the traits of each element.
Water and Emotions
Water is the element of emotions, the sea has inspired many poets and in fact water is the element of the poet. Also being the element of emotions, the link between sea and human emotions is very strong. As with human emotions the sea erupts into waves that can be gentle and slow or unpredictable and life threatening. The element of water is also associated with the nurturing of the womb and the womb reflects the creative qualities of water. This also means that people belonging to the water astrology signs Pieces, Cancer and Scorpio are said to be very creative, confident, strong and charming. Also water signs are extremely artistic and free spirited like a flowing river or waterfall.
Earth and the Physical
The element earth is embodies in the physical substance of mountains, the soil and the life that is from the soil. Earth is the basis of all the other elements and it is from earth where we draw the materials on which society is based. Food and shelter are reliant on the earth as are the other three elements, the ability to contain and carry water, to contain fire, and to move with air.
The earthly signs in astrology are Taurus, Virgo and Capricorn. People belonging to the earth signs are said to be wise, serene, sensible and firmly moral. They are led by logic rather than emotion and are seen as strong nurturing figures like mother nature.
Air and Intellect
Air symbolises thought as they are both continually a present force in life, thought is as inescapable as the air we breathe. Thought and air are also closely linked in that to think clearly, it is necessary to be calm and focused, qualities that are often obtained from deap breathing and meditation. Many of our intellectual goals have been to do with air, for example, mans deepest desire is flight. Using air to make man fly has been one of the greatest intellectual feats of mankind.
The astrological air signs are Aquarius, Libra and Gemini and are the “thinking” signs and are determined, independent and dynamic. Air signs are said to be extremely successful and virtuous.
Fire and Intuition
Human begins initially knew fire primarily as a means of destruction. But when humans learnt to control fire and harness it’s energy, civilisation began to make rapid advances. This dual nature of fire as both a destructive and creative force harnesses the spirit of our intuition. In our lives we can relate fire to the removal of useless or destructive habits and the creation of a stronger self.
But fire is often used for its heat and light. When we get an idea in a sudden flash of insight, this is our intuition at work and it is said that the heat of our intuition gives us our energy. The astrological signs of Aries, Leo and Sagittarius are the fire signs and are known to ‘burn’ through life with fierce charm. People belonging to the fire signs are also said to have impulsive enthusiasm, but restless emotions also a fiery single minded natural leader.
The Elements in Witchcraft
It is said in fantasy and books that witches draw or call their power from the elements and that each witch has it’s own element and can use it in a unique way.
In witchcraft there are five elements but only four are used to draw power. These five elements are; earth, air, fire, water and spirit. Also in witchcraft the associations with each element are very much the same or similar to that of astrology and tarot. For example, just as in astrology and tarot earth is associated with the physical, air with thought and intellect, fire with power strength and intuition and water with emotions and the willingness to live.
Unlike astrology and tarot, in witchcraft, there is a fifth element, a spirit. Spirit is said to be the animating force, everywhere present, and everywhere abundant.
Spirit is energy, and it is eternal in essence. As we live in a physical world, and often are unconscious of the spirit world, which is often coexistent with our own, we are not able to perceive it because it runs on a different frequency than we do. It is said to be invisible, intangible, and affable.
This is the element that binds all the others into one form, to make them one and it is said to be the Mother and the Father of everything, and all magic.
Each element also has it’s own direction North is Earth, East is Air, South is Fire and West is Water. Also each element has a symbol or tool (for the purpose of spell casting) which are associated with them. These are
Earth the pentacle, often considered a female principle.
Air the wand or staff, often considered a male principle.
Fire the sword or athame (small sword or dagger) often considered male principle.
Water the cup or challice, often considered a female principle.
The combination of the four elements is sometimes represented by the cauldron.
Witches are written about a lot in fictional books and are seen to draw their power from the elements.
The Three Sisters trilogy books by Nora Roberts, are three books telling the story of three witches living together on three sisters island which was said to be created by three witches in the 1600’s. In these books the witches each have their own element and draw their power from that element. Also their personality is very much in line with their element. At the end of the third book a very powerful spell must be made by the three female witches and the one male witch.
These characters are Nell - Air, Ripley - Earth, Mia - Fire and Sam - Water. The spell they cast, as they call on their elements, is as follows
“Around the circle, light shimmered, deep gold. With the tips of blades, each scribed their symbols in the ground.
The first chant rose to the moon.
“Air and earth and fire and water, mother to son and son to daughter. Through our blood we claim the
right to call the power from the night. Under the light of the Moon of Mead, we ask to be given what we need. We seek the light, seek the sight.”
Nell lifted her arms. “From Air I come, of Air I call. I bring the wind to rise and fall. To sweep away
what seeks to harm, I bring to bear all magic, all charm. I am Air and she is me. As I will, so mote it be.”
And while the wind rose up to a roar, Ripley lifted her arms. “From Earth I come, to Earth I entreat.
Quake and quiver below my feet. The dark what’s mine will swallow, and none his fall will follow. I am Earth and she is me. As I will, so mote it be.”
The earth trembled.
“From water I come”. Sam spread his arms high. “Of Water I cry. Pour from the sea, flood from the
sky. To wash clean this isle of light and protect it from the hound of night. I am Water and he is me. As I will, so mote it be.”
As the rain lashed them, Mia threw back her head. “From Fire I come, of Fire I yearn. Spark and flame and cleanly burn. To purge this beast who hunts for blood, and from him shield what I have loved. I am Fire and she is me. As I will, so mote it be.”
Lighting flamed across the sky, spewed up from the ground. It roared in the air and sparkled like diamonds on the rain.”
This is a quote from “Face the Fire” by Nora Roberts.
The Greek Elements
The four classic Greek Elements were independently proposed by early Greek Philosophers. They were; Water - Thales, Air - Anaximenes, Earth - Xenophanes and Fire - Heraclitus. The philosopher Empedocles proposed that they all existed together from the beginning.
Aristotle saw the elements as combinations of two sets of opposite quantities, hot and cold, wet and dry. Aristotles view was ultimately the accepted one all through the Middle Ages. Aristotle then added a fifth element, Quintessence, which means in Latin, the fifth essence. Aristotle believed that the heavens where made of this element.
Indian and Buddhist Elements
In Indian culture there are three elements; Fire, Water and Earth which all have their own relative colour, food and body party associated with each element. Very similar to Chinese beliefs.
Chinese Elements
Like the Indian beliefs, the Chinese elements have their own colour, symbols, animals, etc. But unlike the other cultures, in Chinese culture there are five elements, wood, fire, earth, metal and water.
Fire Colour red
Symbol phoenix
Season summer
Planet Mars
Animal winged
Wood
Colour blue/green
Symbol dragon
Season spring
Planet Jupiter
Animal scaled
Earth
Colour yellow
Symbol caldron
Season between
Planet Saturn
Animal naked
Metal
Colour white
Symbol tiger
Season autumn
Planet Venus
Animal furred
Water
Colour black
Symbol tortoise
Season winter
Planet Mercury
Animal shelled
Mind that the sample papers like The Elements presented are to be used for review only. In order to warn you and eliminate any plagiarism writing intentions, it is highly recommended not to use the essays in class. In cases you experience difficulties with essay writing in class and for in class use, order original papers with our expert writers. Cheap custom papers can be written from scratch for each customer that entrusts his or her academic success to our writing team. Order your unique assignment from the best custom writing services cheap and fast!
The Symbolism of the Four Elements
The four elements in nature are earth, water, air and fire. In many traditions there is believed to be a fifth element which is a spirit or a perfect being.
The four elements are represented in many different cultures in many different ways, they also play a large part in fantasy and myth, for example the elements are extremely important in relation to witches who are said to draw their power from the elements.
Examples of cultures and different beliefs are as follows in Tarot and Astrology, Ancient Greek science and philosophy, Indian and Buddhist beliefs and Chinese beliefs.
Tarot and Astrology
In tarot and astrology it is believed that the ancients tried to understand or explain the world as being made up of these four elements. All matter, according to theory, is a combination of fire, water, earth and air. In Astrology the twelve star signs are divided into earth sings, water signs, air signs and fire signs, each personality exhibiting some of the traits of each element.
Water and Emotions
Water is the element of emotions, the sea has inspired many poets and in fact water is the element of the poet. Also being the element of emotions, the link between sea and human emotions is very strong. As with human emotions the sea erupts into waves that can be gentle and slow or unpredictable and life threatening. The element of water is also associated with the nurturing of the womb and the womb reflects the creative qualities of water. This also means that people belonging to the water astrology signs Pieces, Cancer and Scorpio are said to be very creative, confident, strong and charming. Also water signs are extremely artistic and free spirited like a flowing river or waterfall.
Earth and the Physical
The element earth is embodies in the physical substance of mountains, the soil and the life that is from the soil. Earth is the basis of all the other elements and it is from earth where we draw the materials on which society is based. Food and shelter are reliant on the earth as are the other three elements, the ability to contain and carry water, to contain fire, and to move with air.
The earthly signs in astrology are Taurus, Virgo and Capricorn. People belonging to the earth signs are said to be wise, serene, sensible and firmly moral. They are led by logic rather than emotion and are seen as strong nurturing figures like mother nature.
Air and Intellect
Air symbolises thought as they are both continually a present force in life, thought is as inescapable as the air we breathe. Thought and air are also closely linked in that to think clearly, it is necessary to be calm and focused, qualities that are often obtained from deap breathing and meditation. Many of our intellectual goals have been to do with air, for example, mans deepest desire is flight. Using air to make man fly has been one of the greatest intellectual feats of mankind.
The astrological air signs are Aquarius, Libra and Gemini and are the “thinking” signs and are determined, independent and dynamic. Air signs are said to be extremely successful and virtuous.
Fire and Intuition
Human begins initially knew fire primarily as a means of destruction. But when humans learnt to control fire and harness it’s energy, civilisation began to make rapid advances. This dual nature of fire as both a destructive and creative force harnesses the spirit of our intuition. In our lives we can relate fire to the removal of useless or destructive habits and the creation of a stronger self.
But fire is often used for its heat and light. When we get an idea in a sudden flash of insight, this is our intuition at work and it is said that the heat of our intuition gives us our energy. The astrological signs of Aries, Leo and Sagittarius are the fire signs and are known to ‘burn’ through life with fierce charm. People belonging to the fire signs are also said to have impulsive enthusiasm, but restless emotions also a fiery single minded natural leader.
The Elements in Witchcraft
It is said in fantasy and books that witches draw or call their power from the elements and that each witch has it’s own element and can use it in a unique way.
In witchcraft there are five elements but only four are used to draw power. These five elements are; earth, air, fire, water and spirit. Also in witchcraft the associations with each element are very much the same or similar to that of astrology and tarot. For example, just as in astrology and tarot earth is associated with the physical, air with thought and intellect, fire with power strength and intuition and water with emotions and the willingness to live.
Unlike astrology and tarot, in witchcraft, there is a fifth element, a spirit. Spirit is said to be the animating force, everywhere present, and everywhere abundant.
Spirit is energy, and it is eternal in essence. As we live in a physical world, and often are unconscious of the spirit world, which is often coexistent with our own, we are not able to perceive it because it runs on a different frequency than we do. It is said to be invisible, intangible, and affable.
This is the element that binds all the others into one form, to make them one and it is said to be the Mother and the Father of everything, and all magic.
Each element also has it’s own direction North is Earth, East is Air, South is Fire and West is Water. Also each element has a symbol or tool (for the purpose of spell casting) which are associated with them. These are
Earth the pentacle, often considered a female principle.
Air the wand or staff, often considered a male principle.
Fire the sword or athame (small sword or dagger) often considered male principle.
Water the cup or challice, often considered a female principle.
The combination of the four elements is sometimes represented by the cauldron.
Witches are written about a lot in fictional books and are seen to draw their power from the elements.
The Three Sisters trilogy books by Nora Roberts, are three books telling the story of three witches living together on three sisters island which was said to be created by three witches in the 1600’s. In these books the witches each have their own element and draw their power from that element. Also their personality is very much in line with their element. At the end of the third book a very powerful spell must be made by the three female witches and the one male witch.
