We are ready to represent the best custom paper writing assistance that can cope with any task like INNOVATION IS THE ONLY SOURCE OF COMPETITIVE ADVANTAGE even at the eleventh hour. The matter is that we posses the greatest base of expert writers. Our staff of freelance writers includes approximately 300 experienced writers are at your disposal all year round. They are striving to provide the best ever services to the most desperate students that have already lost the hope for academic success. We offer the range of the most widely required, however, not recommended for college use papers. It is advisable to use our examples like INNOVATION IS THE ONLY SOURCE OF COMPETITIVE ADVANTAGE in learning at public-education level. Get prepared and be smart with our best essay samples cheap and fast! Get in touch and we will write excellent custom coursework or essay especially for you.
Innovation is the Only Sustainable Source of Competitive Advantage
“An innovative business is one which lives and breathes ‘outside the box’. It is a combination of good ideas, motivated staff, and an instinctive understanding of what your customer wants.” (Branson, R., 18)
Every business must grow in order to survive. Innovation involves using ideas and knowledge to create products and services, which create consumer demand in the marketplace. “The innovation process is a cycle in which ideas, talent, design skills, money and management expertise come together to create commercially viable products and services” (London Development Agency, 00, http//www.london-innovation.org.uk/innov_drivers.htm). Therefore, innovation is the fuel for the engine of growth within an organisation (Innovation In Action, 00, http// www.jeffmaynard.com/innovate.htm). Businesses must invest in developing new products, exploiting the potential of new partnerships and seeking out new markets if survival and growth are their aim in today’s hyper-competitive marketplace, ie. they must innovate.
Innovation is then basically, “finding new ways to better perform” (McPhearson, M., 001, pg. ). It can be customer-driven, take for example BMW’s NPD System. To maintain market leadership and the prominence of their brand BMW have developed a very deliberate innovation strategy. They have divided the innovative process into steps; innovation research, innovation management, and, innovation transfer, incorporating a “systematic, but flexible approach” (Seidel et al, 00, pg.) to the generation of new products and ideas, and ensuring their continued success and dominance in the motor-vehicle industry. (Seidel et al, 00). Innovation can also spring from a spontaneous event or a flash of genius, which can be turned into a marketable and saleable product or service. Take for example ‘Lonely Planet’. This company which is now the market-leader in the worldwide travel information industry developed from a small idea by Tony and Maureen Wheeler to write a book about their travels across Asia (Johnson, G., Scholes, K., 00). Innovation can occur both by accident and deliberately in almost all industries, but in organisations where survival depends on a constant stream of new products and services, then, it is imperative that innovation is a deliberate and well-resourced business process.
According to David Teece’s Complementary Assets Framework innovations are a major source of profitability for an organisation, and there are two factors which determine whether an innovation is beneficial for a firm � imitability and complementary assets. Figure 1 below illustrates when an innovation can lead to increased profitability for a firm.
Figure 1 Who Profits from Innovation (Afuah, A., Tucci, C.L., 001, pg. 71)
If imitability is high and complementary assets are “freely available or unimportant” (Afuah, A., Tucci, C.L., 001, pg. 71) then generating revenues is difficult. However, if complementary assets are “tightly held and important” (Afuah, A., Tucci, C.L., 001, pg. 71) then whoever owns these complementary assets stands to make some money. When imitability is low, the innovator will profit, even if complementary assets are “freely available or unimportant” (Afuah, A., Tucci, C.L., 001, pg. 71). Nonetheless the firm hoping to become profitable would be best positioned where imitability is low and complementary assets are “tightly held and important” (Afuah, A., Tucci, C.L., 001, pg. 71) because in this position the barriers to entry are high and the threat of substitutes and new entrants is low. Hence, it is clear that innovation can and does generate profits for an organisation (Afuah, A., Tucci, C.L., 001). But, while it does lead to increased profitability, and therefore a competitive advantage for firms, is innovation the only source of competitive advantage for those firms, and more importantly, is it the only source of sustained competitive advantage?
“Competitive Advantage is at the heart of a firms performance in competitive markets” (Porter, M., 185, pg. 15).
Finding a common definition for the term ‘competitive advantage’ however, is not easy. Traditionally it was seen as a firm consistently earning a higher rate of return than its competitors (Beal, R., 001). Michael Porter argues that competitive advantage is about successfully translating your competitive strategy into a competitive advantage (Porter, M., 185). In his article, ‘Competitive Advantage Sustainable or Temporary in Today’s Dynamic Environment?’ Reginald Beal states that competitive advantage is “the achievement of above average industry profitability” (Beal, R., 001, pg.5). Therefore, it can be said that competitive advantage incorporates one’s ability to outperform one’s rivals on the primary performance goal, profitability. However, it is ‘sustaining’ this competitive advantage that creates an industry leader. It should be noted at this stage that many researchers have questioned this notion of “sustained” competitive advantage, asking, is there such a thing, and if yes, what exactly constitutes “sustained”. They argue that terms such as ‘long-term’ and ‘in the future’ are ambiguous and lack specificity. Beal proposes that in order to determine a state of sustained competitive advantage a firm’s performance must be examined in each of the four industry life-cycle stages � introduction, growth, maturity and decline. A company is said to possess sustained competitive advantage if it yields “above average financial performance in two or more stages of the industry lifecycle” (Beal, R., 001, pg. ). However for the purpose of this discussion sustainable competitive advantage is looked at from a more simplistic perspective and is defined as “above average performance in the long run” (Porter, M., 185, pg. 11). In other words, sustainable competitive advantage is about outperforming your rivals over a long period of time. This ‘out-performance’ can be achieved by differentiating (ie. offering something unique and inimitable to you customer) or, by striving to become and becoming, the lowest cost producer in your industry (Beal, R., 001).
Traditionally, gaining sustainable competitive advantage was primarily dependent on barriers to entry � patent protection, economies of scale, access to capital, and regulated competition (cost advantages) and, differentiation advantages such as a unique (inimitable) activity or product that was seen as valuable by the customer. The competitive advantage was seen as more sustainable the greater the number of sources of cost or differentiation advantages (Beal, R., 001). However, in today’s global marketplace, where the scale and pace of change are so rapid, this traditional view is being challenged, and innovation, speed, adaptability and efficiency are becoming key drivers for the competitively positioned firm (McPhearson, M., 001). With the birth of the Resource-Based View of the firm, a firms resources (assets, capabilities, processes, competencies) have become the key consideration when discussing sustained competitive advantage. Resources that are non-imitable, non-substitutable and nontransferable are sources of sustained competitive advantage. Therefore, in contrast with the traditional view, the RBV shifts the focus of competitive advantage from the external to the internal (Beal, R., 001). In Michael Porter’s ‘What is Strategy?’ article he articulates that in order to remain competitive, companies must be, flexible to respond rapidly to competition and changes in the marketplace, “outsource aggressively to gain efficiencies” (Porter, M., 16, pg. 1), engage in continuous benchmarking in a bid to have best practice, and above all, develop and maintain a number of core competencies to keep ahead of the competition. (Porter, M., 16). Porter identifies five competitive forces which must be considered by firms aiming to gain sustainable competitive advantage. These include, the bargaining power of suppliers, the bargaining power of customers, the threat of substitutes, rivalry among firms in the industry, and the threat of new entrants into the industry. Gaining a sustained competitive advantage is determined by fast and effective responses to these five forces. (Afuah, A., Tucci, C.L., 001). Kathleen M. Eisenhardt argues that to sustain a competitive advantage firms must “focus on unique strategic processes with simple rules, on the modular patching of businesses to fleeting market opportunities, and on evolutionary timing for ongoing strategic moves” (Eisenhardt, K.M., 00, pg. 4). Joe Peppard, in his article ‘Strategic IS/IT Planning’ states that sustained competitive advantage can be achieved through alignment of the business and the IS/IT strategy, and using these two to introduce new products and services and retain new customers (Peppard, J., 1). Peter Drucker also focuses on the customer as the means for sustainable competitive advantage. He articulates that success comes through determining what the customer really wants and focusing all the company’s resources on satisfying these wants. (Drucker, P., 18).
From the research cited and arguments presented in the paragraph above, it is obvious that while innovation does play a major role in sustaining the competitive advantage of a company, it is not in itself the only factor affecting this sustainability. Firstly, some of the traditional factors mentioned such as patent protection and economies of scale still contribute greatly to the competitive advantage of firms. Take priceline.com, with their patented ‘Name Your Own Price’ Strategy. PriceLines most valuable resource is this patent which almost assures PriceLine will continue to lead the unique reverse auction market. PriceLine is essentially without peers at the moment, and there are few other firms that have such a vibrantly growing market all to themselves. Not many companies have a model that can match the scope of eBay, but PriceLine is one of them. Yet unlike the eBays and Amazons of the world, PriceLine doesn’t have to worry about well-funded competitors coming in and nibbling away at market share. Therefore PriceLine could be said to have a ‘sustained competitive advantage’ for the foreseeable future. Also, the academics referenced identify a number of other factors which are major contributors to the competitive advantage of firms. These include, inter alia, speed, adaptability, efficiency, flexibility, strategic processes, anticipation and relationships.
In my opinion, the essence of sustainable competitive advantage lies, not in processes or practices, but with the Customer. With increased globalization and the fast-pace hyper-competitive marketplace in which firms are competing, customer value and loyalty are paramount, without them firms simply will not survive. Thus, what establishes a firms sustained competitive advantage is “their ability to serve customers’ present and future needs (holistic needs)” (Kandampully, J., Duddy, R., 1, pg.1). The market leading firm must be aware of, and fulfill, both the customers’ present and future needs and it can be argued that sustained success “is essentially determined by its ability to expand and maintain a large and loyal customer base” (Kandampully, J., Duddy, R., 1, pg.1). The firm must create loyalty by creating a type of ‘relationship’ with their customer. They can do this by fulfilling their present needs and anticipating future ones. Like any ‘long-term relationship’ trust is of extreme importance. That is, the firm must win the heart of their customer and create and maintain a trust relationship with them (Kandampully, J., Duddy, R., 1). Creating this ‘relationship’ with your customer can prove extremely valuable. It is five times more expensive to attract a new customer, than to retain an old one, and some of the major benefits of such a relationship include ; “increased purchase, reduced costs, free advertising through word of mouth, employee retention and the life-time value of the customer” (Kandampully, J., Duddy, R., 1, pg.). Through exceptional service and innovativeness (anticipating the customer need) firms will attract and maintain customers, therefore maintaining their position as market leader. It should also be noted that the concept of the ‘relationship’ also takes in other stakeholders, including, employees, suppliers, distributors and shareholders. These relationships serve to create ‘networks’ or partnerships which add to the overall value of the firm and can lead to success for all parties involved. Also, a major challenge for firms today lies in building an environment that successfully creates and nurtures this ‘relationship’ with their customer. The strength of the ‘network’ or ‘partnership’ that exists with the firm’s stakeholders is what underpins and maintains this customer relationship. Loyalty and trust within the firm in turn leads to customer trust and loyalty and therefore creates this ‘long term relationship’ (Kandampully, J., Duddy, R., 1).
Anticipation is another key component of sustained competitive advantage. According to Kandampully and Duddy “there are limited advantages to being a trend setter; it is the trend creator that wins the game” (Kandampully, J., Duddy, R., 1, pg.). Here, of course, innovation is the key. With increased competition and threats from rivals and substitute products sustained competitive advantage can only be reached through constant innovation and growth (staying ahead of the competition). The key however, is to anticipate where the future is headed and where innovation is needed. The successful firm must think for the customer and anticipate their future needs. What works now, may not work in the future, and in order to be successful you must know what is going to work in the future (Kandampully, J., Duddy, R., 1). The firm that fails to “anticipate, react and respond” (Kandampully, J., Duddy, R., 1, pg.) to opportunities in their industry, whether they are deliberate or accidental, will quickly find themselves in the position of market-follower rather than market-leader.
When patenting is not possible it can also be argued that sustainable competitive advantage is achieved when the firm creates a product or service that cannot be imitated. This is especially fitting for service sector firms. Air Canada’s “Star Alliance” for example, where they formed partnerships with a number of airlines, including some of their major competitors created the idea of a single customer interface, providing flexibility for their customers and adding value for all those incorporated in the partnership (Kandampully, J., Duddy, R., 1). Another example would be the online auction site OnSale.com. This company tries to create an inimitable virtual value chain.
It renders value to its customers by enhancing every component along its customer’s value chain. That is; OnSale provides the most complete product description on-line, the auction is the most efficient form of pricing for B-goods, customers are notified by email about their successful bid which is very convenient for them, products are shipped to the customers desired location. OnSale has also developed its own proprietary software over four years, with a team of software engineers. This software can deliver a high throughput of 5000 transactions a day ensuring that OnSale has unique capabilities to deliver the value it boasts to its customers.
