ideas

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People choose to pursue graduate degrees for a variety of reasons

knowledge, personal fulfillment, increased salary, and enhanced

career opportunities are some of the most common. A graduate degree

may be a minimum qualification for some jobs. For others, a graduate




degree may help with promotions and obtaining a higher-level

position with more responsibility within an organization. Others

choose the graduate path based solely on their genuine passion for

learning and a deep interest in a specific subject.

Everyone has their own unique motivation for continuing their

education. Consider the possibilities - career mobility, advancing

your degree, marketing yourself, changing & stimulating your career,

or simply seeking knowledge.

For security reasons, this email contains only your password for your new online application account for Duke University Graduate School.

Multi-session Form Completion

Since Applyweb lets you save your data, you dont have

to complete a form in one sitting or from the same

computer. You can start the form from this computer,

work on the next section a week later from the library,

counselors office or elsewhere.

This question is not as redundant as it may appear. It is highly likely that you will attend graduate or professional school at some point in your future, but the decision to attend is a highly personal one, and each persons reasons vary. It is critical in making this decision that you ask fundamental questions of yourself and of the process.

Two of the best sources of advice about postgraduate plans are your DUS and your residential dean. Many students also seek out a faculty mentor with whom they have worked closely. This may be particularly useful if your selected graduate field is significantly different from that of your undergraduate major. The counselors at UCS are another great source of advice, and they can also help you to identify other people who are experts in your field of interest.

Ultimately, however, YOU must make your decision. A wise choice can be the launching point into a stimulating academic experience and a successful career. A poor choice can cost you thousands of dollars, wasted years and do little or nothing for your future.





Mind that the sample papers like ideas presented are to be used for review only. In order to warn you and eliminate any plagiarism writing intentions, it is highly recommended not to use the essays in class. In cases you experience difficulties with essay writing in class and for in class use, order original papers with our expert writers. Cheap custom papers can be written from scratch for each customer that entrusts his or her academic success to our writing team. Order your unique assignment from the best custom writing services cheap and fast!

Business and other

We are ready to represent the best custom paper writing assistance that can cope with any task like Business and other even at the eleventh hour. The matter is that we posses the greatest base of expert writers. Our staff of freelance writers includes approximately 300 experienced writers are at your disposal all year round. They are striving to provide the best ever services to the most desperate students that have already lost the hope for academic success. We offer the range of the most widely required, however, not recommended for college use papers. It is advisable to use our examples like Business and other in learning at public-education level. Get prepared and be smart with our best essay samples cheap and fast! Get in touch and we will write excellent custom coursework or essay especially for you.

International Freight farwarding Center of Mongolian Railway has been introducing computer automatic system since August 1, 001. Therefore we would like to underline to our all clients that you have been providedwith a great possibility to utilize our updated technology. On the other hand it is the biggest investment for our cooperation.



• You are able to contact your freight manager directly and quickly by e-mail due to every manager has own e-mail address through IFFC getting domain address by using internet netwok. Therefore, telephone and fax communication will be decreased and it will be qucker and economical with confirmation.

• You have a great chance to get tracing information on IFFC all arranging shipment by air, rail, sea and road without any approach with us whenever, wherever you want during 4 hours from our website in internet.




• In connection with all freight variables collected in one main database theres great improvement in information exchanging by eradicating repetition and upgrading accounting statement.

Obviously, you should have your own password to access our network and it will be supplied privately.

IFFC gained A classification by its capacity and resources from Ministry of Infrastructure and have a comprehensive authority to handle project and aid shipments besides running freight forwarding services. So far only two companies have received A grade in Mongolia.

IFFC has handled a number of international project shipments, managing deliveries for some world-known projects as

- Rehabilitation of Mongolian Railway

- Ulaanbaatar heating Sysytem Improvement

- Power Plant #4 by Japanese Government Aid

(Implementation period - years)

- Rehabilitation of Ulaanbaatar Municipal Telephoine and Communication System,

Alcatel, France

- Coal mining construction improvement project

- Ulaanbaatar City Transport Improvement Project

- Nescor Energy Crude Oil Project - Oil export shipments

- Enlargement of Buyant Ukhaa airport, Ulaanbaatar

- Fiber Cable project, Mongolian Railway

- 8500 MT rice aid shgipment from Japanese Government

- 1 Combine shipment from Finland and Japanese Government

- Przhevalsky Horse replacement in Mongolia from Holland

- Annually 1.5 million MT of crude oil shipments from Russia to China have been successfully handled by IFFC in recent years.

IFFC gained A classification by its capacity and resources from Ministry of Infrastructure and have a comprehensive authority to handle project and aid shipments besides running freight forwarding services. So far only two companies have received A grade in Mongolia.

IFFC has handled a number of international project shipments, managing deliveries for some world-known projects as

- Rehabilitation of Mongolian Railway

- Ulaanbaatar heating Sysytem Improvement

- Power Plant #4 by Japanese Government Aid

(Implementation period - years)

- Rehabilitation of Ulaanbaatar Municipal Telephoine and Communication System,

Alcatel, France

- Coal mining construction improvement project

- Ulaanbaatar City Transport Improvement Project

- Nescor Energy Crude Oil Project - Oil export shipments

- Enlargement of Buyant Ukhaa airport, Ulaanbaatar

- Fiber Cable project, Mongolian Railway

- 8500 MT rice aid shgipment from Japanese Government

- 1 Combine shipment from Finland and Japanese Government

- Przhevalsky Horse replacement in Mongolia from Holland

- Annually 1.5 million MT of crude oil shipments from Russia to China have been successfully handled by IFFC in recent years.

IFFC gained A classification by its capacity and resources from Ministry of Infrastructure and have a comprehensive authority to handle project and aid shipments besides running freight forwarding services. So far only two companies have received A grade in Mongolia.

IFFC has handled a number of international project shipments, managing deliveries for some world-known projects as

- Rehabilitation of Mongolian Railway

- Ulaanbaatar heating Sysytem Improvement

- Power Plant #4 by Japanese Government Aid

(Implementation period - years)

- Rehabilitation of Ulaanbaatar Municipal Telephoine and Communication System,

Alcatel, France

- Coal mining construction improvement project

- Ulaanbaatar City Transport Improvement Project

- Nescor Energy Crude Oil Project - Oil export shipments

- Enlargement of Buyant Ukhaa airport, Ulaanbaatar

- Fiber Cable project, Mongolian Railway

- IFFC gained A classification by its capacity and resources from Ministry of Infrastructure and have a comprehensive authority to handle project and aid shipments besides running freight forwarding services. So far only two companies have received A grade in Mongolia.

IFFC has handled a number of international project shipments, managing deliveries for some world-known projects as

- Rehabilitation of Mongolian Railway

- Ulaanbaatar heating Sysytem Improvement

- Power Plant #4 by Japanese Government Aid

(Implementation period - years)

- Rehabilitation of Ulaanbaatar Municipal Telephoine and Communication System,

Alcatel, France

- Coal mining construction improvement project

- Ulaanbaatar City Transport Improvement Project

- Nescor Energy Crude Oil Project - Oil export shipments

- Enlargement of Buyant Ukhaa airport, Ulaanbaatar

- Fiber Cable project, Mongolian Railway

- 8500 MT rice aid shgipment from Japanese Government

- 1 Combine shipment from Finland and Japanese Government

- Przhevalsky Horse replacement in Mongolia from Holland

- Annually 1.5 million MT of crude oil shipments from Russia to China have been successfully handled by IFFC in recent years.

I am student at the CIULA.

Mind that the sample papers like Business and other presented are to be used for review only. In order to warn you and eliminate any plagiarism writing intentions, it is highly recommended not to use the essays in class. In cases you experience difficulties with essay writing in class and for in class use, order original papers with our expert writers. Cheap custom papers can be written from scratch for each customer that entrusts his or her academic success to our writing team. Order your unique assignment from the best custom writing services cheap and fast!

INNOVATION IS THE ONLY SOURCE OF COMPETITIVE ADVANTAGE

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Innovation is the Only Sustainable Source of Competitive Advantage

“An innovative business is one which lives and breathes ‘outside the box’. It is a combination of good ideas, motivated staff, and an instinctive understanding of what your customer wants.” (Branson, R., 18)

Every business must grow in order to survive. Innovation involves using ideas and knowledge to create products and services, which create consumer demand in the marketplace. “The innovation process is a cycle in which ideas, talent, design skills, money and management expertise come together to create commercially viable products and services” (London Development Agency, 00, http//www.london-innovation.org.uk/innov_drivers.htm). Therefore, innovation is the fuel for the engine of growth within an organisation (Innovation In Action, 00, http// www.jeffmaynard.com/innovate.htm). Businesses must invest in developing new products, exploiting the potential of new partnerships and seeking out new markets if survival and growth are their aim in today’s hyper-competitive marketplace, ie. they must innovate.