These characters are Nell - Air, Ripley - Earth, Mia - Fire and Sam - Water. The spell they cast, as they call on their elements, is as follows
“Around the circle, light shimmered, deep gold. With the tips of blades, each scribed their symbols in the ground.
The first chant rose to the moon.
“Air and earth and fire and water, mother to son and son to daughter. Through our blood we claim the
right to call the power from the night. Under the light of the Moon of Mead, we ask to be given what we need. We seek the light, seek the sight.”
Nell lifted her arms. “From Air I come, of Air I call. I bring the wind to rise and fall. To sweep away
what seeks to harm, I bring to bear all magic, all charm. I am Air and she is me. As I will, so mote it be.”
And while the wind rose up to a roar, Ripley lifted her arms. “From Earth I come, to Earth I entreat.
Quake and quiver below my feet. The dark what’s mine will swallow, and none his fall will follow. I am Earth and she is me. As I will, so mote it be.”
The earth trembled.
“From water I come”. Sam spread his arms high. “Of Water I cry. Pour from the sea, flood from the
sky. To wash clean this isle of light and protect it from the hound of night. I am Water and he is me. As I will, so mote it be.”
As the rain lashed them, Mia threw back her head. “From Fire I come, of Fire I yearn. Spark and flame and cleanly burn. To purge this beast who hunts for blood, and from him shield what I have loved. I am Fire and she is me. As I will, so mote it be.”
Lighting flamed across the sky, spewed up from the ground. It roared in the air and sparkled like diamonds on the rain.”
This is a quote from “Face the Fire” by Nora Roberts.
The Greek Elements
The four classic Greek Elements were independently proposed by early Greek Philosophers. They were; Water - Thales, Air - Anaximenes, Earth - Xenophanes and Fire - Heraclitus. The philosopher Empedocles proposed that they all existed together from the beginning.
Aristotle saw the elements as combinations of two sets of opposite quantities, hot and cold, wet and dry. Aristotles view was ultimately the accepted one all through the Middle Ages. Aristotle then added a fifth element, Quintessence, which means in Latin, the fifth essence. Aristotle believed that the heavens where made of this element.
Indian and Buddhist Elements
In Indian culture there are three elements; Fire, Water and Earth which all have their own relative colour, food and body party associated with each element. Very similar to Chinese beliefs.
Chinese Elements
Like the Indian beliefs, the Chinese elements have their own colour, symbols, animals, etc. But unlike the other cultures, in Chinese culture there are five elements, wood, fire, earth, metal and water.
Fire Colour red
Symbol phoenix
Season summer
Planet Mars
Animal winged
Wood
Colour blue/green
Symbol dragon
Season spring
Planet Jupiter
Animal scaled
Earth
Colour yellow
Symbol caldron
Season between
Planet Saturn
Animal naked
Metal
Colour white
Symbol tiger
Season autumn
Planet Venus
Animal furred
Water
Colour black
Symbol tortoise
Season winter
Planet Mercury
Animal shelled
Mind that the sample papers like The Elements presented are to be used for review only. In order to warn you and eliminate any plagiarism writing intentions, it is highly recommended not to use the essays in class. In cases you experience difficulties with essay writing in class and for in class use, order original papers with our expert writers. Cheap custom papers can be written from scratch for each customer that entrusts his or her academic success to our writing team. Order your unique assignment from the best custom writing services cheap and fast!
Tuesday, June 5, 2012
The one and only
We are ready to represent the best custom paper writing assistance that can cope with any task like The one and only even at the eleventh hour. The matter is that we posses the greatest base of expert writers. Our staff of freelance writers includes approximately 300 experienced writers are at your disposal all year round. They are striving to provide the best ever services to the most desperate students that have already lost the hope for academic success. We offer the range of the most widely required, however, not recommended for college use papers. It is advisable to use our examples like The one and only in learning at public-education level. Get prepared and be smart with our best essay samples cheap and fast! Get in touch and we will write excellent custom coursework or essay especially for you.
1 Evaluation
1.1 Effectiveness of the Solution
My final system meets all of the User requirements that were made.
• On-screen display of all the cars- I did this by putting all the car names and prices onto one worksheet.
• On-screen display of all the extras- I did this by putting all the extras and their prices onto another worksheet.
• On-screen display of car colours- I also done this as the one above but you cant actually see the colours worksheet when you’re using the system.
• On-screen display of quote- I have made the quote sheet so the user will have to type in customer details and have drag down the drop down boxes and select the chosen item. I have used seven drop down boxes. Also the prices of the selected items appear onto the quote and add up together with added Vat to the correct total amount. The customer can clearly see what will be happening on the screen
• Print out of quote- the print out is different from the quote sheet, only in the way it looks because it has no drop down boxes etc. It has been set out differently to the quote sheet. It shows the same information as the quote sheet and shows all the calculating stages for example price before vat and price after vat.
• Macros- I have used macros to do the short cuts that the user required. I have made two separate macros that will make the user go onto the cars and extras worksheet and then assigned them to two different buttons on the quote sheet. I also made a macro to clear the areas where the user had to fill in or drag down on the drop down boxes so it will look like a new quote, for this macro I assigned a button on the quote sheet. I also made a macro so that the final quote could be printed with out going onto the final quote sheet and then pressing print. The user only has to click on the print quote macro, which is on the quote sheet, which will print out a copy of the final quote.
I have made the system very easy to use and user friendly, the user will be able to use it without any training and without even looking at the user guide.
1. Limitations of the Solution
Below is a list of the various limitations of the system
• Once you have chosen an item from the drop down boxes for example an alloy wheel, only the name appears at the moment but it would be better if an image of the item would also appear on the screen. If I could do the system again I would make images of the item chosen appear on the screen to show the customer how it looks, and therefore if a mistake was ever made by choosing the wrong item you will be able to see the image and then change it to the chosen one.
• Once you have made a quote for the customer and had it printed for the customer there is no way to save the quote made, so if the customer comes back a few days later and doesn’t bring there printed copy, the company has no details of the quote made and therefore has to be made again. If I could do the system again I would make the facility to save the quotes made and give the quote individual reference numbers so you don’t get all the quotes muddled up.
• Also after you have inputted the customer details, they only get transferred onto the final quote (printed version), they don’t get saved so I would next time connect the spreadsheet to a database if there is a way, so if I wanted to contact a customer I could go onto the database and type in there name and it would come up with all there details.
• At the moment there is no front end to the system but if I could make it again I would make a front end and on that front end include somewhere to input the users name and their password. So that no one except for an employee could enter the system.
• At the moment I have password protected the cars, extras and final quote worksheets so that no one can edit or delete anything from those sheets without knowing the password. But it would be better instead of saying this “the cell or chart you are trying to change is protected and therefore read-only” it could ask the user to type in the password.
• It would make the system much better if the main menu bar at the top couldn’t be accessed or even wasn’t there, so the user can only use what is on the screen. Also by doing this, if someone quite advanced with using Microsoft excel will not be able to access the macros and disable them even if its by mistake.
• The validation checks on the post code aren’t that accurate as information can still be entered as 14567 or asdfghj, so therefore the postcode would be invalid, but at the moment the check only checks the length of the data in the cell.
• It would make the system better if I could have validated the cells D6 to D10 on the quote sheet for presence so that if the user had forgotten to input data into that cell, then a message would appear saying please input data. But couldn’t find a way to do it.
• At the moment the user can delete the titles on the quote by accident because I couldn’t find a way to protect them cells with titles in.
• The final quote (printed version) looks good but would have looked professional if it had a quote reference number on it, so if I had to make it again I would include one.
If I was going to do this again, I would try to include these in or at least try to get closer to doing these.
Mind that the sample papers like The one and only presented are to be used for review only. In order to warn you and eliminate any plagiarism writing intentions, it is highly recommended not to use the essays in class. In cases you experience difficulties with essay writing in class and for in class use, order original papers with our expert writers. Cheap custom papers can be written from scratch for each customer that entrusts his or her academic success to our writing team. Order your unique assignment from the best custom writing services cheap and fast!
1 Evaluation
1.1 Effectiveness of the Solution
My final system meets all of the User requirements that were made.
• On-screen display of all the cars- I did this by putting all the car names and prices onto one worksheet.
• On-screen display of all the extras- I did this by putting all the extras and their prices onto another worksheet.
• On-screen display of car colours- I also done this as the one above but you cant actually see the colours worksheet when you’re using the system.
• On-screen display of quote- I have made the quote sheet so the user will have to type in customer details and have drag down the drop down boxes and select the chosen item. I have used seven drop down boxes. Also the prices of the selected items appear onto the quote and add up together with added Vat to the correct total amount. The customer can clearly see what will be happening on the screen
• Print out of quote- the print out is different from the quote sheet, only in the way it looks because it has no drop down boxes etc. It has been set out differently to the quote sheet. It shows the same information as the quote sheet and shows all the calculating stages for example price before vat and price after vat.
• Macros- I have used macros to do the short cuts that the user required. I have made two separate macros that will make the user go onto the cars and extras worksheet and then assigned them to two different buttons on the quote sheet. I also made a macro to clear the areas where the user had to fill in or drag down on the drop down boxes so it will look like a new quote, for this macro I assigned a button on the quote sheet. I also made a macro so that the final quote could be printed with out going onto the final quote sheet and then pressing print. The user only has to click on the print quote macro, which is on the quote sheet, which will print out a copy of the final quote.
I have made the system very easy to use and user friendly, the user will be able to use it without any training and without even looking at the user guide.
1. Limitations of the Solution
Below is a list of the various limitations of the system
• Once you have chosen an item from the drop down boxes for example an alloy wheel, only the name appears at the moment but it would be better if an image of the item would also appear on the screen. If I could do the system again I would make images of the item chosen appear on the screen to show the customer how it looks, and therefore if a mistake was ever made by choosing the wrong item you will be able to see the image and then change it to the chosen one.
• Once you have made a quote for the customer and had it printed for the customer there is no way to save the quote made, so if the customer comes back a few days later and doesn’t bring there printed copy, the company has no details of the quote made and therefore has to be made again. If I could do the system again I would make the facility to save the quotes made and give the quote individual reference numbers so you don’t get all the quotes muddled up.
• Also after you have inputted the customer details, they only get transferred onto the final quote (printed version), they don’t get saved so I would next time connect the spreadsheet to a database if there is a way, so if I wanted to contact a customer I could go onto the database and type in there name and it would come up with all there details.
• At the moment there is no front end to the system but if I could make it again I would make a front end and on that front end include somewhere to input the users name and their password. So that no one except for an employee could enter the system.
• At the moment I have password protected the cars, extras and final quote worksheets so that no one can edit or delete anything from those sheets without knowing the password. But it would be better instead of saying this “the cell or chart you are trying to change is protected and therefore read-only” it could ask the user to type in the password.
• It would make the system much better if the main menu bar at the top couldn’t be accessed or even wasn’t there, so the user can only use what is on the screen. Also by doing this, if someone quite advanced with using Microsoft excel will not be able to access the macros and disable them even if its by mistake.
• The validation checks on the post code aren’t that accurate as information can still be entered as 14567 or asdfghj, so therefore the postcode would be invalid, but at the moment the check only checks the length of the data in the cell.
• It would make the system better if I could have validated the cells D6 to D10 on the quote sheet for presence so that if the user had forgotten to input data into that cell, then a message would appear saying please input data. But couldn’t find a way to do it.
• At the moment the user can delete the titles on the quote by accident because I couldn’t find a way to protect them cells with titles in.
• The final quote (printed version) looks good but would have looked professional if it had a quote reference number on it, so if I had to make it again I would include one.
If I was going to do this again, I would try to include these in or at least try to get closer to doing these.
Mind that the sample papers like The one and only presented are to be used for review only. In order to warn you and eliminate any plagiarism writing intentions, it is highly recommended not to use the essays in class. In cases you experience difficulties with essay writing in class and for in class use, order original papers with our expert writers. Cheap custom papers can be written from scratch for each customer that entrusts his or her academic success to our writing team. Order your unique assignment from the best custom writing services cheap and fast!