Therefore, it is not only innovation which generates sustained competitive advantage for organisations. It is a combination of factors internal and external to the firm. Internal factors are the firm’s own resources and include assets, capabilities, processes, competencies, strategies etc. External Factors include speed to market, adaptability to market changes, efficiency to incorporate and more importantly create best practices, flexibility to change, anticipation of future needs, and, relationships, both internal and external.
To conclude, becoming the leader in your market, ie. creating a sustainable competitive advantage lies in your ability to anticipate future trends (anticipation), take appropriate actions (innovation) and ‘think outside the box’ (relationships) (Kandampully, J., Duddy, R., 1). Sustained competitive advantage can be achieved through embracing and interpreting future customer needs and concerns. Consequently, innovation, while it is important and a key to sustained competitive advantage, is only effective if it is derived from a customer perspective. The key is to become your own customer and therefore develop products and services that “tomorrows customers want, before they become a reality” (Kandampully, J., Duddy, R., 1, pg. 4).
Mind that the sample papers like INNOVATION IS THE ONLY SOURCE OF COMPETITIVE ADVANTAGE presented are to be used for review only. In order to warn you and eliminate any plagiarism writing intentions, it is highly recommended not to use the essays in class. In cases you experience difficulties with essay writing in class and for in class use, order original papers with our expert writers. Cheap custom papers can be written from scratch for each customer that entrusts his or her academic success to our writing team. Order your unique assignment from the best custom writing services cheap and fast!
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Wednesday, August 22, 2012
Thursday, August 9, 2012
Exxon Mobile Corp.
We are ready to represent the best custom paper writing assistance that can cope with any task like Exxon Mobile Corp. even at the eleventh hour. The matter is that we posses the greatest base of expert writers. Our staff of freelance writers includes approximately 300 experienced writers are at your disposal all year round. They are striving to provide the best ever services to the most desperate students that have already lost the hope for academic success. We offer the range of the most widely required, however, not recommended for college use papers. It is advisable to use our examples like Exxon Mobile Corp. in learning at public-education level. Get prepared and be smart with our best essay samples cheap and fast! Get in touch and we will write excellent custom coursework or essay especially for you.
Exxon Mobile Corp.
There are hundreds of financial decisions made every day. What is the basis for these decisions, and is there any way to avoid uncertainty? What thought process do buyers and sellers utilize when attempting to make sound investment decisions? These are questions asked by many. Finances are a great concern for most Americans, especially for those planning for their future after retirement. It is not a lack of concern that prevents many from investing money today to make money tomorrow. The hesitation comes from a lack of knowledge. It is advantageous to carefully research a potential investment company and compare it to similar companies in its industry. It is my attempt in this paper to provide the reader with a basis for valuation techniques. I will be focusing on only one actively traded security, and will ultimately decide on the value of the stock.
Project Environment
The security that I have chosen is Exxon Mobile Corporation. I feel that this company belongs to a unique industry that exemplifies uncertainty and volatility. Like others, the energy industry has been feeling the effects of the slow economy. Consumers have certainly felt these effects, as a result. I will attempt to discuss the environment of the energy industry to obtain a better understanding of the financial outlook for Exxon.
This industry’s functions are the exploration, production, manufacture, transportation, and sale of crude oil, natural gas, and petroleum products. The world’s largest non-government oil companies consist of Exxon, Royal Dutch/Shell, BP, Total Fina, ENI, and Texaco.
The Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC) has a lot of control over the supply and price of gasoline. The organization is made up of several countries that hold a majority of the world’s proven oil reserves. During 000, around 46% of our oil came from OPEC nations. The top suppliers of oil to the United States are Canada, Saudi Arabia, Venezuela, and Mexico. We depend on them for our oil supply to maintain a reasonable inventory.
The industry is on the rebound from the cuts made during the oil price collapse of 17/18, and has responded with higher prices. A variety of factors started the oil crisis. Asian economies that had once dominated the oil industry suffered as they felt the effects of an economic collapse. The Northern Hemisphere experienced a warmer than usual winter, which reduced demand. Surpluses developed, which made prices fall. OPEC became very involved, encouraging countries to better manage their production. These higher prices have reached most of the industry, including producers, refiners, pipeline companies, equipment makers, field service providers, and gas station attendants. All are reaping the benefits and enjoying new profits. Twenty-seven major energy companies reported overall net income of $14.1 billion on revenues of $1.4 billion during the fourth quarter of 1. These higher prices are enabling the industry to develop new oil fields, accelerate production, and store more refined products.
Oil is known as a commodity. Commodities are basic materials available from a wide variety of suppliers whose prices are very subject to the laws of supply and demand. Prices of commodities have fallen in recent months. In dollars adjusted for inflation, gas sells for about the same as it did 0 years ago. This means that the increase in prices is just an economic normality. In general, the commodities environment of today is one of heightened competition, excess capacity and lower operating costs, and an abundant supply. As oil prices began to fall in 17, the entire commodities index fell significantly over recent history. This shows the dominance of oil prices.
Project Analysis
To properly analyze an oil company, you must begin by looking at general industry factors. Once you have established an outlook for the entire industry, you should begin to review company specific factors. This gives the analyst the opportunity to compare individual company results with those of the industry on a whole. I will present several key ratios for Exxon to eventually determine its financial outlook. I will be using the most current data that I found on Exxon to compare with the same effective dates of other companies.
DuPont Equation
The DuPont Equation is very useful in determining two key ratios. These two are Return on Equity (ROE) and Return on Assets (ROA). A company’s ROE is calculated as follows
ROE= Asset Turnover x Net Profit Margin x Leverage
By breaking ROE down into three parts an analyst can evaluate how well a company is managing assets, expenses and debt. The last reported ROE for Exxon was 14.7%. If we compare this to its fierce competitors, it fares well. Chevron, Texaco, Royal Dutch, and Exxon all seem to have experienced steady increases in ROE in the years leading up to the oil price collapse. Surprisingly, Exxon did not experience as much of a decrease as did all of the other companies. From 17 to 18 the return fell only 5 percentage points, as compared to Texaco, who fell almost 1 percentage points, and Royal Dutch, who fell almost 1. Exxon appears to make a great return on its equity, and is the only asset with any consistency.
A firm’s ROA is similar to the ROE, except the interest expense is added back to net income in the ROA calculation. Again, the most recent reports show Exxon with a steadily increasing return up until the oil collapse. All other companies dropped significantly. Recent figures show Exxon with a 6.6% return on assets. This seems to be about the average for the industry. By evaluating these two ratios, it appears that the oil collapse of 17 did not affect Exxon as much as it did every other company in the industry. There are many scenarios as to why this is. Perhaps they did not maintain a large quantity of oil; therefore they were not stuck with a surplus. Exxon could have had a very seasoned and knowledgeable team of financial planners that could foresee the oil crisis. Whatever the case, Exxon has proven to avoid the economic blows that affect the remainder of the industry.
The price/earnings ratio can tell prospective investors a lot about the asset. It essentially indicates the value that investors place on the company’s earnings. The last reported P/E ratio for Exxon had a high of 8 with a low of 8. This is the only company in the industry that saw an increase from the previous year. It has actually experienced a steady increase every year. The difference between the high and low market price is minimal, as compared to the span of other firms. This tells me that there is not as much price volatility as with other companies. The market price appears to be around the average for the industry.
A pertinent measure of operating efficiency is the profit margin. Exxon has a profit margin of . this year, and . last year. That makes the company consistent. Chevron has a little bit higher margin with .7, with last year being .4. The fact that other companies maintain a higher profit margin could mean a multitude of things. One possibility could be that Exxon has a lot of operating expenses. This could actually be advantageous to the company. Exxon may possess more operating equipment and may do more drilling than the other companies in the industry. This would create more expenses for Exxon, but in turn, may also create more revenue. Exxon has been looking to expand its drilling projects and this lower profit margin could very well be a short run effect.
Dividend Discount Model
A popular model used to value a stock is the dividend discount model. This method of estimating value sums all expected future dividend payments. For this purpose, I will be using the stable model. I feel it is best suited for Exxon because the company is experiencing long-term stable growth. All projected ratios for the firm show continued growth for Exxon. The company’s recent decision to incorporate more drilling should prove advantageous to its growth. Generally, these types of firms grow at a rate equal to the growth rate of the economy. For illustration purposes, we will use a growth rate of 6%. (inflation of % plus real growth in GDP of %) I will also use another growth rate of %, which is equal to the projected EPS growth rate for Exxon. The current dividend for the asset is $1.76. For ks, the required rate of return for the investment, we will use the formula as follows
return = risk-free rate + (market risk premium) beta
We will use the rate for a t-bill for the risk-free rate. The market risk premium is the expected return of the market in excess of the risk-free rate. For our purposes, we will use a percentage of 6.8%, which was suggested in an article about the dividend discount model. We will be using a beta of .41, given by the company’s stock information. If we plug these figures into our formula, we get a return of 8.7%.
ks = 6% + (6.8%) .41
To determine the value of the stock, we must incorporate the expected growth rate mentioned previously.
v = 1.76 (1.06) / .0870 - .06)
We find that the value of the stock is $6.10. If we compare this to the current selling price of $85, we can see that customers will pay a premium price for the Exxon name and brand.
If we use a growth rate of %, that equal to the projected EPS growth rate, we end up with a value of $68.51. There is not much difference between the total if using a 6% rate of growth or using a % growth rate. It is still well below the selling price of the security.
Capital Asset Pricing Model
Another formula that is useful when valuing a stock is the Capital Asset Pricing
Model (CAPM). This shows the expected return for the asset. There are three factors to consider in this computation the time value of money, the reward for bearing risk, and the amount of systematic risk. We used this formula previously when deciding the market risk premium. We can conclude from our result of an 8.7% reward-to-risk ratio, that there is more reward for bearing risk. 8.7% tends to be a bit higher than the industry average, but this could be because Exxon bears more risk.
Economic Value Added
The Economic Value Added (EVA) focuses on managerial effectiveness. It provides a good measure of the extent to which the firm has added to shareholder value. The common goal of all firms is to maximize shareholder wealth, and by monitoring and interpreting EVA, managers can do just that. EVA for Exxon was negative last year. This could be because the amount of capital grew more than Net Operating Profit
After Taxes. This pulled the EVA way down. This is not necessarily a bad thing, however. The value of the asset to shareholders has been fairly substantial in previous years, and we have proven already that existing stockholders deem the asset very valuable.
I have covered the most pertinent ratios and evaluation techniques that will enable us to value Exxon. The current selling price for the asset is approximately $85. We valued the stock using several different models. In using the dividend discount model, we found that the stock price was much higher that the value that we calculated. This is not necessarily a bad thing, however. I do not feel that Exxon has over-valued its asset. I think the company realizes that they are the leader in the oil industry, and investors are willing to pay a premium price for the brand. Our findings have proven Exxon to remain stable and consistent in an ever-changing, volatile environment. Investors trust the firm to continue to maximize their wealth, even in times of economic hardship. As we compared Exxon to competitors in the industry, we found that Exxon was the only company to remain fairly stable and strong through the oil collapse of 17/18. Exxon has continued to show growth in each year following the crisis. The Profit to Earnings ratio showed us that investors have faith in the future of the asset. There is not much of a spread between the high and low price. Investors trust that the stock will give them a good return. The company’s profit margin was slightly lower than other firms in the industry. We came to conclude, however, that this was probably a result of its recent plan to incorporate more drilling. The company may have more operating expenses than other firms, but this may work to Exxon’s advantage in the long run.
By analyzing these ratios and interpreting the meaning behind them, we can find the true value for an asset. We were able to conclude from our findings that Exxon is a leading company in the oil industry, and will only continue to grow in the next several years. We can see that existing investors hold a lot of hope in the firm’s ability to maximize stockholders’ wealth. As we begin to see revitalization in the economy, we will also see Exxon leading the way for the other companies in the oil industry.
Mind that the sample papers like Exxon Mobile Corp. presented are to be used for review only. In order to warn you and eliminate any plagiarism writing intentions, it is highly recommended not to use the essays in class. In cases you experience difficulties with essay writing in class and for in class use, order original papers with our expert writers. Cheap custom papers can be written from scratch for each customer that entrusts his or her academic success to our writing team. Order your unique assignment from the best custom writing services cheap and fast!
Exxon Mobile Corp.