Innovation is then basically, “finding new ways to better perform” (McPhearson, M., 001, pg. ). It can be customer-driven, take for example BMW’s NPD System. To maintain market leadership and the prominence of their brand BMW have developed a very deliberate innovation strategy. They have divided the innovative process into steps; innovation research, innovation management, and, innovation transfer, incorporating a “systematic, but flexible approach” (Seidel et al, 00, pg.) to the generation of new products and ideas, and ensuring their continued success and dominance in the motor-vehicle industry. (Seidel et al, 00). Innovation can also spring from a spontaneous event or a flash of genius, which can be turned into a marketable and saleable product or service. Take for example ‘Lonely Planet’. This company which is now the market-leader in the worldwide travel information industry developed from a small idea by Tony and Maureen Wheeler to write a book about their travels across Asia (Johnson, G., Scholes, K., 00). Innovation can occur both by accident and deliberately in almost all industries, but in organisations where survival depends on a constant stream of new products and services, then, it is imperative that innovation is a deliberate and well-resourced business process.




According to David Teece’s Complementary Assets Framework innovations are a major source of profitability for an organisation, and there are two factors which determine whether an innovation is beneficial for a firm � imitability and complementary assets. Figure 1 below illustrates when an innovation can lead to increased profitability for a firm.

Figure 1 Who Profits from Innovation (Afuah, A., Tucci, C.L., 001, pg. 71)

If imitability is high and complementary assets are “freely available or unimportant” (Afuah, A., Tucci, C.L., 001, pg. 71) then generating revenues is difficult. However, if complementary assets are “tightly held and important” (Afuah, A., Tucci, C.L., 001, pg. 71) then whoever owns these complementary assets stands to make some money. When imitability is low, the innovator will profit, even if complementary assets are “freely available or unimportant” (Afuah, A., Tucci, C.L., 001, pg. 71). Nonetheless the firm hoping to become profitable would be best positioned where imitability is low and complementary assets are “tightly held and important” (Afuah, A., Tucci, C.L., 001, pg. 71) because in this position the barriers to entry are high and the threat of substitutes and new entrants is low. Hence, it is clear that innovation can and does generate profits for an organisation (Afuah, A., Tucci, C.L., 001). But, while it does lead to increased profitability, and therefore a competitive advantage for firms, is innovation the only source of competitive advantage for those firms, and more importantly, is it the only source of sustained competitive advantage?

“Competitive Advantage is at the heart of a firms performance in competitive markets” (Porter, M., 185, pg. 15).

Finding a common definition for the term ‘competitive advantage’ however, is not easy. Traditionally it was seen as a firm consistently earning a higher rate of return than its competitors (Beal, R., 001). Michael Porter argues that competitive advantage is about successfully translating your competitive strategy into a competitive advantage (Porter, M., 185). In his article, ‘Competitive Advantage Sustainable or Temporary in Today’s Dynamic Environment?’ Reginald Beal states that competitive advantage is “the achievement of above average industry profitability” (Beal, R., 001, pg.5). Therefore, it can be said that competitive advantage incorporates one’s ability to outperform one’s rivals on the primary performance goal, profitability. However, it is ‘sustaining’ this competitive advantage that creates an industry leader. It should be noted at this stage that many researchers have questioned this notion of “sustained” competitive advantage, asking, is there such a thing, and if yes, what exactly constitutes “sustained”. They argue that terms such as ‘long-term’ and ‘in the future’ are ambiguous and lack specificity. Beal proposes that in order to determine a state of sustained competitive advantage a firm’s performance must be examined in each of the four industry life-cycle stages � introduction, growth, maturity and decline. A company is said to possess sustained competitive advantage if it yields “above average financial performance in two or more stages of the industry lifecycle” (Beal, R., 001, pg. ). However for the purpose of this discussion sustainable competitive advantage is looked at from a more simplistic perspective and is defined as “above average performance in the long run” (Porter, M., 185, pg. 11). In other words, sustainable competitive advantage is about outperforming your rivals over a long period of time. This ‘out-performance’ can be achieved by differentiating (ie. offering something unique and inimitable to you customer) or, by striving to become and becoming, the lowest cost producer in your industry (Beal, R., 001).

Traditionally, gaining sustainable competitive advantage was primarily dependent on barriers to entry � patent protection, economies of scale, access to capital, and regulated competition (cost advantages) and, differentiation advantages such as a unique (inimitable) activity or product that was seen as valuable by the customer. The competitive advantage was seen as more sustainable the greater the number of sources of cost or differentiation advantages (Beal, R., 001). However, in today’s global marketplace, where the scale and pace of change are so rapid, this traditional view is being challenged, and innovation, speed, adaptability and efficiency are becoming key drivers for the competitively positioned firm (McPhearson, M., 001). With the birth of the Resource-Based View of the firm, a firms resources (assets, capabilities, processes, competencies) have become the key consideration when discussing sustained competitive advantage. Resources that are non-imitable, non-substitutable and nontransferable are sources of sustained competitive advantage. Therefore, in contrast with the traditional view, the RBV shifts the focus of competitive advantage from the external to the internal (Beal, R., 001). In Michael Porter’s ‘What is Strategy?’ article he articulates that in order to remain competitive, companies must be, flexible to respond rapidly to competition and changes in the marketplace, “outsource aggressively to gain efficiencies” (Porter, M., 16, pg. 1), engage in continuous benchmarking in a bid to have best practice, and above all, develop and maintain a number of core competencies to keep ahead of the competition. (Porter, M., 16). Porter identifies five competitive forces which must be considered by firms aiming to gain sustainable competitive advantage. These include, the bargaining power of suppliers, the bargaining power of customers, the threat of substitutes, rivalry among firms in the industry, and the threat of new entrants into the industry. Gaining a sustained competitive advantage is determined by fast and effective responses to these five forces. (Afuah, A., Tucci, C.L., 001). Kathleen M. Eisenhardt argues that to sustain a competitive advantage firms must “focus on unique strategic processes with simple rules, on the modular patching of businesses to fleeting market opportunities, and on evolutionary timing for ongoing strategic moves” (Eisenhardt, K.M., 00, pg. 4). Joe Peppard, in his article ‘Strategic IS/IT Planning’ states that sustained competitive advantage can be achieved through alignment of the business and the IS/IT strategy, and using these two to introduce new products and services and retain new customers (Peppard, J., 1). Peter Drucker also focuses on the customer as the means for sustainable competitive advantage. He articulates that success comes through determining what the customer really wants and focusing all the company’s resources on satisfying these wants. (Drucker, P., 18).

From the research cited and arguments presented in the paragraph above, it is obvious that while innovation does play a major role in sustaining the competitive advantage of a company, it is not in itself the only factor affecting this sustainability. Firstly, some of the traditional factors mentioned such as patent protection and economies of scale still contribute greatly to the competitive advantage of firms. Take priceline.com, with their patented ‘Name Your Own Price’ Strategy. PriceLines most valuable resource is this patent which almost assures PriceLine will continue to lead the unique reverse auction market. PriceLine is essentially without peers at the moment, and there are few other firms that have such a vibrantly growing market all to themselves. Not many companies have a model that can match the scope of eBay, but PriceLine is one of them. Yet unlike the eBays and Amazons of the world, PriceLine doesn’t have to worry about well-funded competitors coming in and nibbling away at market share. Therefore PriceLine could be said to have a ‘sustained competitive advantage’ for the foreseeable future. Also, the academics referenced identify a number of other factors which are major contributors to the competitive advantage of firms. These include, inter alia, speed, adaptability, efficiency, flexibility, strategic processes, anticipation and relationships.