Thursday, May 31, 2012
EXPERIENTIAL MARKETING
We are ready to represent the best custom paper writing assistance that can cope with any task like EXPERIENTIAL MARKETING even at the eleventh hour. The matter is that we posses the greatest base of expert writers. Our staff of freelance writers includes approximately 300 experienced writers are at your disposal all year round. They are striving to provide the best ever services to the most desperate students that have already lost the hope for academic success. We offer the range of the most widely required, however, not recommended for college use papers. It is advisable to use our examples like EXPERIENTIAL MARKETING in learning at public-education level. Get prepared and be smart with our best essay samples cheap and fast! Get in touch and we will write excellent custom coursework or essay especially for you.
Self Concept / Brand Preference
This study was realized to woman in U.S.F.Q. We used three popular brands so every person that we asked could give us their opinion according to their self concept. It is important to mention were we realized the surveys because in this case the social class is almost homogeneous, where the person can get the brand of her preference without to much thinking about the price.
We found less discrepancy in Diesel with a result of .64. Right now this brand is consider for about a year or so to be in vogue, another factor that it is important to consider because some times people use clothing not for the fact that it matches between the self concept and the appreciation of the brand, they tend to get the brand just because everyone else use it.
Following Diesel we can find Guess that is a popular brand but in the University is not used to much. The result was .7.
About Mango there were aprox. 10% of the women that did not know the brand , probably because is new in Quito, but the usage of this clothing is growing considerably fast. The result was .0.
We think that it is important to realize this exercise more than one time to really appreciate the results, definitely the self concept had to do a lot with the clothing taste, but the society’s pressure in middle class, and in high class, is a lot, so for marketing it is important to think about this factor too.
Mind that the sample papers like EXPERIENTIAL MARKETING presented are to be used for review only. In order to warn you and eliminate any plagiarism writing intentions, it is highly recommended not to use the essays in class. In cases you experience difficulties with essay writing in class and for in class use, order original papers with our expert writers. Cheap custom papers can be written from scratch for each customer that entrusts his or her academic success to our writing team. Order your unique assignment from the best custom writing services cheap and fast!
Self Concept / Brand Preference
This study was realized to woman in U.S.F.Q. We used three popular brands so every person that we asked could give us their opinion according to their self concept. It is important to mention were we realized the surveys because in this case the social class is almost homogeneous, where the person can get the brand of her preference without to much thinking about the price.
We found less discrepancy in Diesel with a result of .64. Right now this brand is consider for about a year or so to be in vogue, another factor that it is important to consider because some times people use clothing not for the fact that it matches between the self concept and the appreciation of the brand, they tend to get the brand just because everyone else use it.
Following Diesel we can find Guess that is a popular brand but in the University is not used to much. The result was .7.
About Mango there were aprox. 10% of the women that did not know the brand , probably because is new in Quito, but the usage of this clothing is growing considerably fast. The result was .0.
We think that it is important to realize this exercise more than one time to really appreciate the results, definitely the self concept had to do a lot with the clothing taste, but the society’s pressure in middle class, and in high class, is a lot, so for marketing it is important to think about this factor too.
Mind that the sample papers like EXPERIENTIAL MARKETING presented are to be used for review only. In order to warn you and eliminate any plagiarism writing intentions, it is highly recommended not to use the essays in class. In cases you experience difficulties with essay writing in class and for in class use, order original papers with our expert writers. Cheap custom papers can be written from scratch for each customer that entrusts his or her academic success to our writing team. Order your unique assignment from the best custom writing services cheap and fast!
Monday, May 14, 2012
Dear cousin charles
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Dear Cousin Charles,
I don’t know if you have heard about the new acts that they have just recently passed, but they are making me very angry. The reason that I am getting angry is because I think that they are passing these acts just to make the colonists angry and also just for something to get colonists into trouble for. I believe that they should just do away with these acts of nonsense and let us live our lives freely. In the following paragraphs I will explain to you the acts that I think are the worst and most intolerable acts.
First of all, the Quartering Act. The reason that I think this is one of the worst acts is because it is just nonsense to allow a British soldier in whom you don’t even know or have even seen before stay in your home. When these soldiers come barging in on their own will, what are you supposed to do? You have to buy extra food and supplies for these people, and they are also sleeping in your home. So they are pretty much ruling your life for the time that they stay in your home. This act will lead to rebellion by making the colonists so mad that they will just throw the soldier out of their home. Well when they do this of course they are going to get into extreme trouble, and I am sure that this would lead to rebellion.
Second of all and finally, The Writs of Assistance Act. The reason that I think that this is a very intolerable act is because allowing someone to just barge in with some piece of paper saying that they are allowed to search your home would make me very angry and I am sure it would make the majority of all of the other people very mad also. This law is pretty much saying that it is not a free place anymore because they can come into your home without permission whenever they get suspicious of something. You may not have even done anything and they will still barge right in and do as they plead.
In conclusion to this letter, I believe that these two acts and also many more are just nonsense and should not even be enforced. I don’t know why they don’t just repeal all of the acts because they are just causing problems to the colonies and also nobody even likes any of them. It would make life so much easier without these acts. It would be very nice of them to just forget about them all. Those are two acts that I think are the worst of all. Thank you for reading this letter and please right back soon and tell me what you think about these pitiful acts.
Your cousin,
anita dick
Mind that the sample papers like Dear cousin charles presented are to be used for review only. In order to warn you and eliminate any plagiarism writing intentions, it is highly recommended not to use the essays in class. In cases you experience difficulties with essay writing in class and for in class use, order original papers with our expert writers. Cheap custom papers can be written from scratch for each customer that entrusts his or her academic success to our writing team. Order your unique assignment from the best custom writing services cheap and fast!
Dear Cousin Charles,
I don’t know if you have heard about the new acts that they have just recently passed, but they are making me very angry. The reason that I am getting angry is because I think that they are passing these acts just to make the colonists angry and also just for something to get colonists into trouble for. I believe that they should just do away with these acts of nonsense and let us live our lives freely. In the following paragraphs I will explain to you the acts that I think are the worst and most intolerable acts.
First of all, the Quartering Act. The reason that I think this is one of the worst acts is because it is just nonsense to allow a British soldier in whom you don’t even know or have even seen before stay in your home. When these soldiers come barging in on their own will, what are you supposed to do? You have to buy extra food and supplies for these people, and they are also sleeping in your home. So they are pretty much ruling your life for the time that they stay in your home. This act will lead to rebellion by making the colonists so mad that they will just throw the soldier out of their home. Well when they do this of course they are going to get into extreme trouble, and I am sure that this would lead to rebellion.
Second of all and finally, The Writs of Assistance Act. The reason that I think that this is a very intolerable act is because allowing someone to just barge in with some piece of paper saying that they are allowed to search your home would make me very angry and I am sure it would make the majority of all of the other people very mad also. This law is pretty much saying that it is not a free place anymore because they can come into your home without permission whenever they get suspicious of something. You may not have even done anything and they will still barge right in and do as they plead.
In conclusion to this letter, I believe that these two acts and also many more are just nonsense and should not even be enforced. I don’t know why they don’t just repeal all of the acts because they are just causing problems to the colonies and also nobody even likes any of them. It would make life so much easier without these acts. It would be very nice of them to just forget about them all. Those are two acts that I think are the worst of all. Thank you for reading this letter and please right back soon and tell me what you think about these pitiful acts.
Your cousin,
anita dick
Mind that the sample papers like Dear cousin charles presented are to be used for review only. In order to warn you and eliminate any plagiarism writing intentions, it is highly recommended not to use the essays in class. In cases you experience difficulties with essay writing in class and for in class use, order original papers with our expert writers. Cheap custom papers can be written from scratch for each customer that entrusts his or her academic success to our writing team. Order your unique assignment from the best custom writing services cheap and fast!
Friday, May 11, 2012
Determinants of the Location of Foreign Direct Investment in China
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Determinants of the Location of Foreign Direct Investment in China.
Dingshan WAN
CCER 01 101607
1
¢ñ.INTRODUCTION
Undoubtedly large inflow of foreign direct investment (FDI) has greatly contributed to the rapid economic growth in China since 180¡¯s. From the advent of reform in 178 to 15 China has received 18.1 billion U.S. dollars in FDI. Recent FDI inflows to China account for 40 percent of such flows to all developing countries combined. In fact, China emerged as the largest recipient of FDI among developing countries beginning in 1, and has been the second largest recipient in the world since 1.
While the gross volume of FDI is much impressive, however, potential problems exist. The pattern of FDI in China is highly geographically concentrated. Of the total amount of FDI that China has received since 18, the coastal areas¡¯ share has been over 0 percent. In contrast, the inland provinces, which are considerably less developed and poorer, and in greater need of capital investment, have not played host to FDI to any significant degree. These huge differences in regional distribution of FDI, in return, might be partly responsible for the increasing gap in economic performance among various areas in China. Consequently, it will make sense to find out those significant determinants of regional distribution of FDI in China. This is what the current paper is exactly aimed to.
¢ò. LITERATURE REVIEW
There has been large literature on determinants of geographical distribution of FDI overseas, especially on inter-country distribution. In contrast, research in determinants
of regional distribution of FDI in one certain country is rather less. As to this topic in China, there is even much less literature. Moreover, the majority of previous research is qualitative but not quantitative. According to my knowledge, Broadman&Sun (17), Head&Ries (16), Chen (16), Kwan&Cheng (000) overseas, and Lu (17) and Sun (001) domestically, have discussed this problem.
Broadman and Sun (17) empirically analyzed the geographic determinants of FDI in China. Their econometric model is much simple. The dependent variable employed is the accumulated stock of FDI in each province at year-end 1. The explanatory variables are gross national product, labor costs, human capital, infrastructure, and geographical location. All data are cross-sectional at year-end 1, no matter stock or flow. All the reported coefficient estimates bear the expected sign and are statistically significant at the 10 percent or above confidence level (except the intercept). However, such analysis using cross-sectional data might be problematic in some way, considering that province-specific effects unobserved will create correlation between explanatory variables and disturbances, since we can¡¯t eliminate them by difference.
According to Head and Ries (16), Chinas Open Door policy has created a natural experiment for studying agglomeration externalities and the role of incentives designed to attract foreign direct investment. They built a model that predicts that foreign firms will prefer cities where other foreign firms are located. They estimate the model using data on 1 foreign ventures. They then use simulations to explore the effect policies favoring particular cities had on the distribution of investment.
They find that attractive cities-those with good infrastructure and an established industrial base-gained most and that agglomeration effects greatly magnified the direct impact of policy.
Chen (16) examines how the locational choice of foreign direct investment (FDI) is influenced by regional characteristics in Mainland China, such as the potential for market share extension, labor cost differences, allocative efficiency, transportation infrastructure, and research and development capability. The conditional logit model using pooled cross-section and time-series data conducts empirical testing. Empirical findings for the 187-11 period indicate that the variable for market share extension potential only affects FDI in the middle region. Surprisingly, labor cost differences do not affect the location of FDI. Interregional railroad connections are found to be positively related to the choice of location of FDI, but FDI may not necessarily locate near innovative Chinese industries.
Contrast to the above, Kwan and Cheng (000)¡¯s method is much different. They first built a partial stock adjustment model, which naturally reduced to a dynamic econometric model. Then they estimated this model using panel data from 185 to 15. In their model, the stock of FDI in region j at time t is dependent variable. This is different from the current paper. They find that large regional market, good infrastructure, and preferential policy had a positive effect but wage cost had a negative effect on FDI. The effect of education was positive but not statistically significant. In addition, there was also a strong self-reinforcing effect of FDI on itself. There was no convergence in the equilibrium FDI stocks of the regions between 185
4
and 15, but there was convergence in the deviations from the equilibrium FDI stocks.
Lu (17) made research on this topic too. Different from all the other authors, Lu substituted relative wage rate for wage rate level as an explanatory variable, since he had come to the same unexpected conclusion as others by using wage rate level. He then found that relative wage rate is negatively related to FDI and the result is significant statistically. This is what¡¯s new in Lu¡¯s paper.