There are hundreds of financial decisions made every day. What is the basis for these decisions, and is there any way to avoid uncertainty? What thought process do buyers and sellers utilize when attempting to make sound investment decisions? These are questions asked by many. Finances are a great concern for most Americans, especially for those planning for their future after retirement. It is not a lack of concern that prevents many from investing money today to make money tomorrow. The hesitation comes from a lack of knowledge. It is advantageous to carefully research a potential investment company and compare it to similar companies in its industry. It is my attempt in this paper to provide the reader with a basis for valuation techniques. I will be focusing on only one actively traded security, and will ultimately decide on the value of the stock.
Project Environment
The security that I have chosen is Exxon Mobile Corporation. I feel that this company belongs to a unique industry that exemplifies uncertainty and volatility. Like others, the energy industry has been feeling the effects of the slow economy. Consumers have certainly felt these effects, as a result. I will attempt to discuss the environment of the energy industry to obtain a better understanding of the financial outlook for Exxon.
This industry’s functions are the exploration, production, manufacture, transportation, and sale of crude oil, natural gas, and petroleum products. The world’s largest non-government oil companies consist of Exxon, Royal Dutch/Shell, BP, Total Fina, ENI, and Texaco.
The Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC) has a lot of control over the supply and price of gasoline. The organization is made up of several countries that hold a majority of the world’s proven oil reserves. During 000, around 46% of our oil came from OPEC nations. The top suppliers of oil to the United States are Canada, Saudi Arabia, Venezuela, and Mexico. We depend on them for our oil supply to maintain a reasonable inventory.
The industry is on the rebound from the cuts made during the oil price collapse of 17/18, and has responded with higher prices. A variety of factors started the oil crisis. Asian economies that had once dominated the oil industry suffered as they felt the effects of an economic collapse. The Northern Hemisphere experienced a warmer than usual winter, which reduced demand. Surpluses developed, which made prices fall. OPEC became very involved, encouraging countries to better manage their production. These higher prices have reached most of the industry, including producers, refiners, pipeline companies, equipment makers, field service providers, and gas station attendants. All are reaping the benefits and enjoying new profits. Twenty-seven major energy companies reported overall net income of $14.1 billion on revenues of $1.4 billion during the fourth quarter of 1. These higher prices are enabling the industry to develop new oil fields, accelerate production, and store more refined products.
Oil is known as a commodity. Commodities are basic materials available from a wide variety of suppliers whose prices are very subject to the laws of supply and demand. Prices of commodities have fallen in recent months. In dollars adjusted for inflation, gas sells for about the same as it did 0 years ago. This means that the increase in prices is just an economic normality. In general, the commodities environment of today is one of heightened competition, excess capacity and lower operating costs, and an abundant supply. As oil prices began to fall in 17, the entire commodities index fell significantly over recent history. This shows the dominance of oil prices.
Project Analysis
To properly analyze an oil company, you must begin by looking at general industry factors. Once you have established an outlook for the entire industry, you should begin to review company specific factors. This gives the analyst the opportunity to compare individual company results with those of the industry on a whole. I will present several key ratios for Exxon to eventually determine its financial outlook. I will be using the most current data that I found on Exxon to compare with the same effective dates of other companies.
DuPont Equation
The DuPont Equation is very useful in determining two key ratios. These two are Return on Equity (ROE) and Return on Assets (ROA). A company’s ROE is calculated as follows
ROE= Asset Turnover x Net Profit Margin x Leverage
By breaking ROE down into three parts an analyst can evaluate how well a company is managing assets, expenses and debt. The last reported ROE for Exxon was 14.7%. If we compare this to its fierce competitors, it fares well. Chevron, Texaco, Royal Dutch, and Exxon all seem to have experienced steady increases in ROE in the years leading up to the oil price collapse. Surprisingly, Exxon did not experience as much of a decrease as did all of the other companies. From 17 to 18 the return fell only 5 percentage points, as compared to Texaco, who fell almost 1 percentage points, and Royal Dutch, who fell almost 1. Exxon appears to make a great return on its equity, and is the only asset with any consistency.
A firm’s ROA is similar to the ROE, except the interest expense is added back to net income in the ROA calculation. Again, the most recent reports show Exxon with a steadily increasing return up until the oil collapse. All other companies dropped significantly. Recent figures show Exxon with a 6.6% return on assets. This seems to be about the average for the industry. By evaluating these two ratios, it appears that the oil collapse of 17 did not affect Exxon as much as it did every other company in the industry. There are many scenarios as to why this is. Perhaps they did not maintain a large quantity of oil; therefore they were not stuck with a surplus. Exxon could have had a very seasoned and knowledgeable team of financial planners that could foresee the oil crisis. Whatever the case, Exxon has proven to avoid the economic blows that affect the remainder of the industry.
The price/earnings ratio can tell prospective investors a lot about the asset. It essentially indicates the value that investors place on the company’s earnings. The last reported P/E ratio for Exxon had a high of 8 with a low of 8. This is the only company in the industry that saw an increase from the previous year. It has actually experienced a steady increase every year. The difference between the high and low market price is minimal, as compared to the span of other firms. This tells me that there is not as much price volatility as with other companies. The market price appears to be around the average for the industry.
A pertinent measure of operating efficiency is the profit margin. Exxon has a profit margin of . this year, and . last year. That makes the company consistent. Chevron has a little bit higher margin with .7, with last year being .4. The fact that other companies maintain a higher profit margin could mean a multitude of things. One possibility could be that Exxon has a lot of operating expenses. This could actually be advantageous to the company. Exxon may possess more operating equipment and may do more drilling than the other companies in the industry. This would create more expenses for Exxon, but in turn, may also create more revenue. Exxon has been looking to expand its drilling projects and this lower profit margin could very well be a short run effect.
Dividend Discount Model
A popular model used to value a stock is the dividend discount model. This method of estimating value sums all expected future dividend payments. For this purpose, I will be using the stable model. I feel it is best suited for Exxon because the company is experiencing long-term stable growth. All projected ratios for the firm show continued growth for Exxon. The company’s recent decision to incorporate more drilling should prove advantageous to its growth. Generally, these types of firms grow at a rate equal to the growth rate of the economy. For illustration purposes, we will use a growth rate of 6%. (inflation of % plus real growth in GDP of %) I will also use another growth rate of %, which is equal to the projected EPS growth rate for Exxon. The current dividend for the asset is $1.76. For ks, the required rate of return for the investment, we will use the formula as follows
return = risk-free rate + (market risk premium) beta
We will use the rate for a t-bill for the risk-free rate. The market risk premium is the expected return of the market in excess of the risk-free rate. For our purposes, we will use a percentage of 6.8%, which was suggested in an article about the dividend discount model. We will be using a beta of .41, given by the company’s stock information. If we plug these figures into our formula, we get a return of 8.7%.
ks = 6% + (6.8%) .41
To determine the value of the stock, we must incorporate the expected growth rate mentioned previously.
v = 1.76 (1.06) / .0870 - .06)
We find that the value of the stock is $6.10. If we compare this to the current selling price of $85, we can see that customers will pay a premium price for the Exxon name and brand.
If we use a growth rate of %, that equal to the projected EPS growth rate, we end up with a value of $68.51. There is not much difference between the total if using a 6% rate of growth or using a % growth rate. It is still well below the selling price of the security.
Capital Asset Pricing Model
Another formula that is useful when valuing a stock is the Capital Asset Pricing
Model (CAPM). This shows the expected return for the asset. There are three factors to consider in this computation the time value of money, the reward for bearing risk, and the amount of systematic risk. We used this formula previously when deciding the market risk premium. We can conclude from our result of an 8.7% reward-to-risk ratio, that there is more reward for bearing risk. 8.7% tends to be a bit higher than the industry average, but this could be because Exxon bears more risk.
Economic Value Added
The Economic Value Added (EVA) focuses on managerial effectiveness. It provides a good measure of the extent to which the firm has added to shareholder value. The common goal of all firms is to maximize shareholder wealth, and by monitoring and interpreting EVA, managers can do just that. EVA for Exxon was negative last year. This could be because the amount of capital grew more than Net Operating Profit
After Taxes. This pulled the EVA way down. This is not necessarily a bad thing, however. The value of the asset to shareholders has been fairly substantial in previous years, and we have proven already that existing stockholders deem the asset very valuable.
I have covered the most pertinent ratios and evaluation techniques that will enable us to value Exxon. The current selling price for the asset is approximately $85. We valued the stock using several different models. In using the dividend discount model, we found that the stock price was much higher that the value that we calculated. This is not necessarily a bad thing, however. I do not feel that Exxon has over-valued its asset. I think the company realizes that they are the leader in the oil industry, and investors are willing to pay a premium price for the brand. Our findings have proven Exxon to remain stable and consistent in an ever-changing, volatile environment. Investors trust the firm to continue to maximize their wealth, even in times of economic hardship. As we compared Exxon to competitors in the industry, we found that Exxon was the only company to remain fairly stable and strong through the oil collapse of 17/18. Exxon has continued to show growth in each year following the crisis. The Profit to Earnings ratio showed us that investors have faith in the future of the asset. There is not much of a spread between the high and low price. Investors trust that the stock will give them a good return. The company’s profit margin was slightly lower than other firms in the industry. We came to conclude, however, that this was probably a result of its recent plan to incorporate more drilling. The company may have more operating expenses than other firms, but this may work to Exxon’s advantage in the long run.
By analyzing these ratios and interpreting the meaning behind them, we can find the true value for an asset. We were able to conclude from our findings that Exxon is a leading company in the oil industry, and will only continue to grow in the next several years. We can see that existing investors hold a lot of hope in the firm’s ability to maximize stockholders’ wealth. As we begin to see revitalization in the economy, we will also see Exxon leading the way for the other companies in the oil industry.
Mind that the sample papers like Exxon Mobile Corp. presented are to be used for review only. In order to warn you and eliminate any plagiarism writing intentions, it is highly recommended not to use the essays in class. In cases you experience difficulties with essay writing in class and for in class use, order original papers with our expert writers. Cheap custom papers can be written from scratch for each customer that entrusts his or her academic success to our writing team. Order your unique assignment from the best custom writing services cheap and fast!
Wednesday, August 1, 2012
Who Pays the Bell fo Internet Shopping?
We are ready to represent the best custom paper writing assistance that can cope with any task like Who Pays the Bell fo Internet Shopping? even at the eleventh hour. The matter is that we posses the greatest base of expert writers. Our staff of freelance writers includes approximately 300 experienced writers are at your disposal all year round. They are striving to provide the best ever services to the most desperate students that have already lost the hope for academic success. We offer the range of the most widely required, however, not recommended for college use papers. It is advisable to use our examples like Who Pays the Bell fo Internet Shopping? in learning at public-education level. Get prepared and be smart with our best essay samples cheap and fast! Get in touch and we will write excellent custom coursework or essay especially for you.
Foing to the mall may soon go out of style. These days more and more people are shopping from home over the Internet. In 1 electronic commerce took in approximately 18 billion from dhoppers by 00 that amount is expected to be 76 billion or more. These numbers are good news for the online stores and for online shoppers, who can anticipate increasing variety in e-commerece offerings. But because taxes are not collected on Internet sales as they are on purchases in almost allstates, online stores comete unfairly with traditional stores, and shoppers with Internet access have an unfair advantage over shoppers with no such access. to improve equity between online and traditional stores and between consumers with and without access to the Internet, tax laws should be reformulated to allow sales taxes to be collected on Internet purchases.
Internet commerce is regulated by the same tax laws that govern other commerc. However, in 1 the Supreme Court ruled that vendors do not have to collect taxes on behalf of states where they do not have a physical presence, because such collection would place an unconstitutional burden on interstate commerce. Buyers are supposed to send the correct taxes to gheir state governments voluntarily, but they rarely do and states currently have no way to collect. In a decision addressing mail-order sales but considered applicable to Internet sales, the Court’s majority urged congress to reexamine the tax laws governing inerstate commerce
The underlying issue is not only one that Congress may be better qualified to resolve, but also one that Congress has ultimate power to resolve. Accordingly, Congress is now free to decide whether, when, and to what extent the States may burden interstate mail-order concerns with a duty to collect use taxes. (Quill Corp v. North Dakota 18-1)
Mind that the sample papers like Who Pays the Bell fo Internet Shopping? presented are to be used for review only. In order to warn you and eliminate any plagiarism writing intentions, it is highly recommended not to use the essays in class. In cases you experience difficulties with essay writing in class and for in class use, order original papers with our expert writers. Cheap custom papers can be written from scratch for each customer that entrusts his or her academic success to our writing team. Order your unique assignment from the best custom writing services cheap and fast!