In my opinion, the essence of sustainable competitive advantage lies, not in processes or practices, but with the Customer. With increased globalization and the fast-pace hyper-competitive marketplace in which firms are competing, customer value and loyalty are paramount, without them firms simply will not survive. Thus, what establishes a firms sustained competitive advantage is “their ability to serve customers’ present and future needs (holistic needs)” (Kandampully, J., Duddy, R., 1, pg.1). The market leading firm must be aware of, and fulfill, both the customers’ present and future needs and it can be argued that sustained success “is essentially determined by its ability to expand and maintain a large and loyal customer base” (Kandampully, J., Duddy, R., 1, pg.1). The firm must create loyalty by creating a type of ‘relationship’ with their customer. They can do this by fulfilling their present needs and anticipating future ones. Like any ‘long-term relationship’ trust is of extreme importance. That is, the firm must win the heart of their customer and create and maintain a trust relationship with them (Kandampully, J., Duddy, R., 1). Creating this ‘relationship’ with your customer can prove extremely valuable. It is five times more expensive to attract a new customer, than to retain an old one, and some of the major benefits of such a relationship include ; “increased purchase, reduced costs, free advertising through word of mouth, employee retention and the life-time value of the customer” (Kandampully, J., Duddy, R., 1, pg.). Through exceptional service and innovativeness (anticipating the customer need) firms will attract and maintain customers, therefore maintaining their position as market leader. It should also be noted that the concept of the ‘relationship’ also takes in other stakeholders, including, employees, suppliers, distributors and shareholders. These relationships serve to create ‘networks’ or partnerships which add to the overall value of the firm and can lead to success for all parties involved. Also, a major challenge for firms today lies in building an environment that successfully creates and nurtures this ‘relationship’ with their customer. The strength of the ‘network’ or ‘partnership’ that exists with the firm’s stakeholders is what underpins and maintains this customer relationship. Loyalty and trust within the firm in turn leads to customer trust and loyalty and therefore creates this ‘long term relationship’ (Kandampully, J., Duddy, R., 1).

Anticipation is another key component of sustained competitive advantage. According to Kandampully and Duddy “there are limited advantages to being a trend setter; it is the trend creator that wins the game” (Kandampully, J., Duddy, R., 1, pg.). Here, of course, innovation is the key. With increased competition and threats from rivals and substitute products sustained competitive advantage can only be reached through constant innovation and growth (staying ahead of the competition). The key however, is to anticipate where the future is headed and where innovation is needed. The successful firm must think for the customer and anticipate their future needs. What works now, may not work in the future, and in order to be successful you must know what is going to work in the future (Kandampully, J., Duddy, R., 1). The firm that fails to “anticipate, react and respond” (Kandampully, J., Duddy, R., 1, pg.) to opportunities in their industry, whether they are deliberate or accidental, will quickly find themselves in the position of market-follower rather than market-leader.

When patenting is not possible it can also be argued that sustainable competitive advantage is achieved when the firm creates a product or service that cannot be imitated. This is especially fitting for service sector firms. Air Canada’s “Star Alliance” for example, where they formed partnerships with a number of airlines, including some of their major competitors created the idea of a single customer interface, providing flexibility for their customers and adding value for all those incorporated in the partnership (Kandampully, J., Duddy, R., 1). Another example would be the online auction site OnSale.com. This company tries to create an inimitable virtual value chain.

It renders value to its customers by enhancing every component along its customer’s value chain. That is; OnSale provides the most complete product description on-line, the auction is the most efficient form of pricing for B-goods, customers are notified by email about their successful bid which is very convenient for them, products are shipped to the customers desired location. OnSale has also developed its own proprietary software over four years, with a team of software engineers. This software can deliver a high throughput of 5000 transactions a day ensuring that OnSale has unique capabilities to deliver the value it boasts to its customers.

Therefore, it is not only innovation which generates sustained competitive advantage for organisations. It is a combination of factors internal and external to the firm. Internal factors are the firm’s own resources and include assets, capabilities, processes, competencies, strategies etc. External Factors include speed to market, adaptability to market changes, efficiency to incorporate and more importantly create best practices, flexibility to change, anticipation of future needs, and, relationships, both internal and external.

To conclude, becoming the leader in your market, ie. creating a sustainable competitive advantage lies in your ability to anticipate future trends (anticipation), take appropriate actions (innovation) and ‘think outside the box’ (relationships) (Kandampully, J., Duddy, R., 1). Sustained competitive advantage can be achieved through embracing and interpreting future customer needs and concerns. Consequently, innovation, while it is important and a key to sustained competitive advantage, is only effective if it is derived from a customer perspective. The key is to become your own customer and therefore develop products and services that “tomorrows customers want, before they become a reality” (Kandampully, J., Duddy, R., 1, pg. 4).





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Pat Parker Case Study

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1. Abstract

Pat Parker was a law school graduate who started a consulting firm that specialized in conducting opposition research and writing reports for political candidates, primarily for the Democratic Party. This specific case is about how Pat Parker developed a research report for Democratic nominee, Dale Jackson for the statewide Attorney General position. Two years later, representatives of the State Academy of Trial Lawyers wanted to buy the same research document on the Republican Attorney General, Terry Paine in what Parker believed to be an effort to inoculate their candidate during an upcoming election. Parker wasn’t sure how to proceed. There was the potential to be arrested for reselling the information, plus it could jeopardize the political party’s candidate.

There are several legal issues to be concerned with in this case. Would Pat Parker violate either contract or federal copyright laws by selling the research or the associated postcards to the State Academy of Trial Lawyers or anyone else who desired to purchase them? Could Parker sell the research to the State Academy of Trial Lawyers without violating the $500 maximum funding limit under the Florida Campaign Finance Statute? Would Parker be violating the Florida Voluntary Code of Fair Campaign Practices if he sold a report generated for one party to the other party? Also, if the items were resold to a third party, would Parker & Associates be violating any particular codes of ethics?

. Legal Analysis




The first legal issue to be analyzed is whether Parker would have violated contract law if all or any portion of the research document had been sold to the State Academy of Trial Lawyers? To determine if Parker would be violating the contract, a valid contract must first exist. Three elements of a valid contract must be proven, including competent parties, consideration, and mutual assent or meeting of the minds.

· Element 1 Competent Parties. For a valid contract, each side must have the capacity to enter into it. This case provides that Parker is a competent individual who willfully accepted an offer to conduct research for the Democratic nominee, also a competent party. We can conclude that both parties had the capacity to enter into a binding contract and element one is satisfied.

· Element Consideration. In order to hold both parties to the contract, each must give something in exchange. Money is the most common form of compensation. The Democratic nominee agreed to pay Parker $5,000 plus expenses to research their opponent, and Parker agreed to provide a report in return. The exchange of a completed report for money satisfies the second element of consideration.

· Element Meeting of the Minds, or Mutual Assent. This means that both sides must fully understand the details, rights, and obligations of the contract. Exhibit 8 of the case study, the agreement between Parker and the Democratic Party, provides clear, concise details as to what each party was required to do to satisfy their part of the contract. Therefore, a mutual assent or meeting of the minds clearly occurred when both parties signed the agreement, and the third element was satisfied.

Since all valid contract elements were satisfied, it can be concluded that the contract between Parker and the Democratic nominee was valid.

The original agreement, Exhibit 8, with the Democratic Party candidate specifically stated the “use of reports” which essentially said that the research and the publications used in the research shall not be used “for any other purpose, campaign, or person” and that the research was to be used “during the present campaign cycle only.” This type of bilateral contract basically promised that the two parties would maintain the terms of the contract between them only. If the research had been sold to another party during the campaign in addition to who it was originally created for, then Parker would have been in breech of contract and the Democratic Party would have every right to sue for damages.

However, the report that the State Academy of Trial Lawyers wanted to purchase from Parker was for an upcoming election that would be occurring during a different campaign cycle. The original agreement outlined that Parkers obligation would expire upon the determination of the last election in which the Campaign had qualified its candidate. It did not state that Parker & Associates could not use the research later, only that the campaign couldn’t. Therefore, it would not be a violation of the original agreement terms if Parker decided to sell the original report to the State Academy of Trial Lawyers or to whomever their firm chose to.

The second legal issue is whether Parker could sell the research to the State Academy of Trial Lawyers or other interested parties without violating federal copyright law. A copyright offers protection for original works of authorship. Copyright protection affords the author of copyrighted work with specific rights that the authors can give or sell to others or keep for themselves.

Possible copyright problems stem from two different items. The fact that the Democratic nominee contracted the work makes it possible that they hold the copyright on the research report. Additionally, when the State Academy of Trial Lawyers heard about the postcards developed by another consultant that were based on the research done by Parker’s firm, they wanted to purchase copies of those also.