Sun (001)¡¯s analysis also used panel data, from 185 to 1. But his econometric model is much simple than Kwan and Cheng¡¯s, since he didn¡¯t take the dynamic effect into account. He first conducted a Hausman¡¯s test to decide which model should be adopted, fixed effects or random effects. Then he estimated the fixed effects model by LSDV methods. He also made a Chow-test to check if there are structural changes before and after 1. The result is statistically insignificant. According to Sun¡¯s analysis, there is clear evidence that factors as government policy, industrial structure, openness and the level of marketization have played important roles to affect the location of FDI in China. The effect of government¡¯s preferential policy has been very strong all the time, but industrial structure has also been playing an increasingly significant role.
From the above, we can see that most of previous studies have arrived at the same conclusion on the effects of some factors, such as market size, preferential policy from government, etc. Though there is difference between various studies, all these estimates are consistent with economic theory in direction. On the other way, on the
5
effects of some factors, disagreement is more popular than agreement, such as wage rate, human capital, etc. The huge divergence might be attributed to varied data, model, and methods.
¢ó. ECONOMIC THEORY AND ECONOMETRIC MODEL
According to economic theory, expected net income of investment in varied areas decides the regional choice made by one certain investor, which can be divided into two parts, expected benefits and costs. Expected benefits from one certain investment are correlated to such factors as market size, etc. Costs are mainly from inputs, such as labor, and energy, etc., and from transactions, such as transportation and communication, etc. Also, institutional factors as development of service industry and market have influence on transaction costs.
In addition, I suppose there might be self-enhancing effects in FDI, which should probably be the case for some reasons. First, foreign corporations usually geographically concentrated in some areas in one province. In these areas foreigners are more densely distributed than other areas. Cultural considerations might be a determinant when a new foreign investor makes a decision. Second, due to uncertainty about the political environments in China, potential foreign investors may hesitate on their decision. Increasing FDI itself will be a good signal for those hesitating.
So, our analysis will point to the importance of seven sets of variables. Conceptually, they are market size, wage costs, human capital, development of service industry,
6
availability and quality of infrastructure, development of market and economies of agglomeration. In view of the difficulty of measurement, some proxy variables have been used. GDP and per capita GDP have been supposed to express market size alternatively. Average annual wage of employers denotes wage costs. Illiteracy rate is used as proxy for human capital. Development of service industry could be denoted by the weight of the third industry in the whole national economy. Measurement for infrastructure is rather difficulty since there are so many kinds of infrastructure, including transportation and communication. As a result, to accurately denote the whole scope of infrastructure in one single variable is nearly impossible and can never bring unanimity. For convenience, we have selected three variables as proxies for infrastructure. They are railway in operation, road and high-grade roads, averaged by corresponding geographical area of that region. Development of market exists only conceptually. So a proxy is necessary. We suppose the development of private economy is an appropriate substitute for it in a transition economy like China. We have calculated the weight of private components of the whole economy for each region in each year.
Let be the stock of FDI in region at time t and itYiiy¦�be the flow of FDI in region at time i¦�. Then,
1titiYy¦�¦�==¡Æ (1.1)
Collecting the above-mentioned explanatory variables in a vector , we postulate a panel formulation for , itXity
1itititiityXYu¦Â¦Ã¦ÁW=+++ (1.)
7
where ¦Â is a vector of parameters; ¦Ã is parameter for 1itYW. i¦Á is unobserved, region-specific effects; and is a random disturbance. That is, itui¦Á captures time-invariant, regional effects such as geographic location and culture. Equation (1.1) is a dynamic model. For such model, we can¡¯t estimate it by OLS or other methods directly for the unobservability of i¦Á. So, we should first transform the original equation into the first-differenced version. It is,
111()(ititititititityyXXyuu¦Â¦ÃWWWW=W++W1)W (1.)
to estimate the above equation, an instrumental variable is needed to ensure the consistency of the estimate, since 1ityWityWW is correlated to the differenced residual . According to related literature, what are usually utilized as instrument for in such models are or 1itituuWW1ityWityWityW, e.g., y lagged two periods or the first difference of y lagged two periods and y lagged three periods. Compared with the later, the former demands one-period information less than the later.1 So we will use the former as instruments here. Under the assumption of serially uncorrelated level residual, values of y lagged two periods qualify as instruments in the first-differenced system, since
,1()itititCovyuuWWW=01,()itityyWW¡Ù Cov0 (1.4)
However, there remain potential methodological problems. The IV estimates based on (1.4) may be highly inefficient since it has omitted much useful information. To solve this problem, more instrument variables should be found out and then we can use
1 For a comparison of asymptotic efficiency of the two instruments, see Anderson and Hsiao (181). Also refer to Hsiao (186, Chapter 4).
8
GMM method. But we will not take this efficiency problem into account here.
¢�. DATA AND ESTIMATION PROCEDURE
DATA
We use panel data for 8 provinces, administrated municipals or self-governed districts from 186 to 001, except for Hainan, Chongqing, Xizang (Tibet). All data are from the Chinese Statistical Yearbook, Chinese Labor Statistical Yearbook and Chinese Foreign Trade Statistical Yearbook for relevant years.
As to the data, we have much thing to clarify that may create problems in an unknowable way. There are some typical kinds of problems. First, some variables in the yearbooks are not conceptually consistent. For example, there are no records for GDP before 10. The substitute is national income. Before 10 the records for production value of the third industry is also absent. We have to use the sum of architecture, transportation and business as its substitute. Second, some variables are absent for most of the whole periods. In China, the illiteracy rate is not recorder annually. The census is conducted every ten years or even longer. Except that, only sampling data is reported in each single year. Even though this data is not reported in every year during the period of our interest. We only get reported data of the forth census in 10 and the fifth census in 000. Also we have get two years data from sampling, e.g., the one percentage sampling survey of population in 187 and 15 respectively. For the other years, we have get the corresponding values for illiteracy
For detailed exposition, refer to Holtz-Eakin et al. (188), Arellano and Bond (11), Ahn an Schmidt (15,17), Arellano and Bover (15),and more recently, Blundell and Bond(18).
rate in each year by interpolation.For further illustration for all explanatory variables, please refer to appendix A.
When conducting estimation, considering that IV is consistent with the two-stage OLS method, we have first regressed 1ityW on ityW. Then we used the predicted value for as substitutes for 1ityW1ityW to regress.
¢õ. ESTIMATION RESULTS
Six sets of regression results using different sets of explanatory variables have been reported in Table1. Much to our surprise, most of the explanatory variables are not statistically significant, and part of estimates doesn¡¯t have the expected sign.
As can be seen in Table 1, the coefficient for lagged FDI stock is significant at five-percentage level when GDP is adopted to be explanatory variable, however its sign is contrary to our intuition. The three coefficients are much approximate to each other, indicating that an increase of one thousand U.S.D in a region¡¯s lagged would tend to reduce its FDI by about thirty-three U.S.D. Moreover, the coefficient assumes opposite sign when per capita GDP is instead taken as explanatory variable, but none of the three is statistically significant at ten-percentage level or lower.
As to the coefficient for average annul wage rate, the case is reversed. In case of regression with per capita GDP the coefficients are positive and statistically significant at five-percentage level. The estimates all indicate about an increase of more than sixty thousand U.S.D in FDI if there is an increase of one Yuan in wage
The formulation is1111()iktiktikiktxxxxttt¦�¦�W=+WW.
10
costs. However, when GDP proxies for market size the coefficient for it takes negative sign and statistically insignificant at ten-percentage level or lower.
Table 1 Estimation results4
(1) () () (4) (5) (6) Lagged FDI stock -0.075 (-.6) -0.06 (-.5) -0.075 (-.6) 0.016
(1.6) 0.016
(1.45) 0.0178
(1.) Wage -1.651
(-0.70) -.7110
(-0.7) -1.651
(-0.70) 6.140 (.56) 6.1
(.1) 6.0
(.0) Service industry 41.076
(0.8) 45.054
(0.8) 41.076
(0.8) 6.8568
(1.1) 61.6878
(1.11) 6.667
(0.6) Illiterate rate 75.685
(0.1) 76.6
(0.1) 75.685
(0.1) 57.540
(0.1) 4.0786
(0.10) -10.8577
(-0.0) GDP 66.51
(7.0) 65.46
(7.17) 66.51
(7.0) Per capita GDP 0.45
(1.1) 0.001
(1.1) 0.85
(1.0) Railway 7.8571
(1.0) 65.6
(0.65) Roads 5.00
(0.8) 84.6044
(1.) High-grade road 7.8571
(1.0) 7.65
(1.6) Private sector 58.48 (.) 601.8774 (.40) 58.48 (.) 78.66 (4.1) 77.81841 (4.0) 74.5415
(4.0)
All regression results denote that FDI is highly positively related to the development of service industry, indicating that foreign investors might pay much importance to this factor when making a investment decision. Unfortunately, all the six estimates are statistically insignificant at ten-percentage level or lower.
4 t-statistics in parentheses. and denote statistically significant at one-percentage level and five-percentage level, respectively.
11
Five of the six coefficients for illiteracy rate are positive, varied from forty to seventy or more, and indicate that FDI will greatly increase if illiteracy is higher. This is much contrary to our expectation too. We suppose that foreign investors might have paid little attention to the quality of human capital in most of the past periods, since the majority of foreign investments until now has concentrated on those labor-intensive and export-oriented industries, such as weaving, shoes and the appliances, etc. All estimates are statistically insignificant at ten-percentage level or lower.
In contrast, all the coefficients for FDI are positive and statistically significant at one-percentage level. When GDP increases by one billion Yuan FDI will increase by more than six hundred thousand U.S.D. Keep in mind this is a very strong effect. So foreign investor have attached great importance to market size of one region. When makes a locational decision he is aimed to take possession of the regional market. However, the coefficients for per capita GDP are not statistically significant at ten-percentage level or lower, indicating that GDP as a whole has more attractions for foreign investors than per capita GDP.
Using the density of railway in operation, all roads and high-grade as proxies for infrastructure respectively, the reported coefficients are not statistically significant, though the sign is consistent with our intuition.
According to Table 1, the development of market in a region is highly positively correlated to FDI in that region. All estimates are statically significant at one-percentage level, though the exact value has many variations.
1
¢ö. CONCLUDING REMARKS
By taking FDI stock lagged one year into account, we have build a dynamic econometric model on decision of FDI in one region. To estimate such a model, we first difference the original model and try to estimate it by IV. The IV we have employed is dependent variable lagged two years, which is supposed to satisfy the two necessary conditions for IV under the assumption of serially uncorrelated level residuals. There have some potential problems with our estimation method, however. The estimates should be inefficient because IV has omitted much useful information. To solve this problem, we should found out more instruments and then we can use GMM method, which is supposed to be more efficient.
Due to cause of method and data, our estimation results is contrary to our intuition or expectation to much extent. Only small part of the coefficients of explanatory variable is statistically significant. According to six sets of regression results, lagged FDI stock and GDP are significant explanatory variables at five-percentage or one-percentage level while FDI enters into regression equation. However, the coefficient for the former doesn¡¯t assume expected sign. On the other hand, the coefficient for the former doesn¡¯t consistent with estimation result when per capita GDP as a substitute for GDP. The coefficient for development of market, weight of private sector as a proxy, is always positive and statistically significant at one-percentage level. Then, what we can conclude is that when making a locational decision, a foreign investor will pay much attention to the development of market. In areas where private sector has assumed important role in economic activities, FDI seems to increase at more rapid
1
rate. For foreign investors, excellent performance in marketization may be a rather instructive signal for more efficient government, more transparent policies and looser business environment, etc.
There is much to improve on this current paper, especially methodologically.
14
References
Broadman, Harry G. and Xiaolun Sun, ¡°The distribution of foreign investment in China,¡± World Bank, Policy Research Working Paper 170, 17.
Chen, Chien-Hsun, 16, ¡°Regional determinants of foreign direct investment in Mainland China,¡± Journal of Economic Studies, vol. , no. , pp. 18-0.