Foing to the mall may soon go out of style. These days more and more people are shopping from home over the Internet. In 1 electronic commerce took in approximately 18 billion from dhoppers by 00 that amount is expected to be 76 billion or more. These numbers are good news for the online stores and for online shoppers, who can anticipate increasing variety in e-commerece offerings. But because taxes are not collected on Internet sales as they are on purchases in almost allstates, online stores comete unfairly with traditional stores, and shoppers with Internet access have an unfair advantage over shoppers with no such access. to improve equity between online and traditional stores and between consumers with and without access to the Internet, tax laws should be reformulated to allow sales taxes to be collected on Internet purchases.
Internet commerce is regulated by the same tax laws that govern other commerc. However, in 1 the Supreme Court ruled that vendors do not have to collect taxes on behalf of states where they do not have a physical presence, because such collection would place an unconstitutional burden on interstate commerce. Buyers are supposed to send the correct taxes to gheir state governments voluntarily, but they rarely do and states currently have no way to collect. In a decision addressing mail-order sales but considered applicable to Internet sales, the Court’s majority urged congress to reexamine the tax laws governing inerstate commerce
The underlying issue is not only one that Congress may be better qualified to resolve, but also one that Congress has ultimate power to resolve. Accordingly, Congress is now free to decide whether, when, and to what extent the States may burden interstate mail-order concerns with a duty to collect use taxes. (Quill Corp v. North Dakota 18-1)
Mind that the sample papers like Who Pays the Bell fo Internet Shopping? presented are to be used for review only. In order to warn you and eliminate any plagiarism writing intentions, it is highly recommended not to use the essays in class. In cases you experience difficulties with essay writing in class and for in class use, order original papers with our expert writers. Cheap custom papers can be written from scratch for each customer that entrusts his or her academic success to our writing team. Order your unique assignment from the best custom writing services cheap and fast!
Friday, July 13, 2012
Euthanasia Persausive topic
We are ready to represent the best custom paper writing assistance that can cope with any task like Euthanasia Persausive topic even at the eleventh hour. The matter is that we posses the greatest base of expert writers. Our staff of freelance writers includes approximately 300 experienced writers are at your disposal all year round. They are striving to provide the best ever services to the most desperate students that have already lost the hope for academic success. We offer the range of the most widely required, however, not recommended for college use papers. It is advisable to use our examples like Euthanasia Persausive topic in learning at public-education level. Get prepared and be smart with our best essay samples cheap and fast! Get in touch and we will write excellent custom coursework or essay especially for you.
The Macquarie school dictionary defines Euthanasia as The act of helping or letting someone die when they want to, because their pain or suffering had become too great.
In this definition there are two main points I would like to point out. The definition states “when they want to” and also “pain or suffering has become to great” These two very main points to Euthanasia are the base to my arguments and in very few words show the necessity for Euthanasia.
I have read many definitions on Euthanasia and I find they all relate to a quick and peaceful death, for those who no longer have the precious gift of quality of life.
Euthanasia, which is illegal, should be made legal in Australia. There is not doubt about this fact.
If you were a medical professional and an extremely ill and suffering patient asked you too peacefully end their life, stop all of their pain could you really refuse without a serious consideration of the pain this person is living through?
Quality of life is the substance for happiness. Without it how can a person be expected to go on living? Euthanasia gives those who have lost their quality of life an out, to stop their severe suffering.
You would have o be cruel to disagree with Euthanasia, when it is so obviously correct. People really need to put themselves into such a situation, see the suffering and the pain and the relief that would be felt at finding a way to stop the pain to fully understand why euthanasia is a necessity.
We cant let these political people that disagree with Euthanasia stop the rights (euthanasia is obviously apart of our human rights) that every human has.
Euthanasia is completely voluntary. For someone who is suffering unbelievably euthanasia is a serious option. Being that euthanasia is completely an option put to the individual, it is not forced upon them, and they decide wether or not to use it. Euthanasia is giving people a right to choose when; who with and how they die, and every human being should have the right to make these decisions, not the law.
The legalisation of euthanasia would be a huge step up in the processes taken. It would clean the whole process up.
In statistics it was found that out of the 660 people over 75 that ended their lives in 10-14
used drugs
17 swallowed chemicals
took corrosive or caustic substances
78 used carbon monoxide
171 hanged themselves
46 suffocated themselves via plastic
40 drowned themselves
10 used firearms
14 used cutting or piercing instruments
4 jumped from high places
15 jumped or lay in front or moving objets
10 electrocuted themselves.
People need to realise that if the laws made euthanasia legal that doctors would be involved in the deaths. There is no better evidence than there very statistics ton realise that euthanasia should be helped by the medical profession.
People who disagree with euthanasia need to come to their senses and realise if it was legal, just as the definition states the deaths would be peaceful and quick. In the same statistics it was also found that
7% of doctors believe that terminally ill persons have the right to suicide!
If our doctors agree with this situation then why should we as the public?
There have been a large amount of euthanasia cases. An example of a euthanasia case was Nancy Cruzan. Nancy was a year old woman who was in a vegetated state after being involved in a car accident. Nancy was fed via tubes. After many long court battles Nancy’s parents won the right to remove her tubes. Twelve days after this decision Nancy died. Nancy no longer retained any quality of life, and still we denied her to the right to die peacefully with a simple injection, and instead forced her to starve to death, Cases like these prove how important it is for the realisation or Euthanasia to be recognised by the law.
Imagine that you are in a position where your loved one was suffering uncontrollably, and there was no chance of survival. Would you not want this person to die peacefully rather than in a horrid way? If you could end this suffering and pain and you wouldn’t, then how would you feel if you were the loved one?
Mind that the sample papers like Euthanasia Persausive topic presented are to be used for review only. In order to warn you and eliminate any plagiarism writing intentions, it is highly recommended not to use the essays in class. In cases you experience difficulties with essay writing in class and for in class use, order original papers with our expert writers. Cheap custom papers can be written from scratch for each customer that entrusts his or her academic success to our writing team. Order your unique assignment from the best custom writing services cheap and fast!
The Macquarie school dictionary defines Euthanasia as The act of helping or letting someone die when they want to, because their pain or suffering had become too great.
In this definition there are two main points I would like to point out. The definition states “when they want to” and also “pain or suffering has become to great” These two very main points to Euthanasia are the base to my arguments and in very few words show the necessity for Euthanasia.
I have read many definitions on Euthanasia and I find they all relate to a quick and peaceful death, for those who no longer have the precious gift of quality of life.
Euthanasia, which is illegal, should be made legal in Australia. There is not doubt about this fact.
If you were a medical professional and an extremely ill and suffering patient asked you too peacefully end their life, stop all of their pain could you really refuse without a serious consideration of the pain this person is living through?
Quality of life is the substance for happiness. Without it how can a person be expected to go on living? Euthanasia gives those who have lost their quality of life an out, to stop their severe suffering.
You would have o be cruel to disagree with Euthanasia, when it is so obviously correct. People really need to put themselves into such a situation, see the suffering and the pain and the relief that would be felt at finding a way to stop the pain to fully understand why euthanasia is a necessity.
We cant let these political people that disagree with Euthanasia stop the rights (euthanasia is obviously apart of our human rights) that every human has.
Euthanasia is completely voluntary. For someone who is suffering unbelievably euthanasia is a serious option. Being that euthanasia is completely an option put to the individual, it is not forced upon them, and they decide wether or not to use it. Euthanasia is giving people a right to choose when; who with and how they die, and every human being should have the right to make these decisions, not the law.
The legalisation of euthanasia would be a huge step up in the processes taken. It would clean the whole process up.
In statistics it was found that out of the 660 people over 75 that ended their lives in 10-14
used drugs
17 swallowed chemicals
took corrosive or caustic substances
78 used carbon monoxide
171 hanged themselves
46 suffocated themselves via plastic
40 drowned themselves
10 used firearms
14 used cutting or piercing instruments
4 jumped from high places
15 jumped or lay in front or moving objets
10 electrocuted themselves.
People need to realise that if the laws made euthanasia legal that doctors would be involved in the deaths. There is no better evidence than there very statistics ton realise that euthanasia should be helped by the medical profession.
People who disagree with euthanasia need to come to their senses and realise if it was legal, just as the definition states the deaths would be peaceful and quick. In the same statistics it was also found that
7% of doctors believe that terminally ill persons have the right to suicide!
If our doctors agree with this situation then why should we as the public?
There have been a large amount of euthanasia cases. An example of a euthanasia case was Nancy Cruzan. Nancy was a year old woman who was in a vegetated state after being involved in a car accident. Nancy was fed via tubes. After many long court battles Nancy’s parents won the right to remove her tubes. Twelve days after this decision Nancy died. Nancy no longer retained any quality of life, and still we denied her to the right to die peacefully with a simple injection, and instead forced her to starve to death, Cases like these prove how important it is for the realisation or Euthanasia to be recognised by the law.
Imagine that you are in a position where your loved one was suffering uncontrollably, and there was no chance of survival. Would you not want this person to die peacefully rather than in a horrid way? If you could end this suffering and pain and you wouldn’t, then how would you feel if you were the loved one?
Mind that the sample papers like Euthanasia Persausive topic presented are to be used for review only. In order to warn you and eliminate any plagiarism writing intentions, it is highly recommended not to use the essays in class. In cases you experience difficulties with essay writing in class and for in class use, order original papers with our expert writers. Cheap custom papers can be written from scratch for each customer that entrusts his or her academic success to our writing team. Order your unique assignment from the best custom writing services cheap and fast!
critical thinking
We are ready to represent the best custom paper writing assistance that can cope with any task like critical thinking even at the eleventh hour. The matter is that we posses the greatest base of expert writers. Our staff of freelance writers includes approximately 300 experienced writers are at your disposal all year round. They are striving to provide the best ever services to the most desperate students that have already lost the hope for academic success. We offer the range of the most widely required, however, not recommended for college use papers. It is advisable to use our examples like critical thinking in learning at public-education level. Get prepared and be smart with our best essay samples cheap and fast! Get in touch and we will write excellent custom coursework or essay especially for you.
Chapter 1
Critical thinking is a thought process that involves more than just thinking. Is a process in which you have to go into details and not just a simple assumption. Critical thinking involves many variety of different point of views. Is a deep thinking that would take you more than just five to ten minutes to think.
The usual thinking is a fast reaction toward the action that was just made. For example you might think that a kid at times behaves bad because he’s in a need of discipline. You already added a conclusion with out even including the body. That’s when critical thinking comes in. Maybe the kid behaves bad because he’s in need of attention or maybe he has an attention disorder. Whatever it is critical thinking would go deeper into the subject before assuming right away.
At time critical thinking can also be used with others point of views. The way you see something might not be the way that somebody else sees it. This means that someone can be right and the other can be wrong. Unless if your hardheaded, you would have to put yourself in the other persons shoes to see their point of view. Critical thinking does that. It helps you think not only by yourself, but with the help of others. At times the way you saw your point of view it would change since hearing there’s.
This process doesn’t take a few minutes, but it takes a while and a little if dedication while your at it. Is a deep thinking process that can help you to think before you speak. Critical thinking just contains four things and they are Comparison, relationship, testimony and definition. When you add this to your critical thinking it would glide easily through.
I think Mr. Goodman’s assumption might be that he cares for more the students success and not just the money the weekly money he’s making. As for the assumption he made that grades should be abolished, I would have to agree on that. A grade shouldn’t determine the level of intelligence you have. Nor, if you pass the class or not, but it should be in the effort and hardship you put into it. Making determinations like this puts students to drop out of school and have low self esteem.
Albert Stein was a genius man, but yet he was horrible in math. If he would’ve been now in days in school maybe he would’ve not passed college because he would’ve failed math with a letter grade of D or F. So than he wouldn’t come out to be the man he is. Every one is smart in their own ways and I think a letter grade can not measure your intelligence nor a grading system. But it should be the effort and dedication you put into it. Many teachers at times pass kids with an A because their work was nicer than the others, but yet they don’t know if they cheated or had someone to do it for them and the other who did failed while doing it him self and involving more dedication to it. So what happens they quite.
This would connect into having a low self esteem. When a kid starts to get F’s in all of their assignments, automatically he’s known to be stupid and other kids might make fun of him and not want to join him when is time to work in groups. At times teachers might put him with others in the group that arrange his same grade. How is it possible that this kid is going to grow up to be someone successful.
In conclusion, yes I do agree with Mr. Goodman, and in every proposal he has in abolishing the grading. A men like this shows interest for our future kids success. I think this should be brought into every ones concern.
When Goodman says “the great majority of professors agree that the grading hinders teaching” he offers evidences with collection of essays , “examining in Harvard college”.