According to the Copyright law, a holder has the right to control the material covered by the copyright. Copyright law also states that for research to be copyrightable, the material must

· Exist in a fixed, tangible form that can be reproduced

· Be an original creative effort

· Not already exist in the public domain

The information that Parker researched existed solely in the public domain. The consolidation of this information is still public domain, but the assumptions added to the publicly gained information established the report developed by Parker & Associates as unique. Therefore, the elements of copyrightable material have been satisfied.

The initial issue of who owns the work and therefore the copyright is confusing at first. The general rule is that the author of the work is the owner and therefore the copyright holder. Although the person who creates a unique piece of work is the author of that work and normally, the owner, there is an exception to that principle. Copyright law defines a category of work called works made for hire. For a “work made for hire, the purchaser or employer is considered the author, not the employee. Thus, the employer owns the copyright and possesses 5 exclusive rights granted in the copyrighted work.

1. Reproduction rights

. Modification rights

. Distribution or sale rights

4. Public performance rights, and

5. Public display rights

In 18 the Supreme Court ruled, that to determine whether a work is made for hire, it must first be determined if an employee or an independent contractor prepared the work.

The key item in this case is that Parker was an independent contractor, not a campaign employee. If an employee creates the work, generally the work would be considered a “work made for hire”. In this case, the Campaign was considered the purchaser of Parkers’ services. If a work is created by an independent contractor, such as Parker, then the work is a specially ordered or commissioned work, and it is only owned by the commissioner if the work is one of the types as follows,

· A part of a larger literary work,

· Part of a motion picture or other audiovisual work,

· A translation, or

· A supplementary work such as a chart, an introduction, an atlas, a test or answer material for a test, or an instructional text.

The parties must also expressly state in their contract that the work is “work made for hire”. This was not accomplished in Parker’s case. Nowhere in the contractual agreement does this statement appear. Since the research Parker conducted technically did not fall into any of the above categories and the “work made for hire” statement is missing, it can be said that Parker, as the original author of the work also holds the copyright.

There is also the agreement that both Pat Parker and the Democratic campaign manager signed. In Section 11 of the original agreement, it states that the Democratic Campaign can only use the research during the election year and not use it “for any other purpose, campaign, or person.” Between this, and the fact that Parker is the owner of the copyright, Parker & Associates, not the Democratic Party, has full authority to sell the research to whomever they choose.

The issue of the un-mailed postcards is different from the research itself because they were not actually written by Parker & Associates. Parker’s research was provided to an outside consultant that used the research data to create the postcards. However, Parker & Associates was asked to verify that the research they provided was sufficient to support the postcards’ claims.

For Parker to have a copyright claim to the postcards, there would have had to be a joint authorship of the work considered. If at the time the postcards were created both authors had intended their works to be part of an inseparable whole, this would be considered a joint work. However, from the interview provided in the case, Parker and the other consultant did not have such an understanding regarding the postcards; therefore the postcards cannot be considered a joint work, but rather a collective work.

In a collective work, each author owns the copyright for only the material they added to the finished product. Since both Parker and the other consultant have claims to copyright in the postcards, it would take the express permission of the other party before either could sell them. As before, the Democratic Party appears to have no claim to the postcards.

The agreement does not preclude the sale of the postcards with regards to the Democratic Party. If the other consultant had not been involved and Parker’s firm had made the postcards, the postcards would be under Parker & Associates copyright. However, since the postcards are a collective work, it would preclude Parker from being able to sell them to the State Academy of Trial Lawyers. From a legal standpoint, it seems that Parker & Associates have all the backing they need to sell the research, but not the postcards.

The next issue that Parker was concerned with was violating the campaign statute (though not provided in the case), specified that it would be illegal to give, and for a campaign to accept, an “in-kind” contribution in excess of the legal limit of $500, “through or in the name of another, directly or indirectly.” Any business that violated the campaign financing statutes could be fined or even dissolved. Anyone who aids, abets, or advises in violation of the statute could also be found guilty of a misdemeanor.

Parker knew that the research report was worth substantially more than the legal limit of $500, but was not aware of how the State Academy of Trial Lawyers intended to utilize it. If the State Academy of Trial Lawyers attempted to channel the report to the Republican candidate through a loophole in campaign financing laws, then Parker & Associates might not be guilty of violating the statutes. However, if the State Academy of Trial Lawyers were to give the entire report as an “in kind” donation to the Republican Attorney Generals campaign, then both the campaign and Parker, since Parker & Associates was represented in the report, would be in violation of campaign financing statutes. In this case, Parker would probably violate the Florida Campaign Financing Statute by having contributed more than $500 to a campaign indirectly through the State Academy of Trial Lawyers and would result in a misdemeanor offense. Parker could argue that the firm was unaware that the State Academy of Trial Lawyers intended to provide the report to the campaign for free or under the $500 donation limit.

The final issue of concern for Pat Parker was whether Parker & Associates would be violating the Florida State Voluntary Code of Fair Campaign Practices if they sold the research report to the State Academy of Trial Lawyers. The Florida State Voluntary Code of Fair Campaign Practices applies to potential candidates, but Parker was not a candidate running for any political position in the State of Florida. Therefore, Pat Parker could not violate this Florida Statute by selling the research report since the data presented in the research does not appear to violate the criteria established in Exhibit of the case study.

. Ethical Analysis

Would the reselling of a research project originally created by Pat Parker & Associates constitute an unethical action? Could that action be potentially damaging to either Parker & Associates or the Democratic Party? The evidence presented in this case is concerned with ownership and control of research created by one party for use by another.

As was proven by the legal analysis, Parker & Associates was the owner of the copyright for the research report that they created, and could therefore choose to sell it to another party if they so desired. There was an assumption that Parker had an ethical obligation to maintain loyalty to the Democratic Party since the firm had never done research for any other party, and would not sell their research to the Republican Party.

An ethical alternative would have been for Parker to not sell the research report to the State Academy of Trial Lawyers or any other interested party, thus fending off any potential damages to their reputation or to the Democratic Party.

Pat Parker had to address personal opinions and beliefs before a decision about the research report could be made. Pat Parker seemed hesitant to sell the case to the State Academy of Trial Lawyers for two reasons.

1. Pat Parker wasn’t sure about the legal ramifications

. The desire to continue working for Democratic candidates only

Parker & Associates was a successful business without doing research for any Republican candidates. The need for Parker to feel satisfied with a job well done was evident. Many times during the interview with Leslie Kent, Parker mentioned a feeling of pleasure when the candidates Parker & Associates had provided research to won their elections. That feeling transferred to job satisfaction and satisfaction of personal goals.

This case deals with an issue of whether it is ethical for Pat Parker to sell a research report developed for a Democratic candidate to a third party, with the possibility of the Republican candidate whom it was written about receiving it. Pat Parker had a feeling that it would be unethical to resell the research to the opposition party. Given that Pat Parker was a campaign research consultant, it can be assumed that Parker operated with a specific Code of Ethics. It can also be rationalized that Parker would live up to those principles in order to stay credible amongst the Democratic Party, whom Parker & Associates had conducted all of its business.

A Code of Ethics usually contains a list of principles that professional organizations wish their members to abide by. Yet Parker & Associates was one of only a few firms that specialized in opposition research. There was no established organization, and there was no established Code of Ethics either. It was essentially up to Pat Parker to decide the ethical stand that Parker & Associates would take. However, the Pat Parkers and Parker & Associates reputations were at stake if the wrong decision was made.

In this case, Pat Parker did not want to lose credibility amongst peers or current and future clients. Humans by nature require justification. They have a need to know why they should do something and for what reasons. Humans need specific criteria for judging what decisions are right and what decisions are wrong. It is usually not enough to simply list appropriate actions without an explanation.

Pat Parker in this case is trying to determine the right decision from the wrong decision. Ethical theories can be used to justify such decisions. Consequentialism probably has the best approach in this case. The theory believes that one can distinguish right actions from wrong actions by the fact that right actions will have better consequences. That the right actions will lead to the maximization of overall happiness. This basic form of Consequentialism is known as Utilitarianism. Therefore, if the final decision were to not sell the research to the State Academy of Trial Lawyers, Parker would have made the right decision that would afford better consequences. This obviously would proclaim Parker loyal to the Democratic Party and boost the credibility of Parker & Associates amongst current and future clients.

In trying to clarify what the right action to take is, codes of conduct are often a combination of both Deontological and Utilitarian approaches. In substance, codes of conduct are an expression of the deontological approach. They say, Here are the principles that should be followed. Whether professionals follow a more deontological scheme when formulating ethical codes of conduct or a utilitarian one, both are similar since they clarify the specific duties a profession is obligated to carry out.