Greene, William H., Economic Analysis, Third edition, Prentice-Hall, 17.
Head, Keith and John Ries, ¡°Inter-City Competition for Foreign Investment Static and Dynamic Effects of Chinas Incentive Areas,¡± Journal of Urban Economics, 16, vol. 40, pp. 8-60.
Hsiao, Cheng, Analysis of Panel Data, New York Cambridge University Press, 186.
Kwan, Yum K. and Leonard K. Cheng, ¡°What are the determinants of the location of foreign direct investment? The Chinese experience,¡± Journal of International Economics, 000, vol. 51, pp. 7-400.
³Ã÷ãü£¬¡°Íâ¹úÖ±½�Ͷ×ÊÇø�ò·Ö²¼�ÚÖйúͶ×Ê�·¾³ÆÀ¹À¡±£¬¡¶¾¼Ã�о¿¡·£¬£¬17µÚ1ÆÚ¡£
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¹ú¼�ͳ¼Æ¾Ö£¬¡¶Öйúͳ¼ÆÄê¼ø¡·£¬186-00Äê¡£
¹ú¼�ͳ¼Æ¾Ö£¬¡¶Öйú¶�Íâó�×ͳ¼ÆÄê¼ø¡·£¬184-185Äê¡£
Appendix A. Definition of variables
1. FDI Inflow of FDI in one year, measured by ten thousand nominal U.S.D . GDP /Per capita GDP Nominal GDP or per capita GDP for one region in one year. . Wage Average nominal annual wage of employer. 4. Service industry The ratio of the third industry to the whole economy. 5. Illiteracy rate Percentage of population with no schooling years 6. Railway Length of railway in operation averaged by geographical area of one region () /mkm
7. All roads Length of all roads averaged by geographical area of one region (). /mkm
8. High-grade road. Length of high-grade road averaged by geographical area of one region (). /mkm
. Private sector Percentage of the economy that is owned by private.
15
16
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Determinants of the Location of Foreign Direct Investment in China.
Dingshan WAN
CCER 01 101607
1
¢ñ.INTRODUCTION
Undoubtedly large inflow of foreign direct investment (FDI) has greatly contributed to the rapid economic growth in China since 180¡¯s. From the advent of reform in 178 to 15 China has received 18.1 billion U.S. dollars in FDI. Recent FDI inflows to China account for 40 percent of such flows to all developing countries combined. In fact, China emerged as the largest recipient of FDI among developing countries beginning in 1, and has been the second largest recipient in the world since 1.
While the gross volume of FDI is much impressive, however, potential problems exist. The pattern of FDI in China is highly geographically concentrated. Of the total amount of FDI that China has received since 18, the coastal areas¡¯ share has been over 0 percent. In contrast, the inland provinces, which are considerably less developed and poorer, and in greater need of capital investment, have not played host to FDI to any significant degree. These huge differences in regional distribution of FDI, in return, might be partly responsible for the increasing gap in economic performance among various areas in China. Consequently, it will make sense to find out those significant determinants of regional distribution of FDI in China. This is what the current paper is exactly aimed to.
¢ò. LITERATURE REVIEW
There has been large literature on determinants of geographical distribution of FDI overseas, especially on inter-country distribution. In contrast, research in determinants
of regional distribution of FDI in one certain country is rather less. As to this topic in China, there is even much less literature. Moreover, the majority of previous research is qualitative but not quantitative. According to my knowledge, Broadman&Sun (17), Head&Ries (16), Chen (16), Kwan&Cheng (000) overseas, and Lu (17) and Sun (001) domestically, have discussed this problem.
Broadman and Sun (17) empirically analyzed the geographic determinants of FDI in China. Their econometric model is much simple. The dependent variable employed is the accumulated stock of FDI in each province at year-end 1. The explanatory variables are gross national product, labor costs, human capital, infrastructure, and geographical location. All data are cross-sectional at year-end 1, no matter stock or flow. All the reported coefficient estimates bear the expected sign and are statistically significant at the 10 percent or above confidence level (except the intercept). However, such analysis using cross-sectional data might be problematic in some way, considering that province-specific effects unobserved will create correlation between explanatory variables and disturbances, since we can¡¯t eliminate them by difference.
According to Head and Ries (16), Chinas Open Door policy has created a natural experiment for studying agglomeration externalities and the role of incentives designed to attract foreign direct investment. They built a model that predicts that foreign firms will prefer cities where other foreign firms are located. They estimate the model using data on 1 foreign ventures. They then use simulations to explore the effect policies favoring particular cities had on the distribution of investment.
They find that attractive cities-those with good infrastructure and an established industrial base-gained most and that agglomeration effects greatly magnified the direct impact of policy.
Chen (16) examines how the locational choice of foreign direct investment (FDI) is influenced by regional characteristics in Mainland China, such as the potential for market share extension, labor cost differences, allocative efficiency, transportation infrastructure, and research and development capability. The conditional logit model using pooled cross-section and time-series data conducts empirical testing. Empirical findings for the 187-11 period indicate that the variable for market share extension potential only affects FDI in the middle region. Surprisingly, labor cost differences do not affect the location of FDI. Interregional railroad connections are found to be positively related to the choice of location of FDI, but FDI may not necessarily locate near innovative Chinese industries.
Contrast to the above, Kwan and Cheng (000)¡¯s method is much different. They first built a partial stock adjustment model, which naturally reduced to a dynamic econometric model. Then they estimated this model using panel data from 185 to 15. In their model, the stock of FDI in region j at time t is dependent variable. This is different from the current paper. They find that large regional market, good infrastructure, and preferential policy had a positive effect but wage cost had a negative effect on FDI. The effect of education was positive but not statistically significant. In addition, there was also a strong self-reinforcing effect of FDI on itself. There was no convergence in the equilibrium FDI stocks of the regions between 185
4
and 15, but there was convergence in the deviations from the equilibrium FDI stocks.
Lu (17) made research on this topic too. Different from all the other authors, Lu substituted relative wage rate for wage rate level as an explanatory variable, since he had come to the same unexpected conclusion as others by using wage rate level. He then found that relative wage rate is negatively related to FDI and the result is significant statistically. This is what¡¯s new in Lu¡¯s paper.
Sun (001)¡¯s analysis also used panel data, from 185 to 1. But his econometric model is much simple than Kwan and Cheng¡¯s, since he didn¡¯t take the dynamic effect into account. He first conducted a Hausman¡¯s test to decide which model should be adopted, fixed effects or random effects. Then he estimated the fixed effects model by LSDV methods. He also made a Chow-test to check if there are structural changes before and after 1. The result is statistically insignificant. According to Sun¡¯s analysis, there is clear evidence that factors as government policy, industrial structure, openness and the level of marketization have played important roles to affect the location of FDI in China. The effect of government¡¯s preferential policy has been very strong all the time, but industrial structure has also been playing an increasingly significant role.
From the above, we can see that most of previous studies have arrived at the same conclusion on the effects of some factors, such as market size, preferential policy from government, etc. Though there is difference between various studies, all these estimates are consistent with economic theory in direction. On the other way, on the
5
effects of some factors, disagreement is more popular than agreement, such as wage rate, human capital, etc. The huge divergence might be attributed to varied data, model, and methods.
¢ó. ECONOMIC THEORY AND ECONOMETRIC MODEL
According to economic theory, expected net income of investment in varied areas decides the regional choice made by one certain investor, which can be divided into two parts, expected benefits and costs. Expected benefits from one certain investment are correlated to such factors as market size, etc. Costs are mainly from inputs, such as labor, and energy, etc., and from transactions, such as transportation and communication, etc. Also, institutional factors as development of service industry and market have influence on transaction costs.
In addition, I suppose there might be self-enhancing effects in FDI, which should probably be the case for some reasons. First, foreign corporations usually geographically concentrated in some areas in one province. In these areas foreigners are more densely distributed than other areas. Cultural considerations might be a determinant when a new foreign investor makes a decision. Second, due to uncertainty about the political environments in China, potential foreign investors may hesitate on their decision. Increasing FDI itself will be a good signal for those hesitating.
So, our analysis will point to the importance of seven sets of variables. Conceptually, they are market size, wage costs, human capital, development of service industry,
6
availability and quality of infrastructure, development of market and economies of agglomeration. In view of the difficulty of measurement, some proxy variables have been used. GDP and per capita GDP have been supposed to express market size alternatively. Average annual wage of employers denotes wage costs. Illiteracy rate is used as proxy for human capital. Development of service industry could be denoted by the weight of the third industry in the whole national economy. Measurement for infrastructure is rather difficulty since there are so many kinds of infrastructure, including transportation and communication. As a result, to accurately denote the whole scope of infrastructure in one single variable is nearly impossible and can never bring unanimity. For convenience, we have selected three variables as proxies for infrastructure. They are railway in operation, road and high-grade roads, averaged by corresponding geographical area of that region. Development of market exists only conceptually. So a proxy is necessary. We suppose the development of private economy is an appropriate substitute for it in a transition economy like China. We have calculated the weight of private components of the whole economy for each region in each year.
Let be the stock of FDI in region at time t and itYiiy¦�be the flow of FDI in region at time i¦�. Then,
1titiYy¦�¦�==¡Æ (1.1)
Collecting the above-mentioned explanatory variables in a vector , we postulate a panel formulation for , itXity
1itititiityXYu¦Â¦Ã¦ÁW=+++ (1.)
7
where ¦Â is a vector of parameters; ¦Ã is parameter for 1itYW. i¦Á is unobserved, region-specific effects; and is a random disturbance. That is, itui¦Á captures time-invariant, regional effects such as geographic location and culture. Equation (1.1) is a dynamic model. For such model, we can¡¯t estimate it by OLS or other methods directly for the unobservability of i¦Á. So, we should first transform the original equation into the first-differenced version. It is,
111()(ititititititityyXXyuu¦Â¦ÃWWWW=W++W1)W (1.)
to estimate the above equation, an instrumental variable is needed to ensure the consistency of the estimate, since 1ityWityWW is correlated to the differenced residual . According to related literature, what are usually utilized as instrument for in such models are or 1itituuWW1ityWityWityW, e.g., y lagged two periods or the first difference of y lagged two periods and y lagged three periods. Compared with the later, the former demands one-period information less than the later.1 So we will use the former as instruments here. Under the assumption of serially uncorrelated level residual, values of y lagged two periods qualify as instruments in the first-differenced system, since
,1()itititCovyuuWWW=01,()itityyWW¡Ù Cov0 (1.4)
However, there remain potential methodological problems. The IV estimates based on (1.4) may be highly inefficient since it has omitted much useful information. To solve this problem, more instrument variables should be found out and then we can use
1 For a comparison of asymptotic efficiency of the two instruments, see Anderson and Hsiao (181). Also refer to Hsiao (186, Chapter 4).
8
GMM method. But we will not take this efficiency problem into account here.
¢�. DATA AND ESTIMATION PROCEDURE
DATA
We use panel data for 8 provinces, administrated municipals or self-governed districts from 186 to 001, except for Hainan, Chongqing, Xizang (Tibet). All data are from the Chinese Statistical Yearbook, Chinese Labor Statistical Yearbook and Chinese Foreign Trade Statistical Yearbook for relevant years.
As to the data, we have much thing to clarify that may create problems in an unknowable way. There are some typical kinds of problems. First, some variables in the yearbooks are not conceptually consistent. For example, there are no records for GDP before 10. The substitute is national income. Before 10 the records for production value of the third industry is also absent. We have to use the sum of architecture, transportation and business as its substitute. Second, some variables are absent for most of the whole periods. In China, the illiteracy rate is not recorder annually. The census is conducted every ten years or even longer. Except that, only sampling data is reported in each single year. Even though this data is not reported in every year during the period of our interest. We only get reported data of the forth census in 10 and the fifth census in 000. Also we have get two years data from sampling, e.g., the one percentage sampling survey of population in 187 and 15 respectively. For the other years, we have get the corresponding values for illiteracy
For detailed exposition, refer to Holtz-Eakin et al. (188), Arellano and Bond (11), Ahn an Schmidt (15,17), Arellano and Bover (15),and more recently, Blundell and Bond(18).
rate in each year by interpolation.For further illustration for all explanatory variables, please refer to appendix A.