The arguments that might be made that grading assists in teaching is that maybe at times teachers just give work from the book to read and answer the questions. I think the process of learning is to be helped and have someone to explain it to you carefully and with patience. Not every student is a fast learner. Therefore we should have teachers that would sit down and teach our students with intimidating them. At times iv seen teachers just give a grade to a student because they already know that is A student or an F student and suddenly assume there grade. Other times we might have the student who are into sports that need a passing grade and they have there coach talk to the teachers and many would give them that grade. How are students going to learn with out being teach.
I do think the Goodman should have made more arguments and shown weakness. Because I’m pretty sure we have out there many people who disagree with his theory. And they have to see it to believe it. By giving more examples it helps reader understand where he’s coming from and agree with his topic.
When Botstein mentions that “teachers may find themselves spending more than half the year teaching specifically for test” I think he is assuring that this is undesirable. For the reason it might cause problem with time issue, knowing that not everyone learns quick enough and that many might have problems in one topic and the others might have problem in another. These might be a problem while trying to teach the kids for a test on time ready and to get a good passing grade.
Time issue might be a good cause because a test is know to be around the corner and you as a teacher have to know exactly what to teach in time for everyone to learn for that test. Many time we have holidays or teachers work days that make it harder for the time limit and leaving kids incomplete. Other times it can be the hours that the student has in class, the majority of the time kids only have and hour or so in a class, not enough to teach many things. By the time all the students are in and you take role and you go over the last week assignments to make sure everyone understood you lost half of the class time.
Not every one is the same. There for many students can be quick learners than the other. Some kids are known to learn things right away while others need time and dedications. This makes students frustrated and intimated when it comes to testing. For the reason the teachers have to try to have all the class ready at the same time and while others student that are ready has to hold back or waste time for those who aren’t.
When it comes of wasting times to get students for the test, I believe Botstien is right. While trying to tech a test that you don’t even know that’s going to be helpful for the next level, your loosing many valuable time and money. I think they should teach what should help you understand the subject of now to get you ready for the next not a test to tell you if your ready or not.
When Botstien clearly disapproves of class rooms teaching based on “forced adherence to bland state - approved textbook” I think he assuring that all calls room teaching suffers from this fault. I think I text book doesn’t help you very much and at times many teachers don’t even use it. Iv also noticed that at sometimes even some of the answers are wrong. Back in high school all these problem or another would occur.
I think text book doesn’t help you very much because if you got the wrong or right answer and doesn’t explain to you why or how you got that answer. Unlike a computer you can research and is like a professor explaining to you step by step. In a text book it shows you a couple of examples and from them you have to assume how it was perform. Like I’ve said before not everyone has the same learning order some could use a book other need a tutor to help them do so.
I’ve had teachers who has even touched the books. I would just leave it at home and not even bother taking it to school. Many teachers has creative strategies by using computers, videos, or performances to help out the students. I think this is a better way cause it helps the student interact with the class and yet not be bored and want to leave.
As for the text book being wrong. There’s been times that one or more students have the correct answer but yet it doesn’t match the text books. And at times the teachers reply is “the text book has an error”. how would that be possible if these are book that are suppose to teach us, not us to them. Than again a human made or wrote that book so there for is not perfect. But overcoming it all we at times might being learning something wrong that in the near future will confuse us with our other work.
Botstien reply to the compliant that he never tells the reader what the point of test is and what advantages it has to over come an educational regimes, with no testing what so ever, is that kids might learn more, and not be so eagle to drop out or give up. These can be points that would over to have no testing.
I think with out a test kids would learn more because they would have more time to focus in variety of things and not specific things that are given out in a test. I think kids would not have to be intimated when it comes to learning or passing the semester. speaking for myself many times I can know my subject, but yet when a test comes my mind goes blank. At times I can over come this other times I fail the test and earn a bad grade for it. This shouldn’t even be an issue because a little test. Many times kids even cheat in test and there passing with out knowing anything. How would this help them later on in the future. At times they might cheat not because there lazy, but maybe they just don’t understand the work and for they wont fail the cheat.
When at times kids are giving test in order to graduate or not this makes them really nervous. Many kids after the first time quite and drop out of school, and many of those kids turn out to be delinquents when reality there bright and smart kids. A test can determine a persons life and yet not have nothing to do with them. So when he argues with no testing not because I’m only a student and see it upon myself, but because I have friends that have been to a similar situation (I said earlier), dropped out of school and now have kids with a part time job not making enough not even for the rent. All this because a test.
If I was the editor and I would print out one of these letter the letter I would choose would have to be the first one , where it explains that a test doesn’t improve the person you are. It also only “measures a small portion of a child’s intellectual”. This one caught my attention because it over comes who is the person in reality and it doesn’t teach you much and it measures in a destructive manner.
When she brought to my attention that she’s a mother of three kids , for starters she knows what she’s talking about and she’s had some experiences. I would have to agree that a test doesn’t improve who you are. It doesn’t teach how to become a better person. A test measures you or who your “suppose” to be, other smart or in need of help. It just lowers your self esteem and doesn’t bring out the best of you.
Also the test might show a portion of your smartness depending at the test, but in real life maybe you have another ability that the test doesn’t show you. You might be good in reading and maybe not so good in math. A test would not help you out with that and ho can both can relate and help you. It also doesn’t guide you to a future reference. It doesn’t show up when you need a job like she mentions in her letter.
I support her every evidence and would gladly print her article fir the news paper. She makes her points and lets us know how a test only not measures for education, but in the real world as well. I hope her point of view is brought up sooner or later to readers.
When she says that tests “encourage students to exert more effort” I think she means that they devote this extra effort in trying to be better. I think she means that when a students sees that they failed in a test, they want or make effort not to fail again. And this helps out because they were given a test.
I think they are trying to get better because they noticed that they probably didn’t out so much dedication in studying, so now they know next time if they don’t want to fail, they would have to put more effort into it. In a way that motivates them to know how they are doing in the class and it would be a challenge of whose doing better and whose not. In the end maybe the feel proud to know how much they accomplish by studying and receiving a good grade for it.
It also helps with the extra help because if they failed they would want to know why and seeing them selves near there classmates it would to put them in a category alike to them. So would give that little extra effort in doing so. It also would help there mind be entertain with school work and for other classes ot would be a lesson not to get laid back again.
That’s what think when she mentioned that comment. This would only realte to me because I’ve been through and these were the reason why I improved in my test. I wouldn’t want to be left out. So therefore I’m sure she thought the same way when mentioning it.
Mind that the sample papers like critical thinking presented are to be used for review only. In order to warn you and eliminate any plagiarism writing intentions, it is highly recommended not to use the essays in class. In cases you experience difficulties with essay writing in class and for in class use, order original papers with our expert writers. Cheap custom papers can be written from scratch for each customer that entrusts his or her academic success to our writing team. Order your unique assignment from the best custom writing services cheap and fast!
Chapter 1
Critical thinking is a thought process that involves more than just thinking. Is a process in which you have to go into details and not just a simple assumption. Critical thinking involves many variety of different point of views. Is a deep thinking that would take you more than just five to ten minutes to think.
The usual thinking is a fast reaction toward the action that was just made. For example you might think that a kid at times behaves bad because he’s in a need of discipline. You already added a conclusion with out even including the body. That’s when critical thinking comes in. Maybe the kid behaves bad because he’s in need of attention or maybe he has an attention disorder. Whatever it is critical thinking would go deeper into the subject before assuming right away.
At time critical thinking can also be used with others point of views. The way you see something might not be the way that somebody else sees it. This means that someone can be right and the other can be wrong. Unless if your hardheaded, you would have to put yourself in the other persons shoes to see their point of view. Critical thinking does that. It helps you think not only by yourself, but with the help of others. At times the way you saw your point of view it would change since hearing there’s.
This process doesn’t take a few minutes, but it takes a while and a little if dedication while your at it. Is a deep thinking process that can help you to think before you speak. Critical thinking just contains four things and they are Comparison, relationship, testimony and definition. When you add this to your critical thinking it would glide easily through.
I think Mr. Goodman’s assumption might be that he cares for more the students success and not just the money the weekly money he’s making. As for the assumption he made that grades should be abolished, I would have to agree on that. A grade shouldn’t determine the level of intelligence you have. Nor, if you pass the class or not, but it should be in the effort and hardship you put into it. Making determinations like this puts students to drop out of school and have low self esteem.
Albert Stein was a genius man, but yet he was horrible in math. If he would’ve been now in days in school maybe he would’ve not passed college because he would’ve failed math with a letter grade of D or F. So than he wouldn’t come out to be the man he is. Every one is smart in their own ways and I think a letter grade can not measure your intelligence nor a grading system. But it should be the effort and dedication you put into it. Many teachers at times pass kids with an A because their work was nicer than the others, but yet they don’t know if they cheated or had someone to do it for them and the other who did failed while doing it him self and involving more dedication to it. So what happens they quite.
This would connect into having a low self esteem. When a kid starts to get F’s in all of their assignments, automatically he’s known to be stupid and other kids might make fun of him and not want to join him when is time to work in groups. At times teachers might put him with others in the group that arrange his same grade. How is it possible that this kid is going to grow up to be someone successful.
In conclusion, yes I do agree with Mr. Goodman, and in every proposal he has in abolishing the grading. A men like this shows interest for our future kids success. I think this should be brought into every ones concern.
When Goodman says “the great majority of professors agree that the grading hinders teaching” he offers evidences with collection of essays , “examining in Harvard college”.
The arguments that might be made that grading assists in teaching is that maybe at times teachers just give work from the book to read and answer the questions. I think the process of learning is to be helped and have someone to explain it to you carefully and with patience. Not every student is a fast learner. Therefore we should have teachers that would sit down and teach our students with intimidating them. At times iv seen teachers just give a grade to a student because they already know that is A student or an F student and suddenly assume there grade. Other times we might have the student who are into sports that need a passing grade and they have there coach talk to the teachers and many would give them that grade. How are students going to learn with out being teach.
I do think the Goodman should have made more arguments and shown weakness. Because I’m pretty sure we have out there many people who disagree with his theory. And they have to see it to believe it. By giving more examples it helps reader understand where he’s coming from and agree with his topic.
When Botstein mentions that “teachers may find themselves spending more than half the year teaching specifically for test” I think he is assuring that this is undesirable. For the reason it might cause problem with time issue, knowing that not everyone learns quick enough and that many might have problems in one topic and the others might have problem in another. These might be a problem while trying to teach the kids for a test on time ready and to get a good passing grade.
Time issue might be a good cause because a test is know to be around the corner and you as a teacher have to know exactly what to teach in time for everyone to learn for that test. Many time we have holidays or teachers work days that make it harder for the time limit and leaving kids incomplete. Other times it can be the hours that the student has in class, the majority of the time kids only have and hour or so in a class, not enough to teach many things. By the time all the students are in and you take role and you go over the last week assignments to make sure everyone understood you lost half of the class time.
Not every one is the same. There for many students can be quick learners than the other. Some kids are known to learn things right away while others need time and dedications. This makes students frustrated and intimated when it comes to testing. For the reason the teachers have to try to have all the class ready at the same time and while others student that are ready has to hold back or waste time for those who aren’t.
When it comes of wasting times to get students for the test, I believe Botstien is right. While trying to tech a test that you don’t even know that’s going to be helpful for the next level, your loosing many valuable time and money. I think they should teach what should help you understand the subject of now to get you ready for the next not a test to tell you if your ready or not.
When Botstien clearly disapproves of class rooms teaching based on “forced adherence to bland state - approved textbook” I think he assuring that all calls room teaching suffers from this fault. I think I text book doesn’t help you very much and at times many teachers don’t even use it. Iv also noticed that at sometimes even some of the answers are wrong. Back in high school all these problem or another would occur.
I think text book doesn’t help you very much because if you got the wrong or right answer and doesn’t explain to you why or how you got that answer. Unlike a computer you can research and is like a professor explaining to you step by step. In a text book it shows you a couple of examples and from them you have to assume how it was perform. Like I’ve said before not everyone has the same learning order some could use a book other need a tutor to help them do so.
I’ve had teachers who has even touched the books. I would just leave it at home and not even bother taking it to school. Many teachers has creative strategies by using computers, videos, or performances to help out the students. I think this is a better way cause it helps the student interact with the class and yet not be bored and want to leave.
As for the text book being wrong. There’s been times that one or more students have the correct answer but yet it doesn’t match the text books. And at times the teachers reply is “the text book has an error”. how would that be possible if these are book that are suppose to teach us, not us to them. Than again a human made or wrote that book so there for is not perfect. But overcoming it all we at times might being learning something wrong that in the near future will confuse us with our other work.
Botstien reply to the compliant that he never tells the reader what the point of test is and what advantages it has to over come an educational regimes, with no testing what so ever, is that kids might learn more, and not be so eagle to drop out or give up. These can be points that would over to have no testing.