From a Virtue Theory perspective, Parker needed to evaluate certain things. If a decision were made not to sell the research, would Parker & Associates still be considered a competent entity in the business? Using the Virtue Theory, the selling of the research would not satisfy any of Pat Parker’s internal or external goals. The sale would throw Pat Parkers character traits out of balance and would consequently be considered an unethical act.

Selling the research would not develop Pat Parkers character in any way and would be considered unethical. Although it appears to be legal for Parker & Associates to sell the research to the State Academy of Trial Lawyers, the ethical reasons show that it should not be done.

4. Conclusion

I believe this case raises an issue regarding intellectual property, specifically federal copyright law. The legal problems surrounding this case are basically about one research report that was written by one person that may have belonged to the client that commissioned it. Parker acted cautiously as though Parker & Associates owned the copyrights to the report they had created. Under federal copyright law, a specific category called “work for hire, “ which states that once a product is completed and turned over to the employer, it rightfully became the property of the employer.

However, Parker was an independent contractor, not an employee. Plus, no such language of “work for hire” ever existed in the research or the contractual agreement between Parker and the client. Therefore, Parker & Associates had every legal right to sell the report to anyone else that wished to do so without violating federal copyright law.

However, Pat Parker would have gone against the personal beliefs that had carried Parker & Associates for years if the research report had been sold to the State Academy of Trial Lawyers. There would have been a sense of betrayal or untruthfulness to the Democratic Party, which Parker & Associates had supported for many years.

Pat Parker could legally sell the report to the State Academy of Trial Lawyers, but would feel ethically and morally wrong for having done so. It could have opened up the potential for future clients, but at what cost to Parkers personal preferences or to Parker & Associates in the long run by playing both sides against the middle? Which was more important, the potential for increased business or the continued respect of the firms chosen affiliation?

I believe that Pat Parker would be better off taking the path that leads to both the legal and ethical right answer. Parker & Associates had the legal right to either sell or not sell the research report to whomever they chose. By not selling a report produced for one party to another party would put Parker & Associates in a Win-Win situation.

· They would maintain the respect of the party with whom they had done business for years by not having opted for higher revenues over loyalty.

· The potential for more clients from the Democratic Party in the future was greater since it would show them that Parker & Associates was both ethically and legally bound to the good faith trust that their clients had placed in them.

· Pat Parker would be satisfied knowing that Parker & Associates had not provided documentation to the party that was not aligned with personal preferences.



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canterbury tales

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In the beauty of April, the Narrator and oddly assorted travelers happen to meet at the Tabard Inn in Southwark, London. This becomes the launching point for their 60-mile, four-day religious journey to the shrine of St. Thomas … Becket at the Cathedral in Canterbury. Great blessing and forgiveness were to be heaped upon those who made the pilgrimage; relics of the saint were enshrined there, and miracles had been reported by those who prayed before the shrine. Chaucers pilgrims, however, are not all traveling for religious reasons. Many of them simply enjoy social contact or the adventure of travel.

As the travelers are becoming acquainted, their Host, the innkeeper Harry Bailley, decides to join them. He suggests that they pass the time along the way by telling stories. Each pilgrim is to tell four stories - two on the way to Canterbury, and two on the return trip - a total of 10 stories. He will furnish dinner at the end of the trip to the one who tells the best tale. The framework is thus laid out for the organization of The Canterbury Tales.

Chaucer, the Narrator, observes all of the characters as they are arriving and getting acquainted. He describes in detail most of the travelers which represent a cross-section of fourteenth-century English society. All levels are represented, beginning with the Knight who is the highest ranking character socially. Several levels of holiness and authority in the clergy are among the pilgrims while the majority of the characters are drawn from the middle class. A small number of the peasent class are also making the journey, most of them as servants to other pilgrims.

As the travelers begin their journey the next morning, they draw straws to see who will tell the first tale. The Knight draws the shortest straw. He begins the storytelling with a long romantic epic about two brave young knights who both fall in love with the same woman and who spend years attempting to win her love.




Everyone enjoys the tale and they agree that the trip is off to an excellent start. When the Host invites the Monk to tell a story to match the Knights, the Miller, who is drunk, becomes so rude and insistent that he be allowed to go next that the Host allows it. The Millers tale is indeed very funny, involving several tricks and a very dirty prank as a young wife conspires with her lover to make love to him right under her husbands nose.

The Millers fabliau upsets the Reeve because it involves an aging carpenter being cuckolded by his young wife, and the Reeve himself is aging and was formerly a carpenter. Insulted by the Miller, the Reeve retaliates with a tale about a miller who is made a fool of in very much the same manner as the carpenter in the preceding rendition.

After the Reeve, the Cook speaks up and begins to tell another humorous adventure about a thieving, womanizing young apprentice. Chaucer did not finish writing this story; it stops almost at the beginning.

When the dialogue among the travelers resumes, the morning is half gone and the Host, Harry Bailley, urges the Man of Law to begin his entry quickly. Being a lawyer, the Man of Law is very long-winded and relates a very long story about the life of a noblewoman named Constance who suffers patiently and virtuouly through a great many terrible trials. In the end she is rewarded for her perseverence.

The Man of Laws recital, though lengthy, has pleased the other pilgrims very much. Harry Bailley then calls upon the Parson to tell a similar tale of goodness; but the Shipman, who wants to hear no more sermonizing, says he will take his turn next and will tell a merry story without a hint of preaching. Indeed, his story involves a lovely wife who cuckolds her husband to get money for a new dress and gets away with the whole affair.

Evidently looking for contrast in subject matter, the Host next invites the Prioress to give them a story. Graciously, she relates a short legend about a little schoolboy who is martyred and through whose death a miracle takes place.

After hearing this miraculous narrative, all of the travelers become very subdued, so the Host calls upon the Narrator (Chaucer) to liven things up. Slyly making fun of the Hosts literary pretensions, Chaucer recites a brilliant parody on knighthood composed in low rhyme. Harry hates Chaucers poem and interrupts to complain; again in jest, Chaucer tells a long, boring version of an ancient myth. However, the Host is very impressed by the serious moral tone of this inferior tale and is hightly complimentary.

Since the myth just told involved a wise and patient wife, Harry Bailley takes this opportunity to criticize his own shrewish wife. He then digresses further with a brief commentary on monks which leads him to call upon the pilgrim Monk for his contribution to the entertainment.

The Monk belies his fun-loving appearance by giving a disappointing recital about famous figures who are brought low by fate. The Monks subject is so dreary that the Knight stops him, and the Host berates him for lowering the morale of the party. When the Monk refuses to change his tone, the Nuns Priest accepts the Hosts request for a happier tale. The Priest renders the wonderful fable of Chanticleer, a proud rooster taken in by the flattery of a clever fox.

Harry Bailley is wildly enthusiastic about the Priests tale, turning very bawdy in his praise. The earthy Wife of Bath is chosen as the next participant, probably because the Host suspects that she will continue in the same bawdy vein. However, the Wife turns out to be quite a philosopher, prefacing her tale with a long discourse on marriage. When she does tell her tale, it is about the marriage of a young and virile knight to an ancient hag.

When the Wife has concluded, the Friar announces that he will tell a worthy tale about a summoner. He adds that everyone knows there is nothing good to say about summoners and tells a story which proves his point.

Infuriated by the Friars insulting tale, the Summoner first tells a terrible joke about friars and then a story which condemns them, too. His rendering is quite coarse and dirty.bHoping for something more uplifting next, the Host gives the Cleric his chance, reminding the young scholar not to be too scholarly and to put in some adventure. Obligingly, the Cleric entertains with his tale of the cruel Walter of Saluzzo who tested his poor wife unmercifully.

The Clerics tale reminds the Merchant of his own unhappy marriage and his story reflects his state. It is yet another tale of a bold, unfaithful wife in a marriage with a much older man.

When the Merchant has finished, Harry Bailley again interjects complaints about his own domineering wife, but then requests a love story of the Squire. The young man begins an exotic tale that promises to be a fine romance, but Chaucer did not complete this story, so it is left unfinished.

The dialogue resumes with the Franklin complimenting the Squire and trying to imitate his eloquence with an ancient lyric of romance. There is no conversation among the pilgrims before the Physicians tale. His story is set in ancient Rome and concerns a young virgin who prefers death to dishonor.