When conducting estimation, considering that IV is consistent with the two-stage OLS method, we have first regressed 1ityW on ityW. Then we used the predicted value for as substitutes for 1ityW1ityW to regress.
¢õ. ESTIMATION RESULTS
Six sets of regression results using different sets of explanatory variables have been reported in Table1. Much to our surprise, most of the explanatory variables are not statistically significant, and part of estimates doesn¡¯t have the expected sign.
As can be seen in Table 1, the coefficient for lagged FDI stock is significant at five-percentage level when GDP is adopted to be explanatory variable, however its sign is contrary to our intuition. The three coefficients are much approximate to each other, indicating that an increase of one thousand U.S.D in a region¡¯s lagged would tend to reduce its FDI by about thirty-three U.S.D. Moreover, the coefficient assumes opposite sign when per capita GDP is instead taken as explanatory variable, but none of the three is statistically significant at ten-percentage level or lower.
As to the coefficient for average annul wage rate, the case is reversed. In case of regression with per capita GDP the coefficients are positive and statistically significant at five-percentage level. The estimates all indicate about an increase of more than sixty thousand U.S.D in FDI if there is an increase of one Yuan in wage
The formulation is1111()iktiktikiktxxxxttt¦�¦�W=+WW.
10
costs. However, when GDP proxies for market size the coefficient for it takes negative sign and statistically insignificant at ten-percentage level or lower.
Table 1 Estimation results4
(1) () () (4) (5) (6) Lagged FDI stock -0.075 (-.6) -0.06 (-.5) -0.075 (-.6) 0.016
(1.6) 0.016
(1.45) 0.0178
(1.) Wage -1.651
(-0.70) -.7110
(-0.7) -1.651
(-0.70) 6.140 (.56) 6.1
(.1) 6.0
(.0) Service industry 41.076
(0.8) 45.054
(0.8) 41.076
(0.8) 6.8568
(1.1) 61.6878
(1.11) 6.667
(0.6) Illiterate rate 75.685
(0.1) 76.6
(0.1) 75.685
(0.1) 57.540
(0.1) 4.0786
(0.10) -10.8577
(-0.0) GDP 66.51
(7.0) 65.46
(7.17) 66.51
(7.0) Per capita GDP 0.45
(1.1) 0.001
(1.1) 0.85
(1.0) Railway 7.8571
(1.0) 65.6
(0.65) Roads 5.00
(0.8) 84.6044
(1.) High-grade road 7.8571
(1.0) 7.65
(1.6) Private sector 58.48 (.) 601.8774 (.40) 58.48 (.) 78.66 (4.1) 77.81841 (4.0) 74.5415
(4.0)
All regression results denote that FDI is highly positively related to the development of service industry, indicating that foreign investors might pay much importance to this factor when making a investment decision. Unfortunately, all the six estimates are statistically insignificant at ten-percentage level or lower.
4 t-statistics in parentheses. and denote statistically significant at one-percentage level and five-percentage level, respectively.
11
Five of the six coefficients for illiteracy rate are positive, varied from forty to seventy or more, and indicate that FDI will greatly increase if illiteracy is higher. This is much contrary to our expectation too. We suppose that foreign investors might have paid little attention to the quality of human capital in most of the past periods, since the majority of foreign investments until now has concentrated on those labor-intensive and export-oriented industries, such as weaving, shoes and the appliances, etc. All estimates are statistically insignificant at ten-percentage level or lower.
In contrast, all the coefficients for FDI are positive and statistically significant at one-percentage level. When GDP increases by one billion Yuan FDI will increase by more than six hundred thousand U.S.D. Keep in mind this is a very strong effect. So foreign investor have attached great importance to market size of one region. When makes a locational decision he is aimed to take possession of the regional market. However, the coefficients for per capita GDP are not statistically significant at ten-percentage level or lower, indicating that GDP as a whole has more attractions for foreign investors than per capita GDP.
Using the density of railway in operation, all roads and high-grade as proxies for infrastructure respectively, the reported coefficients are not statistically significant, though the sign is consistent with our intuition.
According to Table 1, the development of market in a region is highly positively correlated to FDI in that region. All estimates are statically significant at one-percentage level, though the exact value has many variations.
1
¢ö. CONCLUDING REMARKS
By taking FDI stock lagged one year into account, we have build a dynamic econometric model on decision of FDI in one region. To estimate such a model, we first difference the original model and try to estimate it by IV. The IV we have employed is dependent variable lagged two years, which is supposed to satisfy the two necessary conditions for IV under the assumption of serially uncorrelated level residuals. There have some potential problems with our estimation method, however. The estimates should be inefficient because IV has omitted much useful information. To solve this problem, we should found out more instruments and then we can use GMM method, which is supposed to be more efficient.
Due to cause of method and data, our estimation results is contrary to our intuition or expectation to much extent. Only small part of the coefficients of explanatory variable is statistically significant. According to six sets of regression results, lagged FDI stock and GDP are significant explanatory variables at five-percentage or one-percentage level while FDI enters into regression equation. However, the coefficient for the former doesn¡¯t assume expected sign. On the other hand, the coefficient for the former doesn¡¯t consistent with estimation result when per capita GDP as a substitute for GDP. The coefficient for development of market, weight of private sector as a proxy, is always positive and statistically significant at one-percentage level. Then, what we can conclude is that when making a locational decision, a foreign investor will pay much attention to the development of market. In areas where private sector has assumed important role in economic activities, FDI seems to increase at more rapid
1
rate. For foreign investors, excellent performance in marketization may be a rather instructive signal for more efficient government, more transparent policies and looser business environment, etc.
There is much to improve on this current paper, especially methodologically.
14
References
Broadman, Harry G. and Xiaolun Sun, ¡°The distribution of foreign investment in China,¡± World Bank, Policy Research Working Paper 170, 17.
Chen, Chien-Hsun, 16, ¡°Regional determinants of foreign direct investment in Mainland China,¡± Journal of Economic Studies, vol. , no. , pp. 18-0.
Greene, William H., Economic Analysis, Third edition, Prentice-Hall, 17.
Head, Keith and John Ries, ¡°Inter-City Competition for Foreign Investment Static and Dynamic Effects of Chinas Incentive Areas,¡± Journal of Urban Economics, 16, vol. 40, pp. 8-60.
Hsiao, Cheng, Analysis of Panel Data, New York Cambridge University Press, 186.
Kwan, Yum K. and Leonard K. Cheng, ¡°What are the determinants of the location of foreign direct investment? The Chinese experience,¡± Journal of International Economics, 000, vol. 51, pp. 7-400.
³Ã÷ãü£¬¡°Íâ¹úÖ±½�Ͷ×ÊÇø�ò·Ö²¼�ÚÖйúͶ×Ê�·¾³ÆÀ¹À¡±£¬¡¶¾¼Ã�о¿¡·£¬£¬17µÚ1ÆÚ¡£
Ëï¿¡£¬¡°ÖйúFDIµØµã�¡�ñµÄ�òËØ·ÖÎö¡±£¬¡¶¾¼Ã�§£¨¼¾¿¯£�¡·£¬00ÄêµÚ1¾íµÚÆÚ£¬ µÚ687-68�³¡£
¹ú¼�ͳ¼Æ¾Ö£¬¡¶Öйúͳ¼ÆÄê¼ø¡·£¬186-00Äê¡£
¹ú¼�ͳ¼Æ¾Ö£¬¡¶Öйú¶�Íâó�×ͳ¼ÆÄê¼ø¡·£¬184-185Äê¡£
Appendix A. Definition of variables
1. FDI Inflow of FDI in one year, measured by ten thousand nominal U.S.D . GDP /Per capita GDP Nominal GDP or per capita GDP for one region in one year. . Wage Average nominal annual wage of employer. 4. Service industry The ratio of the third industry to the whole economy. 5. Illiteracy rate Percentage of population with no schooling years 6. Railway Length of railway in operation averaged by geographical area of one region () /mkm
7. All roads Length of all roads averaged by geographical area of one region (). /mkm
8. High-grade road. Length of high-grade road averaged by geographical area of one region (). /mkm
. Private sector Percentage of the economy that is owned by private.
15
16
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A Beautiful Day for a Barbecue
The sun was shinning through the open windows illuminating the ranch style home with a cheerful brightness. A warm yet gentle breeze was filtering through the house, bringing with it an aromatherapy that filled the air with a soothing scent of blooming flowers and freshly cut grass. It was a Saturday afternoon in July of 000; it was a glorious summer day in a quaint residential neighborhood of Providence, Rhode Island. It truly is a beautiful day to have a The Bible and the Gun film is an interesting film about British missionaries and settlers that went to Africa after slavery ended in the nineteenth century. Slavery robbed Africa of tens of thousands of its people. Before slavery, the African people were viewed as equals by others that interacted with them. It seems that racism grew directly out of slavery. Whites began to think of slaves as less than them. This became the normal way of thinking and they began
Mind that the sample papers like fdasfda fdafda fdafdafafd presented are to be used for review only. In order to warn you and eliminate any plagiarism writing intentions, it is highly recommended not to use the essays in class. In cases you experience difficulties with essay writing in class and for in class use, order original papers with our expert writers. Cheap custom papers can be written from scratch for each customer that entrusts his or her academic success to our writing team. Order your unique assignment from the best custom writing services cheap and fast!
Tuesday, May 8, 2012
Small stars
We are ready to represent the best custom paper writing assistance that can cope with any task like Small stars even at the eleventh hour. The matter is that we posses the greatest base of expert writers. Our staff of freelance writers includes approximately 300 experienced writers are at your disposal all year round. They are striving to provide the best ever services to the most desperate students that have already lost the hope for academic success. We offer the range of the most widely required, however, not recommended for college use papers. It is advisable to use our examples like Small stars in learning at public-education level. Get prepared and be smart with our best essay samples cheap and fast! Get in touch and we will write excellent custom coursework or essay especially for you.
0-year-old German born designer, Gwendolynne Burkin, is passionate about her craft. In an interview earlier this year, she labelled her contemporaries lazy. Most are more interested in the whole idea of wearing clothes than hands-on making them, she said.
Burkin, an RMIT fashion graduate, is a designer, bordering on demi-couturist, who learnt her trade in the traditional sense.
She cut her teeth as a designer with Katherine Hamnett and Diva in London and Bettina Liano, Sportsgirl and Victoria Loftes in Melbourne before launching her own label in 18.
Her designs, inspired by feminine silhouettes and the demure dress codes of bygone eras are meticulously assembled, from pattern through to production, even if it means handstitching them herself.
Delicate details such as draping, ruching and bustles and distinctive materials, including antique french lace and hand-beaded vintage fabrics are her trademark.
Her style is unmistakable - beautifully tailored and timeless.
Gwendolynne is stocked throughout Australia and Hong Kong.
Whats next? This year, I decided to make money, says Burkin. This means she is concentrating on ready-to-wear garments. The results are equally exquisite, more wearable and slightly more affordable. If the critics, who hailed her latest collection at MAFW a success, are right, she is on her way to her first fortune.
Where to buy Fat 7, 7 Chapel Street; RPM, 50 Lygon Street.
Label Toni Maticevski
Toni Maticevski, 4, is as well known for knocking back a job with New York fashion guru Donna Karan as he is for his demi-couture designs.
In 17, fresh out of RMIT, Maticevski completed work experience with Karan as part of a scholarship prize. After two weeks he felt stifled by the lack of spontaneity and returned to Australia. The following year, the media-shy designer launched his label from the loungeroom of his Laverton home, where he still lives with his parents and sister.
Earlier this year he won the New Designer Award at the Melbourne Fashion Festival and an invitation to showcase his designs at Mercedes Australian Fashion Week where the pundits were impressed by his obsessive attention to detail, which included pleated silk chiffon dresses, pin-stitched trousers and elaborate rouleaux strapped tops.