I think with out a test kids would learn more because they would have more time to focus in variety of things and not specific things that are given out in a test. I think kids would not have to be intimated when it comes to learning or passing the semester. speaking for myself many times I can know my subject, but yet when a test comes my mind goes blank. At times I can over come this other times I fail the test and earn a bad grade for it. This shouldn’t even be an issue because a little test. Many times kids even cheat in test and there passing with out knowing anything. How would this help them later on in the future. At times they might cheat not because there lazy, but maybe they just don’t understand the work and for they wont fail the cheat.
When at times kids are giving test in order to graduate or not this makes them really nervous. Many kids after the first time quite and drop out of school, and many of those kids turn out to be delinquents when reality there bright and smart kids. A test can determine a persons life and yet not have nothing to do with them. So when he argues with no testing not because I’m only a student and see it upon myself, but because I have friends that have been to a similar situation (I said earlier), dropped out of school and now have kids with a part time job not making enough not even for the rent. All this because a test.
If I was the editor and I would print out one of these letter the letter I would choose would have to be the first one , where it explains that a test doesn’t improve the person you are. It also only “measures a small portion of a child’s intellectual”. This one caught my attention because it over comes who is the person in reality and it doesn’t teach you much and it measures in a destructive manner.
When she brought to my attention that she’s a mother of three kids , for starters she knows what she’s talking about and she’s had some experiences. I would have to agree that a test doesn’t improve who you are. It doesn’t teach how to become a better person. A test measures you or who your “suppose” to be, other smart or in need of help. It just lowers your self esteem and doesn’t bring out the best of you.
Also the test might show a portion of your smartness depending at the test, but in real life maybe you have another ability that the test doesn’t show you. You might be good in reading and maybe not so good in math. A test would not help you out with that and ho can both can relate and help you. It also doesn’t guide you to a future reference. It doesn’t show up when you need a job like she mentions in her letter.
I support her every evidence and would gladly print her article fir the news paper. She makes her points and lets us know how a test only not measures for education, but in the real world as well. I hope her point of view is brought up sooner or later to readers.
When she says that tests “encourage students to exert more effort” I think she means that they devote this extra effort in trying to be better. I think she means that when a students sees that they failed in a test, they want or make effort not to fail again. And this helps out because they were given a test.
I think they are trying to get better because they noticed that they probably didn’t out so much dedication in studying, so now they know next time if they don’t want to fail, they would have to put more effort into it. In a way that motivates them to know how they are doing in the class and it would be a challenge of whose doing better and whose not. In the end maybe the feel proud to know how much they accomplish by studying and receiving a good grade for it.
It also helps with the extra help because if they failed they would want to know why and seeing them selves near there classmates it would to put them in a category alike to them. So would give that little extra effort in doing so. It also would help there mind be entertain with school work and for other classes ot would be a lesson not to get laid back again.
That’s what think when she mentioned that comment. This would only realte to me because I’ve been through and these were the reason why I improved in my test. I wouldn’t want to be left out. So therefore I’m sure she thought the same way when mentioning it.
Mind that the sample papers like critical thinking presented are to be used for review only. In order to warn you and eliminate any plagiarism writing intentions, it is highly recommended not to use the essays in class. In cases you experience difficulties with essay writing in class and for in class use, order original papers with our expert writers. Cheap custom papers can be written from scratch for each customer that entrusts his or her academic success to our writing team. Order your unique assignment from the best custom writing services cheap and fast!
Thursday, July 12, 2012
The Elements
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The Symbolism of the Four Elements
The four elements in nature are earth, water, air and fire. In many traditions there is believed to be a fifth element which is a spirit or a perfect being.
The four elements are represented in many different cultures in many different ways, they also play a large part in fantasy and myth, for example the elements are extremely important in relation to witches who are said to draw their power from the elements.
Examples of cultures and different beliefs are as follows in Tarot and Astrology, Ancient Greek science and philosophy, Indian and Buddhist beliefs and Chinese beliefs.
Tarot and Astrology
In tarot and astrology it is believed that the ancients tried to understand or explain the world as being made up of these four elements. All matter, according to theory, is a combination of fire, water, earth and air. In Astrology the twelve star signs are divided into earth sings, water signs, air signs and fire signs, each personality exhibiting some of the traits of each element.
Water and Emotions
Water is the element of emotions, the sea has inspired many poets and in fact water is the element of the poet. Also being the element of emotions, the link between sea and human emotions is very strong. As with human emotions the sea erupts into waves that can be gentle and slow or unpredictable and life threatening. The element of water is also associated with the nurturing of the womb and the womb reflects the creative qualities of water. This also means that people belonging to the water astrology signs Pieces, Cancer and Scorpio are said to be very creative, confident, strong and charming. Also water signs are extremely artistic and free spirited like a flowing river or waterfall.
Earth and the Physical
The element earth is embodies in the physical substance of mountains, the soil and the life that is from the soil. Earth is the basis of all the other elements and it is from earth where we draw the materials on which society is based. Food and shelter are reliant on the earth as are the other three elements, the ability to contain and carry water, to contain fire, and to move with air.
The earthly signs in astrology are Taurus, Virgo and Capricorn. People belonging to the earth signs are said to be wise, serene, sensible and firmly moral. They are led by logic rather than emotion and are seen as strong nurturing figures like mother nature.
Air and Intellect
Air symbolises thought as they are both continually a present force in life, thought is as inescapable as the air we breathe. Thought and air are also closely linked in that to think clearly, it is necessary to be calm and focused, qualities that are often obtained from deap breathing and meditation. Many of our intellectual goals have been to do with air, for example, mans deepest desire is flight. Using air to make man fly has been one of the greatest intellectual feats of mankind.
The astrological air signs are Aquarius, Libra and Gemini and are the “thinking” signs and are determined, independent and dynamic. Air signs are said to be extremely successful and virtuous.
Fire and Intuition
Human begins initially knew fire primarily as a means of destruction. But when humans learnt to control fire and harness it’s energy, civilisation began to make rapid advances. This dual nature of fire as both a destructive and creative force harnesses the spirit of our intuition. In our lives we can relate fire to the removal of useless or destructive habits and the creation of a stronger self.
But fire is often used for its heat and light. When we get an idea in a sudden flash of insight, this is our intuition at work and it is said that the heat of our intuition gives us our energy. The astrological signs of Aries, Leo and Sagittarius are the fire signs and are known to ‘burn’ through life with fierce charm. People belonging to the fire signs are also said to have impulsive enthusiasm, but restless emotions also a fiery single minded natural leader.
The Elements in Witchcraft
It is said in fantasy and books that witches draw or call their power from the elements and that each witch has it’s own element and can use it in a unique way.
In witchcraft there are five elements but only four are used to draw power. These five elements are; earth, air, fire, water and spirit. Also in witchcraft the associations with each element are very much the same or similar to that of astrology and tarot. For example, just as in astrology and tarot earth is associated with the physical, air with thought and intellect, fire with power strength and intuition and water with emotions and the willingness to live.
Unlike astrology and tarot, in witchcraft, there is a fifth element, a spirit. Spirit is said to be the animating force, everywhere present, and everywhere abundant.
Spirit is energy, and it is eternal in essence. As we live in a physical world, and often are unconscious of the spirit world, which is often coexistent with our own, we are not able to perceive it because it runs on a different frequency than we do. It is said to be invisible, intangible, and affable.
This is the element that binds all the others into one form, to make them one and it is said to be the Mother and the Father of everything, and all magic.
Each element also has it’s own direction North is Earth, East is Air, South is Fire and West is Water. Also each element has a symbol or tool (for the purpose of spell casting) which are associated with them. These are
Earth the pentacle, often considered a female principle.
Air the wand or staff, often considered a male principle.
Fire the sword or athame (small sword or dagger) often considered male principle.
Water the cup or challice, often considered a female principle.
The combination of the four elements is sometimes represented by the cauldron.
Witches are written about a lot in fictional books and are seen to draw their power from the elements.
The Three Sisters trilogy books by Nora Roberts, are three books telling the story of three witches living together on three sisters island which was said to be created by three witches in the 1600’s. In these books the witches each have their own element and draw their power from that element. Also their personality is very much in line with their element. At the end of the third book a very powerful spell must be made by the three female witches and the one male witch.
These characters are Nell - Air, Ripley - Earth, Mia - Fire and Sam - Water. The spell they cast, as they call on their elements, is as follows
“Around the circle, light shimmered, deep gold. With the tips of blades, each scribed their symbols in the ground.
The first chant rose to the moon.
“Air and earth and fire and water, mother to son and son to daughter. Through our blood we claim the
right to call the power from the night. Under the light of the Moon of Mead, we ask to be given what we need. We seek the light, seek the sight.”
Nell lifted her arms. “From Air I come, of Air I call. I bring the wind to rise and fall. To sweep away
what seeks to harm, I bring to bear all magic, all charm. I am Air and she is me. As I will, so mote it be.”
And while the wind rose up to a roar, Ripley lifted her arms. “From Earth I come, to Earth I entreat.
Quake and quiver below my feet. The dark what’s mine will swallow, and none his fall will follow. I am Earth and she is me. As I will, so mote it be.”
The earth trembled.
“From water I come”. Sam spread his arms high. “Of Water I cry. Pour from the sea, flood from the
sky. To wash clean this isle of light and protect it from the hound of night. I am Water and he is me. As I will, so mote it be.”
As the rain lashed them, Mia threw back her head. “From Fire I come, of Fire I yearn. Spark and flame and cleanly burn. To purge this beast who hunts for blood, and from him shield what I have loved. I am Fire and she is me. As I will, so mote it be.”
Lighting flamed across the sky, spewed up from the ground. It roared in the air and sparkled like diamonds on the rain.”
This is a quote from “Face the Fire” by Nora Roberts.
The Greek Elements
The four classic Greek Elements were independently proposed by early Greek Philosophers. They were; Water - Thales, Air - Anaximenes, Earth - Xenophanes and Fire - Heraclitus. The philosopher Empedocles proposed that they all existed together from the beginning.
Aristotle saw the elements as combinations of two sets of opposite quantities, hot and cold, wet and dry. Aristotles view was ultimately the accepted one all through the Middle Ages. Aristotle then added a fifth element, Quintessence, which means in Latin, the fifth essence. Aristotle believed that the heavens where made of this element.
Indian and Buddhist Elements
In Indian culture there are three elements; Fire, Water and Earth which all have their own relative colour, food and body party associated with each element. Very similar to Chinese beliefs.
Chinese Elements
Like the Indian beliefs, the Chinese elements have their own colour, symbols, animals, etc. But unlike the other cultures, in Chinese culture there are five elements, wood, fire, earth, metal and water.
Fire Colour red
Symbol phoenix
Season summer
Planet Mars
Animal winged
Wood
Colour blue/green
Symbol dragon
Season spring
Planet Jupiter
Animal scaled
Earth
Colour yellow
Symbol caldron
Season between
Planet Saturn
Animal naked
Metal
Colour white
Symbol tiger
Season autumn
Planet Venus
Animal furred
Water
Colour black
Symbol tortoise
Season winter
Planet Mercury
Animal shelled
Mind that the sample papers like The Elements presented are to be used for review only. In order to warn you and eliminate any plagiarism writing intentions, it is highly recommended not to use the essays in class. In cases you experience difficulties with essay writing in class and for in class use, order original papers with our expert writers. Cheap custom papers can be written from scratch for each customer that entrusts his or her academic success to our writing team. Order your unique assignment from the best custom writing services cheap and fast!
The Symbolism of the Four Elements
The four elements in nature are earth, water, air and fire. In many traditions there is believed to be a fifth element which is a spirit or a perfect being.
The four elements are represented in many different cultures in many different ways, they also play a large part in fantasy and myth, for example the elements are extremely important in relation to witches who are said to draw their power from the elements.
Examples of cultures and different beliefs are as follows in Tarot and Astrology, Ancient Greek science and philosophy, Indian and Buddhist beliefs and Chinese beliefs.
Tarot and Astrology
In tarot and astrology it is believed that the ancients tried to understand or explain the world as being made up of these four elements. All matter, according to theory, is a combination of fire, water, earth and air. In Astrology the twelve star signs are divided into earth sings, water signs, air signs and fire signs, each personality exhibiting some of the traits of each element.
Water and Emotions
Water is the element of emotions, the sea has inspired many poets and in fact water is the element of the poet. Also being the element of emotions, the link between sea and human emotions is very strong. As with human emotions the sea erupts into waves that can be gentle and slow or unpredictable and life threatening. The element of water is also associated with the nurturing of the womb and the womb reflects the creative qualities of water. This also means that people belonging to the water astrology signs Pieces, Cancer and Scorpio are said to be very creative, confident, strong and charming. Also water signs are extremely artistic and free spirited like a flowing river or waterfall.