The Host has really taken the Physicians sad story to heart and begs the Pardoner to lift his spirits with a happier tale. However, the other pilgrims want something more instructive, so the Pardoner obliges. After revealing himself to be a very wicked man, the Pardoner instructs the company with an allegory about vice leading three young men to their deaths. When he is finished, the Pardoner tries to sell his fake relics to his fellow travellers, but the Host prevents him, insulting and angering him in the process. The Knight has to intervene to restore peace.

The Second Nun then tells the moral and inspiring life of St. Cecelia. About five miles later, a Canon and his Yeoman join the party, having ridden madly to catch up. Converstion reveals these men to be outlaws of sorts, but they are made welcome and invited to participate in the storytelling all the same.

When the Canons Yeoman reveals their underhanded business, the Canon rides off in a fit of anger, and the Canons Yeoman relates a tale about a cheating alchemist, really a disclosure about the Canon.

It is late afternoon by the time the Yeoman finishes and the Cook has become so drunk that he falls off his horse. There is an angry interchange between the Cook and the Manciple, and the Cook has to be placated with more wine. The Manciple then tells his story, which is based on an ancient myth and explains why the crow is black.

At sundown the Manciple ends his story. The Host suggests that the Parson conclude the day of tale-telling with a fable.

However, the Parson preaches a two-hour sermon on penitence instead. The Canterbury Tales end here.



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Love

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What is it about death that changes people? This question had me stumped for a long period of time. Watching some of the films in this course helped me put these thoughts into perspective. After some careful thought and soul searching, I came to some surprising conclusions. There are many things that a person experiences when they come into contact with death; fear, loss of power, vulnerability and pain. These experiences tend to have life altering effects on individuals and in some cases they push people on a more religious path. There is an interesting trend that people tend to follow in life. As people age the more religious they become. It is as if when they age they have the desire to become closer to God.

Life can be separated into stages, Innocence, Rumination and Wisdom. The transition between each stage can be different for everyone. What thrusts an individual forward from one stage to another are their life experiences. Throughout this paper, with the help of the films we watched in class I would like to analyze the relationship between death and religion in each of these stages of life. It is my belief that the closer an individual is to death, the more religion has an impact on their life.

I often wonder why in the earlier stages of life people do not have many conversations about religion. The Innocence stage of life can be classified as the pleasurable stage. It seems people believe that this era in life is where all the experiences of life take place. In most cases this stage of life is where many of our most memorable experiences take place. Personally, I consider myself still in the Innocence phase and my university experiences have only added to it. Youngsters tend to neglect the religious aspect of their life here. This could be for many reasons. At this stage individuals are innocent and most of all selfish to




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Lincoln Electric - Venturing Abroad

We are ready to represent the best custom paper writing assistance that can cope with any task like Lincoln Electric - Venturing Abroad even at the eleventh hour. The matter is that we posses the greatest base of expert writers. Our staff of freelance writers includes approximately 300 experienced writers are at your disposal all year round. They are striving to provide the best ever services to the most desperate students that have already lost the hope for academic success. We offer the range of the most widely required, however, not recommended for college use papers. It is advisable to use our examples like Lincoln Electric - Venturing Abroad in learning at public-education level. Get prepared and be smart with our best essay samples cheap and fast! Get in touch and we will write excellent custom coursework or essay especially for you.

Lincoln Electric Venturing Abroad

The data given in the case clearly shows that Lincoln Electric has a dominant position in the Indonesian market. However, this position is existent only in the Automatic welding process and the Semi-automatic welding process segments. In the Stick welding process, which is used by most Indonesian customers, Lincoln is not the clear market leader. Despite this, they have a very significant market share and their products are well recognized by the Indonesian market.

At present, Lincoln’s strategy is to import all units sold in the Indonesian market. This strategy would, however, need to be revised. Indonesia’s economy is growing rapidly (in 16) but most of the key positions are controlled by Suharto’s relatives. This has enabled local companies to dominate the import and export business by giving ‘gratuities’ to the relevant officials. Also, there were indications of financial troubles which would lead to a slump causing the currency to drop, reducing the demand for Lincoln’s imports.




Keeping this in mind it is recommended that Lincoln should set up a factory in Indonesia. This will allow them to not only circumvent the impending problems with imports but it would also allow them to take advantage of Indonesia’s comparative advantage vis-à-vis labour and raw materials. A manufacturing base would also allow Lincoln to serve the growing Asian market better with reduced transportation time and costs.

In setting up this factory, Lincoln should explore the possibility to enter into a Joint Venture with a local partner. This would have several advantages. First, the local partner would bring knowledge about the domestic conditions, laws and regulations. Second, it would also know which government official counts and the optimum amount of ‘gratuity’ that would be required. Lastly, since Lincoln Electric does not seem to have the finances to setup a factory entirely on its own and it is very reluctant to acquire new long term debt, the local partner will be able to contribute to the capital requirements thereby easing the financial burden on Lincoln.

The case presents two possible partners for Lincoln, Tira Austenite (Tira) and Suryiasuyrana Hidupjaya (SSHJ). Each of these possible partners will bring in different advantages. It is recommended that Lincoln should enter into a Joint Venture with both Tira and SSHJ.

While we recognize the managerial difficulties that would probably arise from doing so, the advantages would out-weigh the problems. For example, Tira would be able to bring in their distribution network, customer base and high level relationships with government officials. SSHJ would be able to bring in the required capital and a stronger presence in China, Vietnam and Burma. Also, this Joint Venture would afford them a dominant position in the market which would be attractive to all three partners.

Lincoln has realized that the compensation system in place in the United States would not necessarily show the same results if applied in other countries. This hold true for a country like Indonesia also. A brief summary of the compensation system in Indonesia is mentioned in the appendix.

The incentive system and compensation plan that had been devised by Lincoln worked very well in the US, because there it is acceptable to the employees that remuneration be given on the basis of performance. Secondly, since the hierarchical systems are not very strong, the top management would not mind lunching with the shop-floor workers. The compensation systems and the needs of the personnel in Indonesia are very similar to those of India, and are in contrast with those in the US. Here, the manufacturing workers have poor working conditions, have large families to support, and hence, have a high need for security. On the contrary, in the US, the social security systems are very strong.

Hence, the compensation plan should be devised according to the local conditions of the country. First of all, the manufacturing workers would be paid a fixed salary, which would form a substantial part of their income. There should be no system of bonus based on individual performance, infact, we suggest a system of group-linked incentives, where, for example, if the whole group of workers, together produces more pieces than the normal rate, the entire group will be rewarded. This would help in encouraging the workers to perform better, and at the same time avoid any jealousies, frustration and insecurity on the part of the workers. Besides these, benefits such as housing allowance, educational allowance for dependents (maybe scholarships for meritious performances), and medical help should also be provided, since, if the Company looks at fulfilling the basic needs of the workers in kind, the workers (being poor, and giving a lot of importance to sentiments) would feel more attached to Lincoln.

The managers’ salary systems should directly be linked to performance, as the professionals would like to be rewarded on the basis of performance, and this would provide an incentive to them for working harder.

For the salespersons, as the norms seem to be universal, the salaries should be fixed with a variable component of commission based on the performance. The only change that could be made is, that the fixed part of salary may include the benefits in kind as well.



Appendix

Compensation information in Indonesia

For the matched positions we will be seeking the following information in respect of both

expatriate and Indonesian national employees

SALARY

- Actual annual or monthly salary paid to the incumbent, and/or;

- Midpoint annual or monthly salary (for those companies which operate a salary

range);

- is the employee eligible for overtime or overtime allowance - how much is

earned per month or per annum for regular rostered overtime?

BONUS

- Additional actual cash payments (by way of bonus, profit share or incentive)

made for performance in the past 1 months, and/or

- notional additional cash payments that would be made for performance if all

targets are achieved.

OTHER CASH

- Any other cash payments made to the incumbent (eg. Festive Day Gift, or site,

shift, overtime, field, cost of living, attraction allowances).

SALARY REVIEW

- The month in which salaries are reviewed for individual performance or market

movement;

- The overall average increase (expressed as a percentage of salary budget) for

last year;

- The estimated overall increase (expressed as a percentage of salary budget) for

next year.

RETIREMENT AND HEALTH BENEFITS

- Payments made by the organization for the benefit of the incumbent in respect

of retirement (eg. Jamsostek, 401[K] or superannuation).

- Payment made by the organization for the benefit of the incumbent in respect of

health or dental insurance plans;

- Any other payments made by the organization for the benefit of the job

incumbent (eg. salary continuance or life insurance).

TAX POLICY

- Payments made by the organization to cover the incumbents tax liability on any

aspect of compensation.