Unorthodox cutting and draping are the signature of his designs.
Whats Next? I really want to break into Europe. There is a real market for couture designers over there. Id like to become a global name.
Where to buy Ivy Hopes, 6/7 Swanston Street.
Label Sass & Bide
They have no formal fashion training, but that hasnt stopped long-time best friends, Sarah-Jane Clarke and Heidi Middleton, from revolutionising womens jeans.
Ex-accountant, Clarke, and ad exec, Middleton, are the brains behind the low-slung jeans that groovy young things around the globe cant wait to squeeze into, including TVs influential clothes horse, Sarah Jessica Parker.
The chance meeting with Parker on a New York street is now legendary. Clarke and Middleton literally bumped into the starlet who later ordered 0 per cent of their collection. The clothes will appear in upcoming episodes of Sex and the City.
While Clarke and Middleton are best known for their hipster jeans (they were the first to use the 5cm zip), their Premiere line of customised pieces have been just as successful.
Their style philosophy is a combination of their staple denim range, including jeans, jackets and mini-skirts and a limited edition line, including corsets and pill-box hats that are a little bit left of field.
Whats next? Having achieved such lofty heights in just two years, theres plenty of scope for the future.
Where to buy Fat 7, 7 Chapel Street; Fat 5, 5 Johnston Street, Fitzroy; Cactus Jam, 7 Glenferrie Road, Hawthorn.
Label Claude Maus
The man behind the whimsical designs of the Claude Maus label, is -year-old Melburnian Rob Maniscalco.
With just two seasons under his belt, the fine arts graduate with a passion for arthouse movies is best known for his off-beat designs, which have included customised tops featuring European football club logos and a striped dress with a no4 emblazoned on the back.
Currently stocked in Sydney and Melbourne, the refreshing range (for men and women) of customised tops, shirting, tailored leather peasant wear, silk blouses and sports-inspired detailing is difficult to define. Some critics have coined it construction meets deconstruction. However you describe it, it is fresh, fun and original. You wont see any rip-offs from the runways of Paris, New York or Milan in this collection.
Whats Next? Fingers crossed, Maniscalco serves up more weird and wonderful designs that will earn him further recognition here and overseas.
Where to buy Ivy Hopes, 6/7 Swanston Street.
Label Ty & Melita
Melburnians Ty Henschke and Melita Turcsan are the design duo behind Melbournes label-of-the-moment, Ty & Melita.
The pair combined forces in 001 and between them have 5 years experience. Previously, Henschke worked behind the scenes for Bettina Liano, Ellin Ambe and most recently, Roy. Melita has worked in patternmaking and production for Scanlan & Theodore, Jenny Bannister and Glen Rollason.
The label is best described as slick and sexy. Spring/summer includes black harem pants with thigh-high splits and macrame-fringed mini-skirts, using jersey fabrics and well-cut silks and satin that hang beautifully on the body. Highlight pieces are trimmed with peep-show lace and lots of cutwork.
Whats Next? The duo will launch a feminine, sexy line of denim later in the year. Keep an eye out for it!
Mind that the sample papers like Small stars presented are to be used for review only. In order to warn you and eliminate any plagiarism writing intentions, it is highly recommended not to use the essays in class. In cases you experience difficulties with essay writing in class and for in class use, order original papers with our expert writers. Cheap custom papers can be written from scratch for each customer that entrusts his or her academic success to our writing team. Order your unique assignment from the best custom writing services cheap and fast!
0-year-old German born designer, Gwendolynne Burkin, is passionate about her craft. In an interview earlier this year, she labelled her contemporaries lazy. Most are more interested in the whole idea of wearing clothes than hands-on making them, she said.
Burkin, an RMIT fashion graduate, is a designer, bordering on demi-couturist, who learnt her trade in the traditional sense.
She cut her teeth as a designer with Katherine Hamnett and Diva in London and Bettina Liano, Sportsgirl and Victoria Loftes in Melbourne before launching her own label in 18.
Her designs, inspired by feminine silhouettes and the demure dress codes of bygone eras are meticulously assembled, from pattern through to production, even if it means handstitching them herself.
Delicate details such as draping, ruching and bustles and distinctive materials, including antique french lace and hand-beaded vintage fabrics are her trademark.
Her style is unmistakable - beautifully tailored and timeless.
Gwendolynne is stocked throughout Australia and Hong Kong.
Whats next? This year, I decided to make money, says Burkin. This means she is concentrating on ready-to-wear garments. The results are equally exquisite, more wearable and slightly more affordable. If the critics, who hailed her latest collection at MAFW a success, are right, she is on her way to her first fortune.
Where to buy Fat 7, 7 Chapel Street; RPM, 50 Lygon Street.
Label Toni Maticevski
Toni Maticevski, 4, is as well known for knocking back a job with New York fashion guru Donna Karan as he is for his demi-couture designs.
In 17, fresh out of RMIT, Maticevski completed work experience with Karan as part of a scholarship prize. After two weeks he felt stifled by the lack of spontaneity and returned to Australia. The following year, the media-shy designer launched his label from the loungeroom of his Laverton home, where he still lives with his parents and sister.
Earlier this year he won the New Designer Award at the Melbourne Fashion Festival and an invitation to showcase his designs at Mercedes Australian Fashion Week where the pundits were impressed by his obsessive attention to detail, which included pleated silk chiffon dresses, pin-stitched trousers and elaborate rouleaux strapped tops.
Unorthodox cutting and draping are the signature of his designs.
Whats Next? I really want to break into Europe. There is a real market for couture designers over there. Id like to become a global name.
Where to buy Ivy Hopes, 6/7 Swanston Street.
Label Sass & Bide
They have no formal fashion training, but that hasnt stopped long-time best friends, Sarah-Jane Clarke and Heidi Middleton, from revolutionising womens jeans.
Ex-accountant, Clarke, and ad exec, Middleton, are the brains behind the low-slung jeans that groovy young things around the globe cant wait to squeeze into, including TVs influential clothes horse, Sarah Jessica Parker.
The chance meeting with Parker on a New York street is now legendary. Clarke and Middleton literally bumped into the starlet who later ordered 0 per cent of their collection. The clothes will appear in upcoming episodes of Sex and the City.
While Clarke and Middleton are best known for their hipster jeans (they were the first to use the 5cm zip), their Premiere line of customised pieces have been just as successful.
Their style philosophy is a combination of their staple denim range, including jeans, jackets and mini-skirts and a limited edition line, including corsets and pill-box hats that are a little bit left of field.
Whats next? Having achieved such lofty heights in just two years, theres plenty of scope for the future.
Where to buy Fat 7, 7 Chapel Street; Fat 5, 5 Johnston Street, Fitzroy; Cactus Jam, 7 Glenferrie Road, Hawthorn.
Label Claude Maus
The man behind the whimsical designs of the Claude Maus label, is -year-old Melburnian Rob Maniscalco.
With just two seasons under his belt, the fine arts graduate with a passion for arthouse movies is best known for his off-beat designs, which have included customised tops featuring European football club logos and a striped dress with a no4 emblazoned on the back.
Currently stocked in Sydney and Melbourne, the refreshing range (for men and women) of customised tops, shirting, tailored leather peasant wear, silk blouses and sports-inspired detailing is difficult to define. Some critics have coined it construction meets deconstruction. However you describe it, it is fresh, fun and original. You wont see any rip-offs from the runways of Paris, New York or Milan in this collection.
Whats Next? Fingers crossed, Maniscalco serves up more weird and wonderful designs that will earn him further recognition here and overseas.
Where to buy Ivy Hopes, 6/7 Swanston Street.
Label Ty & Melita
Melburnians Ty Henschke and Melita Turcsan are the design duo behind Melbournes label-of-the-moment, Ty & Melita.
The pair combined forces in 001 and between them have 5 years experience. Previously, Henschke worked behind the scenes for Bettina Liano, Ellin Ambe and most recently, Roy. Melita has worked in patternmaking and production for Scanlan & Theodore, Jenny Bannister and Glen Rollason.
The label is best described as slick and sexy. Spring/summer includes black harem pants with thigh-high splits and macrame-fringed mini-skirts, using jersey fabrics and well-cut silks and satin that hang beautifully on the body. Highlight pieces are trimmed with peep-show lace and lots of cutwork.
Whats Next? The duo will launch a feminine, sexy line of denim later in the year. Keep an eye out for it!
Mind that the sample papers like Small stars presented are to be used for review only. In order to warn you and eliminate any plagiarism writing intentions, it is highly recommended not to use the essays in class. In cases you experience difficulties with essay writing in class and for in class use, order original papers with our expert writers. Cheap custom papers can be written from scratch for each customer that entrusts his or her academic success to our writing team. Order your unique assignment from the best custom writing services cheap and fast!
Friday, May 4, 2012
Sir Gawain and the Green Knight
We are ready to represent the best custom paper writing assistance that can cope with any task like Sir Gawain and the Green Knight even at the eleventh hour. The matter is that we posses the greatest base of expert writers. Our staff of freelance writers includes approximately 300 experienced writers are at your disposal all year round. They are striving to provide the best ever services to the most desperate students that have already lost the hope for academic success. We offer the range of the most widely required, however, not recommended for college use papers. It is advisable to use our examples like Sir Gawain and the Green Knight in learning at public-education level. Get prepared and be smart with our best essay samples cheap and fast! Get in touch and we will write excellent custom coursework or essay especially for you.
Sir Gawain and the Green Knight
Throughout the medieval period, the anonymous fourteenth century poet truly showed the meaning of a medieval romance in Sir Gawain and the Green Knight. Many elements are to be understood in order to get the most out of reading the poem. The author gave us thorough and detailed visions in the poem that taught us and at the same time, delighted our senses. So, throughout the entire poem the Gawain poet does a superb job at teaching and delighting our senses.
Sir Gawain delights us with his actions as he performs true examples of chivalry and courtesy. Throughout the first fit, Sir Gawain shows us his bravery in stepping up to the Green Knight’s challenge. As he takes the axe away from King Arthur, he teaches us the importance of withholding our pacts and promises and at the same time shows his utmost bravery. Sir Gawain agrees to the Green Knight’s pact and takes advice from King Arthur with all respect “ ‘Cousin, take care,’ said the King, ‘To chop once, / And if you strike with success, certainly I think / You will take the return blow without trouble in time’ ” (Sir Gawain and the Green Knight I/17/7-74). The author does not fail to delight us with a bit of unexpected supernatural violence as well. After Gawain gave his deadly blow to the knight, no one in Arthur’s court expected for the knight to even be alive and let alone reiterate the terms of the pact in which Gawain will eventually fulfill.
Along with all the author’s taught insights that help us understand the poem more thoroughly, come great details that delight the reader and provide much entertainment. One element of the seven that best entertains us is “woman as temptation.” Lord Bertilak’s young lady was thought by all to be the most beautiful woman to walk the earth. With this is mind, she was quite seductive in her ways and tempted the good Sir Gawain under the authority of Lord Bertilak himself. With such a climatic event of the last fit, Gawain is informed by the Green Knight that he was deceivingly tricked “And the wooing by my wife � my work set it on / I instructed her to try you and you truly seem / to be the most perfect paladin ever to pace the earth” (IV/5/61-6). With such a quote spoken by the Green Knight, earlier identified as Lord Bertilak, we the readers are fully entertained to see the true identity of the Green Knight and the reaction that comes about Sir Gawain as well. Another climatic event that occurs, actually follows after Gawain took the blow from the Green Knight and found out the dealings between him and the fine lady. Gawain is highly praised by the Green Knight for not giving into the seductive temptations his wife pressed upon him. As this event was aimed to please the reader, it can inconsequently be used to teach us the moral ways of life. We can keep in mind that Gawain obeyed the rules of courtesy to the fullest and his actions and etiquette towards women were exceptional. This fine example of entertainment was used in both ways by the author.
Being the reader of this insightful poem, the challenges faced by the young hero, Sir Gawain, can basically be understood easily by all. The author does an excellent job at teaching and delighting our senses.