Earth and the Physical
The element earth is embodies in the physical substance of mountains, the soil and the life that is from the soil. Earth is the basis of all the other elements and it is from earth where we draw the materials on which society is based. Food and shelter are reliant on the earth as are the other three elements, the ability to contain and carry water, to contain fire, and to move with air.
The earthly signs in astrology are Taurus, Virgo and Capricorn. People belonging to the earth signs are said to be wise, serene, sensible and firmly moral. They are led by logic rather than emotion and are seen as strong nurturing figures like mother nature.
Air and Intellect
Air symbolises thought as they are both continually a present force in life, thought is as inescapable as the air we breathe. Thought and air are also closely linked in that to think clearly, it is necessary to be calm and focused, qualities that are often obtained from deap breathing and meditation. Many of our intellectual goals have been to do with air, for example, mans deepest desire is flight. Using air to make man fly has been one of the greatest intellectual feats of mankind.
The astrological air signs are Aquarius, Libra and Gemini and are the “thinking” signs and are determined, independent and dynamic. Air signs are said to be extremely successful and virtuous.
Fire and Intuition
Human begins initially knew fire primarily as a means of destruction. But when humans learnt to control fire and harness it’s energy, civilisation began to make rapid advances. This dual nature of fire as both a destructive and creative force harnesses the spirit of our intuition. In our lives we can relate fire to the removal of useless or destructive habits and the creation of a stronger self.
But fire is often used for its heat and light. When we get an idea in a sudden flash of insight, this is our intuition at work and it is said that the heat of our intuition gives us our energy. The astrological signs of Aries, Leo and Sagittarius are the fire signs and are known to ‘burn’ through life with fierce charm. People belonging to the fire signs are also said to have impulsive enthusiasm, but restless emotions also a fiery single minded natural leader.
The Elements in Witchcraft
It is said in fantasy and books that witches draw or call their power from the elements and that each witch has it’s own element and can use it in a unique way.
In witchcraft there are five elements but only four are used to draw power. These five elements are; earth, air, fire, water and spirit. Also in witchcraft the associations with each element are very much the same or similar to that of astrology and tarot. For example, just as in astrology and tarot earth is associated with the physical, air with thought and intellect, fire with power strength and intuition and water with emotions and the willingness to live.
Unlike astrology and tarot, in witchcraft, there is a fifth element, a spirit. Spirit is said to be the animating force, everywhere present, and everywhere abundant.
Spirit is energy, and it is eternal in essence. As we live in a physical world, and often are unconscious of the spirit world, which is often coexistent with our own, we are not able to perceive it because it runs on a different frequency than we do. It is said to be invisible, intangible, and affable.
This is the element that binds all the others into one form, to make them one and it is said to be the Mother and the Father of everything, and all magic.
Each element also has it’s own direction North is Earth, East is Air, South is Fire and West is Water. Also each element has a symbol or tool (for the purpose of spell casting) which are associated with them. These are
Earth the pentacle, often considered a female principle.
Air the wand or staff, often considered a male principle.
Fire the sword or athame (small sword or dagger) often considered male principle.
Water the cup or challice, often considered a female principle.
The combination of the four elements is sometimes represented by the cauldron.
Witches are written about a lot in fictional books and are seen to draw their power from the elements.
The Three Sisters trilogy books by Nora Roberts, are three books telling the story of three witches living together on three sisters island which was said to be created by three witches in the 1600’s. In these books the witches each have their own element and draw their power from that element. Also their personality is very much in line with their element. At the end of the third book a very powerful spell must be made by the three female witches and the one male witch.
These characters are Nell - Air, Ripley - Earth, Mia - Fire and Sam - Water. The spell they cast, as they call on their elements, is as follows
“Around the circle, light shimmered, deep gold. With the tips of blades, each scribed their symbols in the ground.
The first chant rose to the moon.
“Air and earth and fire and water, mother to son and son to daughter. Through our blood we claim the
right to call the power from the night. Under the light of the Moon of Mead, we ask to be given what we need. We seek the light, seek the sight.”
Nell lifted her arms. “From Air I come, of Air I call. I bring the wind to rise and fall. To sweep away
what seeks to harm, I bring to bear all magic, all charm. I am Air and she is me. As I will, so mote it be.”
And while the wind rose up to a roar, Ripley lifted her arms. “From Earth I come, to Earth I entreat.
Quake and quiver below my feet. The dark what’s mine will swallow, and none his fall will follow. I am Earth and she is me. As I will, so mote it be.”
The earth trembled.
“From water I come”. Sam spread his arms high. “Of Water I cry. Pour from the sea, flood from the
sky. To wash clean this isle of light and protect it from the hound of night. I am Water and he is me. As I will, so mote it be.”
As the rain lashed them, Mia threw back her head. “From Fire I come, of Fire I yearn. Spark and flame and cleanly burn. To purge this beast who hunts for blood, and from him shield what I have loved. I am Fire and she is me. As I will, so mote it be.”
Lighting flamed across the sky, spewed up from the ground. It roared in the air and sparkled like diamonds on the rain.”
This is a quote from “Face the Fire” by Nora Roberts.
The Greek Elements
The four classic Greek Elements were independently proposed by early Greek Philosophers. They were; Water - Thales, Air - Anaximenes, Earth - Xenophanes and Fire - Heraclitus. The philosopher Empedocles proposed that they all existed together from the beginning.
Aristotle saw the elements as combinations of two sets of opposite quantities, hot and cold, wet and dry. Aristotles view was ultimately the accepted one all through the Middle Ages. Aristotle then added a fifth element, Quintessence, which means in Latin, the fifth essence. Aristotle believed that the heavens where made of this element.
Indian and Buddhist Elements
In Indian culture there are three elements; Fire, Water and Earth which all have their own relative colour, food and body party associated with each element. Very similar to Chinese beliefs.
Chinese Elements
Like the Indian beliefs, the Chinese elements have their own colour, symbols, animals, etc. But unlike the other cultures, in Chinese culture there are five elements, wood, fire, earth, metal and water.
Fire Colour red
Symbol phoenix
Season summer
Planet Mars
Animal winged
Wood
Colour blue/green
Symbol dragon
Season spring
Planet Jupiter
Animal scaled
Earth
Colour yellow
Symbol caldron
Season between
Planet Saturn
Animal naked
Metal
Colour white
Symbol tiger
Season autumn
Planet Venus
Animal furred
Water
Colour black
Symbol tortoise
Season winter
Planet Mercury
Animal shelled
Mind that the sample papers like The Elements presented are to be used for review only. In order to warn you and eliminate any plagiarism writing intentions, it is highly recommended not to use the essays in class. In cases you experience difficulties with essay writing in class and for in class use, order original papers with our expert writers. Cheap custom papers can be written from scratch for each customer that entrusts his or her academic success to our writing team. Order your unique assignment from the best custom writing services cheap and fast!
Tuesday, July 3, 2012
history
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While President Jeffersons policies were to a great extent diverged from those of Washington and Adams, President Madisons policies were much the same as the Federalist presidents. President Jefferson worked to change many of the mindsets and policies set up by the Federalist Presidents, while Madisons attempts were to extend them. The success of each administration was unique from each other, however both presidents were Republican. The difference in policies shows the beginning of the individuality, uniqueness, and freedom so harbored in the United States.
From the day of his inauguration, President Jefferson showed that his administration would be one of simplicity. He deliberately avoided the ornate way of the Federalists. Instead of insisting on horse and carriage parade-like travel, he would walk to his destination whenever possible. He also avoided making flashy speeches, and wrote letters instead of making speeches when it would suffice. Even at dinners in his own home, he insisted on round tables so that everyone would be equal. He considered everyone, men and women, government officials and farmers, equal in all things, and this philosophy was reflected in his everyday conduct.
Jeffersons simplicity also resided in his policymaking. He appointed people of his own party to his cabinet; James Madison was appointed Secretary of State. His entire cabinet, in fact, was Republican. In lesser offices though, he didnt remove any Federalists, he simply waited for a vacancy to appear. Jefferson also tried to repeal many of the laws created by the Federalists, with a few exceptions, such as the national bank. He also favored a broad interpretation of the Constitution, whereas the Federalists wanted a more strict interpretation. This was shown when the debate about the Louisiana Purchase began. He was in favor of implied power in the Constitution regarding the purchasing of such an enormous amount of land. In these ways, Jeffersons policies, while not always simple, were greatly distinct than those of the Federalists.
President Madisons policies, however, were much the same as the Federalists. He endorsed strengthening the central government and giving it more power, which was basically a Federalist mindset. He wanted programs to achieve things such as better fortification, a stronger navy and permanent army, a new national bank, and a big national university. Madison managed to secure an army of about 10,000 and a strengthened navy. In addition, he, like Jefferson, used a broad interpretation of the Constitution to justify the creation of a new national bank, which was passed. Madison also wanted a better-developed system of roads and water transportation. Again, he managed to find justification in the Constitution and received funds to build a National Road from the Atlantic coast to the Ohio River. All of his policies to increase Federal power were very much like Federalist policies such as Washington and Adams.
Both Jefferson and Madison achieved great things while they were presidents. Jefferson, however, had more Republican beliefs in that he believed in equality in all people, a less-obtrusive government, and a broad interpretation of the Constitution. Madison, while agreeing on a more broad interpretation of the Constitution, instead wanted a stronger central government and more governmental powers. Although the two administrations were both Republican, Jeffersons was uniquely different than the Federalists, while Madisons was much an extension of the same.
Mind that the sample papers like history presented are to be used for review only. In order to warn you and eliminate any plagiarism writing intentions, it is highly recommended not to use the essays in class. In cases you experience difficulties with essay writing in class and for in class use, order original papers with our expert writers. Cheap custom papers can be written from scratch for each customer that entrusts his or her academic success to our writing team. Order your unique assignment from the best custom writing services cheap and fast!
While President Jeffersons policies were to a great extent diverged from those of Washington and Adams, President Madisons policies were much the same as the Federalist presidents. President Jefferson worked to change many of the mindsets and policies set up by the Federalist Presidents, while Madisons attempts were to extend them. The success of each administration was unique from each other, however both presidents were Republican. The difference in policies shows the beginning of the individuality, uniqueness, and freedom so harbored in the United States.
From the day of his inauguration, President Jefferson showed that his administration would be one of simplicity. He deliberately avoided the ornate way of the Federalists. Instead of insisting on horse and carriage parade-like travel, he would walk to his destination whenever possible. He also avoided making flashy speeches, and wrote letters instead of making speeches when it would suffice. Even at dinners in his own home, he insisted on round tables so that everyone would be equal. He considered everyone, men and women, government officials and farmers, equal in all things, and this philosophy was reflected in his everyday conduct.
Jeffersons simplicity also resided in his policymaking. He appointed people of his own party to his cabinet; James Madison was appointed Secretary of State. His entire cabinet, in fact, was Republican. In lesser offices though, he didnt remove any Federalists, he simply waited for a vacancy to appear. Jefferson also tried to repeal many of the laws created by the Federalists, with a few exceptions, such as the national bank. He also favored a broad interpretation of the Constitution, whereas the Federalists wanted a more strict interpretation. This was shown when the debate about the Louisiana Purchase began. He was in favor of implied power in the Constitution regarding the purchasing of such an enormous amount of land. In these ways, Jeffersons policies, while not always simple, were greatly distinct than those of the Federalists.
President Madisons policies, however, were much the same as the Federalists. He endorsed strengthening the central government and giving it more power, which was basically a Federalist mindset. He wanted programs to achieve things such as better fortification, a stronger navy and permanent army, a new national bank, and a big national university. Madison managed to secure an army of about 10,000 and a strengthened navy. In addition, he, like Jefferson, used a broad interpretation of the Constitution to justify the creation of a new national bank, which was passed. Madison also wanted a better-developed system of roads and water transportation. Again, he managed to find justification in the Constitution and received funds to build a National Road from the Atlantic coast to the Ohio River. All of his policies to increase Federal power were very much like Federalist policies such as Washington and Adams.
Both Jefferson and Madison achieved great things while they were presidents. Jefferson, however, had more Republican beliefs in that he believed in equality in all people, a less-obtrusive government, and a broad interpretation of the Constitution. Madison, while agreeing on a more broad interpretation of the Constitution, instead wanted a stronger central government and more governmental powers. Although the two administrations were both Republican, Jeffersons was uniquely different than the Federalists, while Madisons was much an extension of the same.