HOUSING AND PERQUISITES

- The type of accommodation provided to the incumbent and any costs borne by

the incumbent;

- Assistance provided for the education of dependent children;

- The type of assistance provided for travel to the employees place of hire;

- The provision of a motor vehicle and/or driver;

- Membership of social, sporting or professional bodies;

- Any other perquisites.



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Dangerous Game for pleasure or understanding?

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There are certain ideas that the majority of human race treasures, such as life. What would happen if those ideas were suddenly challenged? What would the common reaction be? The short story “The Most Dangerous Game” by Richard Connell explains one man’s reaction to just such a challenge. This story is an example of escape literature because it has a sympathetic hero, a defined plot, and a happy ending.

To start of with, Sanger Rainsford is a sympathetic hero because he represents the values that nearly everyone has when it comes to the value of life. After hearing what the general does, Rainsford says, “Hunting? Good God, General Zaroff, what you speak of is murder.” He states right off what this opinion of Zaroff’s activities are. It is this opinion that conforms so easily with that held by the majority of society shooting down men for pleasure is not hunting, but murder. After spending the night in Zaroff’s house Rainsford tells the general that “[he wishes] to leave this island at once.” He doesn’t want anything to do with this sport. This is what most civilized persons would do. Because of Rainsford’s view of Zaroff’s hobby, he is seen as a sympathetic hero.

Besides having a sympathetic hero, “The Most Dangerous Game” also has a defined plot. Rainsford builds a Malay man-catcher and a Burmese tiger pit to try and escape Zaroff. After these traps have been set, the reader can hardly help but wonder whether it is going to work or not. After finding out the results of the traps, the reader wonders what will happen next. Towards the end of the hunt, Rainsford “leaped far out into the sea.” As the reader reads this, they can’t help but wonder what Rainsford was thinking and what was going to happen to him. They could see it as either a stupid or smart act, but it does cause them to think. It is these examples, as well as numerous others, that prove that this short story has a page-turner plot.

One further reason that “The Most Dangerous Game” is an example of escape literature is that it ends happily. After the general says that the winner of their hunt will get to sleep in the bed, the story ends with this sentence “he had never slept in a better bed, Rainsford decided.” This sentence tells us who won. Coincidentally, the winner was our sympathetic hero. The story ends exactly how escape literature usually does, happily ever after. The hero wins and the bad guy is destroyed.




In conclusion, it is the elements of a sympathetic hero, an exciting plot, and a happy ending that make “The Most Dangerous Game” an example of commercial fiction. Nearly all fiction has some elements of both escape and interpretive literature. However, most have more elements of one than the other, even if it is only a little bit more. The way it is classified depends who is reading it. Everyone is different, so they will all come up with different ideas.



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Canturbury Tales

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Term Paper

Marriages Canterbury Tales

Throughout Chaucer’s Canterbury Tales, the marriages in the stories are as different and as intertwined as the pilgrims themselves who told of these tales. The diversity amongst the marriages was well illustrated by the following tales, The Wife of Bath, Alisoun’s departure from the standard beliefs, whose principle was that the wife should rule the husband for a happy marriage. The Clerk, Walter, showed the accepted and traditional view of the husband as the master over the wife. The Merchant as depicted by January showed personal bitterness towards women and in the Franklin’s Tale, Arveragus and Dorigen idealized mutual love and honor between husband and wife.

The Wife of Bath. “Of husbands at church door have I had five” (11), “welcome the sixth whenever come he shall” (1). Alisoun was thought to be a loose woman, almost trampish but her feelings were so, “I am free to wed, in God’s name, where it pleases me” (1). She had three good husbands, all of which were old and rich who treated her well and she picked them clean, her other two husbands were bad. Her fourth husband had a mistress so Alisoun pretended to be unfaithful as well, an sent him to his grave. “But certainly I showed so gay a soul that in his own thick grease I made him fry for anger and for utter jealousy. By God, on earth I was his purgatory” (4). The fifth husband though she loved him the best was the one that beat her. After striking her for tearing out a page in his cursed book, seeing how she lay so helpless he said, “O my dear sister Alison, so help me God, I’ll never strike you more” (). “My own true wedded wife, do as you please the term of all your life, guard your own honor and keep fair my state after that day we never had debate” (). Alisoun believed that the woman should be the master of the relationship, “Who shall be both my debtor and my thrall and have his tribulations therewithal Upon his flesh, the while I am his wife, I have the power during all my life over his own good body, and not he” (15).




Meskel

The Clerk. The Noble Walter enjoyed his freedom as a bachelor, but his people implored him to wed and beget an heir. He agreed as long as the choice of a wife was entirely his. He choose Griselda the daughter of Janicula a poor farmer. Before he takes Griselda for his wife, he says to her, “I say this Are you ready with good heart to grant my wish, and that I freely may, As I shall think best, make you laugh or smart, and you to grumble never, night or day? And too, when I say “yea” you say not “nay” By word or frown to what I have designed. Swear this, and here I will our contract bind” (84). Griselda responded, “My lord, unsuited, unworthy Am I to take the honor you give me here; But what you’d have, that very thing would I. And here I swear that never willingly, In deed or thought, will I you disobey, To save my life, and I love life, I say” (84).

Two years into the marriage Griselda bears a daughter. To test her obedience towards Walter he sends a servant to take away the baby presumably to her young death. Griselda accepts this without any kind of confrontation. Several years later she bears a son, again her baby is taken away and again Griselda accepts this type of manipulation from Walter. Eventually Walter sends Griselda away telling her he is to wed a new, younger bride that he has already sent for. In reality he is really sending for his two children who are now 1 and 8. Griselda leaves without dispute to go back to live with her Father, but Walter asks Griselda to stay and ready the castle for the wedding, as no one else knows his likes and dislikes as she does and she does so obligingly. When she has accomplished all that has been asked of her and she is on her way back to her Father, Walter tells her that she has passed his “tests” and tells her that the two children are hers that were taken away as babies. Walter than takes Griselda back as his loving wife, and of course she takes him into open arms.



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What have you learned about the Harlem Renaissance that you didn't know before.

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Over the past few years human cloning has become not only a political issue but also a great morale issue. Due to the advancement of technology in our modern scientific world, science has been able to explore and achieve with great leaps and bounds the ability to clone human life. It was only a few years ago that this might have seemed like science fiction, now it is a reality. Cloning has unlocked many questions and curiosities that were once impossibility. Scientists, politicians, and religious leaders argue the benefits, morals and the consequences to cloning. The argument still persists whether or not cloning is beneficial or will we suffer the ramifications of this type of reproduction. Before we decide on the outcome of this procedure we must first analyze the pros and the cons, because whatever the decision there will be a change to our future and mankind as we now see ourselves.

We have all seen the news, movies and read books on cloning. Yet we all perceive a very different definition. Some of us see cloning as an exact duplicate of life as a whole. Some of us see cloning as a way to save lives by reproducing our major organs for later use. The AMA defines cloning with medical terminology. For our purpose cloning is the production of tissue and organs by way of genetically engineered production of cells that will form that larger organism.

The argument has been made that the medical benefits from cloning will bring us out of the dark ages. We will cure cancer, replace defective hearts, kidneys, and lungs and rid mankind of most any illness that haunts us today. This is a very strong case however where do we stop, will we clone ourselves for harvest of human organs to extend our lives by creating and destroying another.




This is all so amazing as we could prevent species from becoming extinct and the possibility of brining back species already lost. We all have seen the movie Jurassic Park. Our farms would be bountiful and our livestock would be able to feed the world. We could have a future of a new beginning. This is only a small example of the good that could arise from our new cloning technology.

The other side argues that the disadvantages can be much greater than any gain that we could hope to expect. Many explore a world where a “black market” would thrive on human fetuses, loss of genetic variances, the cloning of the rich and famous and how about the infamous, such as Hitler and other men of history. Where would we stop, how far would we go? Religious experts feel that this is an act against God because God is the only creator. This new technology will unleash a darker side of humanity that we now do not know.

This new technology is far from perfection. The fertility rate is very low; just look at Dolly the lamb, where there were many trial and errors before she was produced. There are social and psychological impacts on society, as we now understand it. I have only given a few examples of what to expect in our future when we continue on this path of new frightening yet exciting cloning technology.

The complications and ramifications of this new age desire have caused the government to take action with the Cloning Prohibition Act of 17. This bill prohibits the implantation of cloned cells into humans for reasons of morality and spirituality. This bill led to a second bill the Human Cloning Act of 001. This would make all human cloning in the United States a federal crime.