Mind that the sample papers like Sir Gawain and the Green Knight presented are to be used for review only. In order to warn you and eliminate any plagiarism writing intentions, it is highly recommended not to use the essays in class. In cases you experience difficulties with essay writing in class and for in class use, order original papers with our expert writers. Cheap custom papers can be written from scratch for each customer that entrusts his or her academic success to our writing team. Order your unique assignment from the best custom writing services cheap and fast!
Sir Gawain and the Green Knight
Throughout the medieval period, the anonymous fourteenth century poet truly showed the meaning of a medieval romance in Sir Gawain and the Green Knight. Many elements are to be understood in order to get the most out of reading the poem. The author gave us thorough and detailed visions in the poem that taught us and at the same time, delighted our senses. So, throughout the entire poem the Gawain poet does a superb job at teaching and delighting our senses.
Sir Gawain delights us with his actions as he performs true examples of chivalry and courtesy. Throughout the first fit, Sir Gawain shows us his bravery in stepping up to the Green Knight’s challenge. As he takes the axe away from King Arthur, he teaches us the importance of withholding our pacts and promises and at the same time shows his utmost bravery. Sir Gawain agrees to the Green Knight’s pact and takes advice from King Arthur with all respect “ ‘Cousin, take care,’ said the King, ‘To chop once, / And if you strike with success, certainly I think / You will take the return blow without trouble in time’ ” (Sir Gawain and the Green Knight I/17/7-74). The author does not fail to delight us with a bit of unexpected supernatural violence as well. After Gawain gave his deadly blow to the knight, no one in Arthur’s court expected for the knight to even be alive and let alone reiterate the terms of the pact in which Gawain will eventually fulfill.
Along with all the author’s taught insights that help us understand the poem more thoroughly, come great details that delight the reader and provide much entertainment. One element of the seven that best entertains us is “woman as temptation.” Lord Bertilak’s young lady was thought by all to be the most beautiful woman to walk the earth. With this is mind, she was quite seductive in her ways and tempted the good Sir Gawain under the authority of Lord Bertilak himself. With such a climatic event of the last fit, Gawain is informed by the Green Knight that he was deceivingly tricked “And the wooing by my wife � my work set it on / I instructed her to try you and you truly seem / to be the most perfect paladin ever to pace the earth” (IV/5/61-6). With such a quote spoken by the Green Knight, earlier identified as Lord Bertilak, we the readers are fully entertained to see the true identity of the Green Knight and the reaction that comes about Sir Gawain as well. Another climatic event that occurs, actually follows after Gawain took the blow from the Green Knight and found out the dealings between him and the fine lady. Gawain is highly praised by the Green Knight for not giving into the seductive temptations his wife pressed upon him. As this event was aimed to please the reader, it can inconsequently be used to teach us the moral ways of life. We can keep in mind that Gawain obeyed the rules of courtesy to the fullest and his actions and etiquette towards women were exceptional. This fine example of entertainment was used in both ways by the author.
Being the reader of this insightful poem, the challenges faced by the young hero, Sir Gawain, can basically be understood easily by all. The author does an excellent job at teaching and delighting our senses.
Mind that the sample papers like Sir Gawain and the Green Knight presented are to be used for review only. In order to warn you and eliminate any plagiarism writing intentions, it is highly recommended not to use the essays in class. In cases you experience difficulties with essay writing in class and for in class use, order original papers with our expert writers. Cheap custom papers can be written from scratch for each customer that entrusts his or her academic success to our writing team. Order your unique assignment from the best custom writing services cheap and fast!
Thursday, April 26, 2012
Critical Analysis of Joshua Quittner’s “Invasion of Privacy”
We are ready to represent the best custom paper writing assistance that can cope with any task like Critical Analysis of Joshua Quittner’s “Invasion of Privacy” even at the eleventh hour. The matter is that we posses the greatest base of expert writers. Our staff of freelance writers includes approximately 300 experienced writers are at your disposal all year round. They are striving to provide the best ever services to the most desperate students that have already lost the hope for academic success. We offer the range of the most widely required, however, not recommended for college use papers. It is advisable to use our examples like Critical Analysis of Joshua Quittner’s “Invasion of Privacy” in learning at public-education level. Get prepared and be smart with our best essay samples cheap and fast! Get in touch and we will write excellent custom coursework or essay especially for you.
Critical Analysis of Joshua Quittner’s “Invasion of Privacy”
Senay Boran
ENGL15Z
Do my coursework
By Vince Goff
7 October, 00
Goff 1
Critical Analysis of Joshua Quittner’s “Invasion of Privacy”
Joshua Quittner, in his Aug 5th, 17 Time Magazine article entitled, “Invasion of Privacy”, attempts to get us to “lighten up” on being overly concerned about our privacy. Quittner, a journalist, frequent contributor to Newsday and Wired, and news director for Pathfinder.com, admits to willingly giving up some privacy in the name of security, convenience and improved service; and he believes that we are just as “ambivalent” about it as he is. Quittner is not entirely successful in his attempt to get us to lighten up. In fact, he probably has the opposite of the desired effect in many readers. Quittner increases awareness, and frightens with examples, inadvertently making readers even more paranoid about their privacy.
Mr. Quittner states that at first he, “couldn’t get worked up about privacy” (p 4), citing two instances in which his privacy was violated. They were both taken care of, and no real harm was done in the end. Then, he relates how he did get worked up when his phone was hacked repeatedly. The authorities could not do anything about it. All said, he diffused the anxiety created by this experience with humor. These experiences helped him to realize that we don’t lose our privacy all at once. Rather, we constantly give away little bits of it. Quittner claims he doesn’t mind giving up a little privacy in the name of convenience, and believes we feel the same way.
Quittner’s credibility does not support his thesis. Before Quittner gets too far into convincing us that we ought to give up some privacy in the name of convenience, he concedes to actively tracking users’ activities on his own web site (p40). While his honesty is commendable, how can the reader remain unsuspicious of a person who has a vested interest in information gathering, trying to convince him that giving away his personal information really isn’t all that bad?
Further, Quittner’s arguments and logic are not sufficiently convincing. He states that what people really want is to know more about who knows what about them (p 7). Quittner purports that we don’t really want privacy, citing the popularity of tell-all talk shows as examples. This comparison is fallacious, unfair and unrepresentative to say the least. Surely it represents bad taste in television programming and nothing regarding privacy.
The opposing views and examples cited by Quittner send the reader in the opposite direction. He references a child rapist rifling through medical records to find new victims, bankers cross-referencing medical records to find cancer patients and deny them loans, and large corporations, “testing our DNA for possible imperfections,” in order to deny jobs (p 8). These examples are too striking not to stand out as extreme causes for concern. In addition, they can not be discounted as fallacious or invented, as they are quite real.
Fundamentally, I agree that I want to know more about who has my personal data and what they are doing with it. However, that knowledge is not enough for me. Quittner opposes new laws or agencies to regulate privacy. I think they are both warranted. Like Quittner, I too was not able to get worked up about privacy at first. Now, thanks to Quittner and other articles, I am a bit worked up about it!
A man in his position has to take the stance that giving up some privacy is alright, since his business thrives on people’s data. Most of his arguments end up appearing less than logical and less than convincing. The examples given as opposition tend to hook themselves in the reader’s mind with more grappling power than any of his other arguments or examples. Quittner leaves readers more worried about privacy than when the began, inadvertently reinforcing the opposing view. Readers will scarcely be lightening up about privacy because of this article.
Work Cited
Quittner, Joshua. “Invasion of Privacy.” Time 5 Aug. 178+. Rpt in Writing in the Disciplines, 4th ed. By Mary Lynch Kennedy, William J. Kennedy and Hadley M. Smith. Upper Saddle River, NJ. Prentice Hall, 000. 4-4.
Mind that the sample papers like Critical Analysis of Joshua Quittner’s “Invasion of Privacy” presented are to be used for review only. In order to warn you and eliminate any plagiarism writing intentions, it is highly recommended not to use the essays in class. In cases you experience difficulties with essay writing in class and for in class use, order original papers with our expert writers. Cheap custom papers can be written from scratch for each customer that entrusts his or her academic success to our writing team. Order your unique assignment from the best custom writing services cheap and fast!
Critical Analysis of Joshua Quittner’s “Invasion of Privacy”
Senay Boran
ENGL15Z
Do my coursework
By Vince Goff
7 October, 00
Goff 1
Critical Analysis of Joshua Quittner’s “Invasion of Privacy”
Joshua Quittner, in his Aug 5th, 17 Time Magazine article entitled, “Invasion of Privacy”, attempts to get us to “lighten up” on being overly concerned about our privacy. Quittner, a journalist, frequent contributor to Newsday and Wired, and news director for Pathfinder.com, admits to willingly giving up some privacy in the name of security, convenience and improved service; and he believes that we are just as “ambivalent” about it as he is. Quittner is not entirely successful in his attempt to get us to lighten up. In fact, he probably has the opposite of the desired effect in many readers. Quittner increases awareness, and frightens with examples, inadvertently making readers even more paranoid about their privacy.
Mr. Quittner states that at first he, “couldn’t get worked up about privacy” (p 4), citing two instances in which his privacy was violated. They were both taken care of, and no real harm was done in the end. Then, he relates how he did get worked up when his phone was hacked repeatedly. The authorities could not do anything about it. All said, he diffused the anxiety created by this experience with humor. These experiences helped him to realize that we don’t lose our privacy all at once. Rather, we constantly give away little bits of it. Quittner claims he doesn’t mind giving up a little privacy in the name of convenience, and believes we feel the same way.
Quittner’s credibility does not support his thesis. Before Quittner gets too far into convincing us that we ought to give up some privacy in the name of convenience, he concedes to actively tracking users’ activities on his own web site (p40). While his honesty is commendable, how can the reader remain unsuspicious of a person who has a vested interest in information gathering, trying to convince him that giving away his personal information really isn’t all that bad?
Further, Quittner’s arguments and logic are not sufficiently convincing. He states that what people really want is to know more about who knows what about them (p 7). Quittner purports that we don’t really want privacy, citing the popularity of tell-all talk shows as examples. This comparison is fallacious, unfair and unrepresentative to say the least. Surely it represents bad taste in television programming and nothing regarding privacy.
The opposing views and examples cited by Quittner send the reader in the opposite direction. He references a child rapist rifling through medical records to find new victims, bankers cross-referencing medical records to find cancer patients and deny them loans, and large corporations, “testing our DNA for possible imperfections,” in order to deny jobs (p 8). These examples are too striking not to stand out as extreme causes for concern. In addition, they can not be discounted as fallacious or invented, as they are quite real.
Fundamentally, I agree that I want to know more about who has my personal data and what they are doing with it. However, that knowledge is not enough for me. Quittner opposes new laws or agencies to regulate privacy. I think they are both warranted. Like Quittner, I too was not able to get worked up about privacy at first. Now, thanks to Quittner and other articles, I am a bit worked up about it!
A man in his position has to take the stance that giving up some privacy is alright, since his business thrives on people’s data. Most of his arguments end up appearing less than logical and less than convincing. The examples given as opposition tend to hook themselves in the reader’s mind with more grappling power than any of his other arguments or examples. Quittner leaves readers more worried about privacy than when the began, inadvertently reinforcing the opposing view. Readers will scarcely be lightening up about privacy because of this article.
Work Cited
Quittner, Joshua. “Invasion of Privacy.” Time 5 Aug. 178+. Rpt in Writing in the Disciplines, 4th ed. By Mary Lynch Kennedy, William J. Kennedy and Hadley M. Smith. Upper Saddle River, NJ. Prentice Hall, 000. 4-4.
Mind that the sample papers like Critical Analysis of Joshua Quittner’s “Invasion of Privacy” presented are to be used for review only. In order to warn you and eliminate any plagiarism writing intentions, it is highly recommended not to use the essays in class. In cases you experience difficulties with essay writing in class and for in class use, order original papers with our expert writers. Cheap custom papers can be written from scratch for each customer that entrusts his or her academic success to our writing team. Order your unique assignment from the best custom writing services cheap and fast!
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