I believe that the government stepped in because one of the major purposes of our government is to protect human life and at this time there were too many uncertainties to continue in this direction without governmental controls.

After examining both sides of the argument I have tried to remain unbiased, however I must and will take a side here. I feel very strong for the advancement of mankind and believe that if we develop the technology to improve ourselves than so be it. God has put us here for a reason and we as a curious species are always questioning everything. This is our growth process. I also feel that whether or not the benefits outweigh the negatives we must and should proceed in this direction. However we must do so with caution, scientific study and responsibility. I believe that without moving in any direction is not moving at all and thus we have defeated our purpose for being.





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romeo and juliet coureswork gcse english

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Romeo And Juliet Coursework By Elliott Leishman


A brief description of what happens in act scene 1. Mercutio gets in fight with Tybalt Romeo tries to stop it but Mercutio gets hurt and dies. Romeo then goes crazy with anger and kills Tybalt and runs away. The prince who said if people fight justice will be done and lady Capulet wants Romeo dead because he killed Tybalt but the prince knows Romeo wasn’t full to blame so he banish him from Verona instead of killing him.


This scene is important to the rest of the play because Mercutio dies who is Romeo’s bets friend and Tybalt dies who is Romeo’s enemy so Romeo feels guilty because they both died because of him and he is banned from Verona. So he can’t see Juliet and Juliet tries to see him by pretending she is dead but when Romeo gets there he thinks she is dead so he kills himself and Juliet kills herself because of this. This is all because of this scene


The main characters in this scene are Mercutio, Tybalt, Romeo, Benvolio, Prince and lady Capulet. Mercutio personality is that he likes to fight he shows this by having a fight with Tybalt in this scene and the fight could have been avoided but he didn’t want it to be. He is Romeos best friend he provokes people and won’t back down. In this scene he fights with Tybalt and makes Tybalt look like a fool also sticks up for Romeo and he doesnt back down at all in the fight this is like his personality.





Tybalt personality is to cause fights and make people look like a fool and to be stylish by acting like a fight is a game to him in this scene he starts fights and treats them like a game but he can’t make them look like a fool and gets annoyed and then takes the fight serious which isn’t like his personality.


Romeo personality in this is that he is a very calm person and very passionate about things that mean a lot to him. He doesnt like fights and is not wound up easily. In this scene after Mercutio dies he goes crazy and kills Tybalt, which is like him because he cared about Mercutio and he is passionate about things he cares about.


Benvolio personality is that he is easily offended and will argue over silly reasons and gets wound up very easy he doesn’t look for fights but gets in them easy enough in this scene he tries not to get into a fight which is like him.


The Prince’s personality in this is that he is smart and doesn’t usually try to get in peoples business he also makes decisions only when he has to and does it fairly. In this scene he makes a decisions fairly to banish Romeo from Verona, which is like him. Lady Capulet’s personality is that she hates the Montagues and overreacts when they are involved and likes to be in control. In this scene she tries to make the prince make the decision on what she wants which is Romeo dead, which is a overreaction this is all like her.


The setting of this play would be in the heart of London in 00. I would change the setting of the original to make it different and to appeal to more people by having London gangs in it this will also make it so people don’t expect to be exactly like the original. The costumes in this play would try to reflect each characters personality.


Mercutio would be wearing casual clothes to show that he takes life easy and isn’t very serious properly hooded tops and baggy trousers with the hood up to make him look hard because he tries to get into fights.


Benvolio would be wearing causal clothes but not baggy ones more like tight levis jeans and tight t-shirt something like lambretta top to show he gets into fights but doesn’t try to start them this will also make him look uptight because his clothes are perfect quality or he wouldn’t wear them.


Romeo would wear proper clothes like a suit but sometimes something like shorts and t-shirt because he is very calm and relaxed. The suit because he is very passionate about things he cares about and he probably cares about his personal appearance and look sensible because he doesnt think life is a joke.


Tybalt would dress very stylishly because he tries to look better then every one else because he thinks he is better then every one else which makes him so cocky in fights that why he teats them as a game because he thinks no one can hurt him because he is better the everyone.


Prince will dress proper because he is a prince and doesn’t see life as a joke and takes it very seriously probably something like a suite also to show that he is not laid back.


Lady Capulet will dress the same as the prince but not the same clothes she will do this because she takes life seriously and doesn’t like being mucked around with.


The why in which I am going to make the characters act is what I think will make the scene better by adding more emotion. Mercutio when trying to fight Tybalt should have a relaxed body language and have quite cheerful facial expressions, which show that he is not scared of Tybalt. Mercutio shows that he is not scared of Tybalt because he says “by my hell I care not” when he is coming over to show that he thinks he can’t hurt him and there is no reason to be scared of him. Later on he also makes fool of Tybalt by saying “here’s my fiddle stick, here’s that shall make you dance” which makes Tybalt look like a fool because he is dancing for him which makes Mercutio look better which Tybalt doesn’t like because he thinks he is better then everyone else. So this is slowly winding him up so he won’t take the fight like a joke and he will become serious and hurt Mercutio. Tybalt at the start of the fight is taken it like a joke but that changes when he can’t comeback on the insults and starts to look like a fool, which he hates because he is so cocky you should show this in the body language by him being relaxed and then tense in up and show it on his face by him not laughing it off anymore and looking angry at Mercutio. When Romeo comes he leaves Mercutio alone because he knows he is losing the fight and also he hates Romeo more. So when Romeo doesn’t react to Tybalt and doesn’t fight him this annoys him even more and makes him look stupid. So at the start Tybalt is relaxed and he should show this through his body language by being casual but near the end of the fight it turns serious so he should get a gun out and look angry or have clenched fists to show his anger.


Romeo would act as if he where really happy and act peace with himself because of Juliet so he should show this through his body language by being calm and take his time. This would change when Mercutio has died he will be very scared and confused also upset because he was his best friend. This is why he becomes angry and kills Tybalt after he kills Tybalt he calm down and realise what he has down so he will try to stay to explain but Benvolio takes him away because he knows he will get in trouble. So his body language will show regret for both of the deaths so he could be on his knees crying so his face will show sadness.


Benvolio would act nervous and show this by keep looking for Tybalt because he doesn’t want to fight. When they start the fight he will be worried for Mercutio and try to get him out of the fight but Mercutio will stay in the fight. He will not take the fight as a joke and will be very jumpy when they are fighting.


Lady Capulet she will be very upset over Tybalt so she will probably be holding the body in her hands on the floor trying to cradle him crying. So this will show her sadness.


The prince will have a very annoyed body language because two people died and he doesn’t want them to fight. He will probably try to show his annoyance because is a prince and not suppose to show his weakness so it will be hardly anything just like something like angry facial expression and disgusted one to.


Benvolio the phrases he uses in this scene try to put Mercutio of a fight by saying things like “we shall not’ scape a brawl” and another thing like “mad blood stirring”


This shows he thinks it will be a serious fight and that they will lose. To emphasis these phrases you would say them like a plea to Mercutio because he is trying to persuade them the “mad blood stirring” he would say scared because he is scared of a fight.


Mercutio the best phrase that shows his behaviour is “by my hell, I care not” showing he doesn’t care which means he not scared of a fight. He would emphasise this phrase by saying it in a cheerful way as it is a joke that shows he’s relaxed and not scared.


Tybalt best phrase to show that he doesn’t care about Mercutio at the start of the fight and only Romeo he cares about is “Mercutio, thou consortest with Romeo” because this is a joke because there friendship is so close it is like they are in a relationship together. This insults them both and if he were scared of Mercutio he wouldn’t insult him. This makes him look better then him which Tybalt prises him self on. Another phrase which shows his mood has changed to a serious one is “boy, this shall not excuse the injuries that thou has done me, therefore turn and draw” this shows he has enough of being a fool and takes it as insult that he won’t be hurt from his insult so he is going to fight him instead. So to emphasis this by saying it angrily and his facial expressions would be showing hatred to him his body language would be aggressive to provoke him.


The overall purpose of my directions is to make this scene more dramatic and make it not predictable and show what I think is the best way to act out this scene by showing the emotions of the characters which shows there personality so you go through their emotions with them.


This scene will set the tone of a serious hatred between the two families and regret of the deaths making everyone blame everyone else set Romeo and Juliet instead of blaming very one else they will blame themselves which brings them closer to killing themselves which in the end will bring the families together.








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