Mind that the sample papers like history presented are to be used for review only. In order to warn you and eliminate any plagiarism writing intentions, it is highly recommended not to use the essays in class. In cases you experience difficulties with essay writing in class and for in class use, order original papers with our expert writers. Cheap custom papers can be written from scratch for each customer that entrusts his or her academic success to our writing team. Order your unique assignment from the best custom writing services cheap and fast!
Thursday, May 17, 2012
Drag
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Cl V (m/S) Cd S (m^) Density (Kg/m) Cdo Dp (N/m) Di (N/m) Dt (N/m)
1.4 6 0.1574 6.8 0.8776 0.0 41.551 18.65 64.04
1. 0.16 6.8 0.8776 0.0 506.47 1580.16 086.66
1 4 0.05 6.8 0.8776 0.0 615.67 14.001 14.64
0.8 48 0.0716 6.8 0.8776 0.0 767.017 106.85 181.055
0.6 55 0.054 6.8 0.8776 0.0 1007.85 785.685 17.68
0.4 67 0.0404 6.8 0.8776 0.0 144.778 518.187 01.68
0. 5 0.06 6.8 0.8776 0.0 005.06 60.451 65.658
Where
· Cl = Coefficient of Lift
· V = Velocity
· Cd = Coefficient of Drag
· S = Surface Area of Wing
· Di = Induced Drag
· Dp = Profile Drag
· Dt = Total Drag
Calculation of one point
Using Data points CL = 1.4
V = 6 m/s
CD = 0.0 + 0.065 CL²
Therefore Cdo = 0.0
K = 0.065
Dp = 0.5 ñ V² S Cdo
= 0.5(0.8)(6²)(7)(0.0)
= 41.55 N/m ________________ (Profile Drag)
Where
· ñ = 0.8 kg/m³
· S = 7 m²
Di = 0.5 ñ V² S K CL²
= 0.5(0.8)(6²)(0.065)(1.4²)
= 18.65 N/m ________________ (Induced Drag)
DT = Dp + D I
= 41.55 + 18.65
= 64. N/m _________________ (Total Drag)
Drag Bucket
The ‘Drag Bucket’ is also known as the total drag curve. It is called this because as with a bucket the total drag curve decreases, gets to a minimum point then increases beyond this point, hence looking like a bucket.
The ‘Drag Bucket’ illustrates how at low speeds the most influential factor on an aircraft in terms of drag is the induced drag. This means that at low speeds the shape of the aircraft is not the most limiting factor, but rather the side effects of creating lift, i.e., induced drag creates the most penalties on an aircraft.
The minimum point on the ‘Drag Bucket’ corresponds to the speed to be flown for minimum drag. This means the speed that will give the aircraft the best range.
As the speed increases beyond the point of minimum drag the total drag increases. This means that profile drag is starting to become the most influential factor to do with the aircraft in terms of drag. This means if the aircraft is to be flown faster than this point streamlining and skin friction becomes an important factor, i.e., profile drag.
Mind that the sample papers like Drag presented are to be used for review only. In order to warn you and eliminate any plagiarism writing intentions, it is highly recommended not to use the essays in class. In cases you experience difficulties with essay writing in class and for in class use, order original papers with our expert writers. Cheap custom papers can be written from scratch for each customer that entrusts his or her academic success to our writing team. Order your unique assignment from the best custom writing services cheap and fast!
Cl V (m/S) Cd S (m^) Density (Kg/m) Cdo Dp (N/m) Di (N/m) Dt (N/m)
1.4 6 0.1574 6.8 0.8776 0.0 41.551 18.65 64.04
1. 0.16 6.8 0.8776 0.0 506.47 1580.16 086.66
1 4 0.05 6.8 0.8776 0.0 615.67 14.001 14.64
0.8 48 0.0716 6.8 0.8776 0.0 767.017 106.85 181.055
0.6 55 0.054 6.8 0.8776 0.0 1007.85 785.685 17.68
0.4 67 0.0404 6.8 0.8776 0.0 144.778 518.187 01.68
0. 5 0.06 6.8 0.8776 0.0 005.06 60.451 65.658
Where
· Cl = Coefficient of Lift
· V = Velocity
· Cd = Coefficient of Drag
· S = Surface Area of Wing
· Di = Induced Drag
· Dp = Profile Drag
· Dt = Total Drag
Calculation of one point
Using Data points CL = 1.4
V = 6 m/s
CD = 0.0 + 0.065 CL²
Therefore Cdo = 0.0
K = 0.065
Dp = 0.5 ñ V² S Cdo
= 0.5(0.8)(6²)(7)(0.0)
= 41.55 N/m ________________ (Profile Drag)
Where
· ñ = 0.8 kg/m³
· S = 7 m²
Di = 0.5 ñ V² S K CL²
= 0.5(0.8)(6²)(0.065)(1.4²)
= 18.65 N/m ________________ (Induced Drag)
DT = Dp + D I
= 41.55 + 18.65
= 64. N/m _________________ (Total Drag)
Drag Bucket
The ‘Drag Bucket’ is also known as the total drag curve. It is called this because as with a bucket the total drag curve decreases, gets to a minimum point then increases beyond this point, hence looking like a bucket.
The ‘Drag Bucket’ illustrates how at low speeds the most influential factor on an aircraft in terms of drag is the induced drag. This means that at low speeds the shape of the aircraft is not the most limiting factor, but rather the side effects of creating lift, i.e., induced drag creates the most penalties on an aircraft.
The minimum point on the ‘Drag Bucket’ corresponds to the speed to be flown for minimum drag. This means the speed that will give the aircraft the best range.
As the speed increases beyond the point of minimum drag the total drag increases. This means that profile drag is starting to become the most influential factor to do with the aircraft in terms of drag. This means if the aircraft is to be flown faster than this point streamlining and skin friction becomes an important factor, i.e., profile drag.
Mind that the sample papers like Drag presented are to be used for review only. In order to warn you and eliminate any plagiarism writing intentions, it is highly recommended not to use the essays in class. In cases you experience difficulties with essay writing in class and for in class use, order original papers with our expert writers. Cheap custom papers can be written from scratch for each customer that entrusts his or her academic success to our writing team. Order your unique assignment from the best custom writing services cheap and fast!
Thursday, May 10, 2012
Cloning
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Cloning
Beginning from last year and on, we, as species, have crossed into a new dimension, which we will never retreat from, and that is, cloning. To begin with, we should know what exactly a clone is.
A clone is a genetic duplicate of an existing organism. Therefore, a human clone is a duplicate of an existing person. People might think that cloning is the same as the regular and natural reproduction of cells. It is different; however. A clone is the result of a body cell of a single individual whilst sexual reproduction is the result of a combination of genes. The technique is a bit confusing. The nucleus of a body cell, which might be hair or skin nucleus, is replaced with the nucleus of a female’s egg. Then, the resulting zygote is triggered by either electricity or chemicals which is, then, developed into an embryo. If the embryo is placed in a woman, then the result would be a child that is the exact duplicate of the person from whom the body cell was taken.
There are certain advantages and disadvantages of cloning. It is probably better to list the advantages first. To begin with, it can provide people who cannot procreate (people who do not have enough eggs or sperms) with genetically related children. Secondly, it can allow parents who lost their child to seek compensation for their loss in clones. Also, duplicating cells and organs is helpful in cases of failures in some of these organs that might affect the life of people with those failures. On the other hand, human cloning diminishes the uniqueness of a person and it would therefore eliminate this person’s freedom and individuality. Moreover, human cloning is unsafe. 5-8% of mammalian cloning experiments have resulted in failures and presented life-threatening anomalies.
In my opinion, cloning and especially human cloning is not a proper thing to do because it would cause a lot of confusion, indiscipline and disorder of the whole system of the world. After all, a clone is a clone!
Mind that the sample papers like Cloning presented are to be used for review only. In order to warn you and eliminate any plagiarism writing intentions, it is highly recommended not to use the essays in class. In cases you experience difficulties with essay writing in class and for in class use, order original papers with our expert writers. Cheap custom papers can be written from scratch for each customer that entrusts his or her academic success to our writing team. Order your unique assignment from the best custom writing services cheap and fast!
Cloning
Beginning from last year and on, we, as species, have crossed into a new dimension, which we will never retreat from, and that is, cloning. To begin with, we should know what exactly a clone is.
A clone is a genetic duplicate of an existing organism. Therefore, a human clone is a duplicate of an existing person. People might think that cloning is the same as the regular and natural reproduction of cells. It is different; however. A clone is the result of a body cell of a single individual whilst sexual reproduction is the result of a combination of genes. The technique is a bit confusing. The nucleus of a body cell, which might be hair or skin nucleus, is replaced with the nucleus of a female’s egg. Then, the resulting zygote is triggered by either electricity or chemicals which is, then, developed into an embryo. If the embryo is placed in a woman, then the result would be a child that is the exact duplicate of the person from whom the body cell was taken.
There are certain advantages and disadvantages of cloning. It is probably better to list the advantages first. To begin with, it can provide people who cannot procreate (people who do not have enough eggs or sperms) with genetically related children. Secondly, it can allow parents who lost their child to seek compensation for their loss in clones. Also, duplicating cells and organs is helpful in cases of failures in some of these organs that might affect the life of people with those failures. On the other hand, human cloning diminishes the uniqueness of a person and it would therefore eliminate this person’s freedom and individuality. Moreover, human cloning is unsafe. 5-8% of mammalian cloning experiments have resulted in failures and presented life-threatening anomalies.
In my opinion, cloning and especially human cloning is not a proper thing to do because it would cause a lot of confusion, indiscipline and disorder of the whole system of the world. After all, a clone is a clone!
Mind that the sample papers like Cloning presented are to be used for review only. In order to warn you and eliminate any plagiarism writing intentions, it is highly recommended not to use the essays in class. In cases you experience difficulties with essay writing in class and for in class use, order original papers with our expert writers. Cheap custom papers can be written from scratch for each customer that entrusts his or her academic success to our writing team. Order your unique assignment from the best custom writing services cheap and fast!
Monday, May 7, 2012
Cheating Easily, But Poorly
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Every summer I look forward to at least one fun-filled day spent on the grounds of Summerfest. Last year was probably the winner and champion of all my experiences at Summerfest. It just so happened that the night I went down to Summerfest with my friends, we were going to see Shania Twain in concert. We were all pumped for the show and excited to be there. We got there about ½ hours before the concert started and everyone was starving so we decided to find something to eat.
After stuffing our face with food we took the Large Pepsi with us as we walked around to the different stages where live bands were playing. One of my friends wanted to go on the sky glider, but everyone declined as we took one stare up at the hanging chair lifts on the wire cable. We all laughed, as we told our friend that maybe next time we would pay a visit to the hang glider. While half way laughing, I went to take a sip of my soda and --oh my gosh! -- I dropped the cup immediately at the sight that I saw. Some adorable sweet heart hawked a lugy in my cup.
Needless to say I must have been the easy target for some idiots, I mean for some hunks to get a few chuckles. If I would have been able to find the culprit would did this sweet and innocent deed I would have personally sought him out to thank him. Truly, he must get the prize award for the best aim because everyone agrees he hit the bulls-eye, hitting the bulls-eye and leaving me with a nauseated feeling, a gagging sensation, a batch of uncontrollable laughter from my friends. This lasted the whole entire night thank you very much…
“Diana, are you thirsty?” my friend Julia asked.
“Ha, Ha Ha! Very funny,” I shouted over the music playing in the background. Of course she started snickering and my other friends joined in right away with her.
Later that night, in the ride home from the concert Julia announced, “My throat is very dry, can we stop to get a soda.”
“Ya, just make sure it is tightly sealed and no one has spit in it,” answered my friend Pam.
As you can see, I will never be able to live this down.
I can’t emphasize how much I love it when guys spit. On the ground, in the water, in the sky. You name the place, I love it. The best is when a guy sucks in his snot and then gargles their saliva to make a big slimy spit ball. How cool is that? I wish there were some place I could take lessons on how to do some of that amazing trick work.
The biggest turn on is that flem rattling sound in there mouth. The fact that guys have lugy contests well, how awesome is that? Sign me up; I know I’ll be the first one in line for that. The one that spits the farthest is the most macho man of them all. Why, if my man came home with that award I just might smooch him.
I especially like it when I’m walking innocently and a handsome guy spits on the ground. Of course, you were too busy day dreaming of your first date with him that you walk right into that pile of goober on the side walk. The fact that you saw him do it and then it was too late to change your path way around the spot of the drop just makes me the happiest person alive. Why that’s got to be the best feeling alive.
The best part about the guys that do spit is not just because they have this single urge to clear their throat. Oh no. Most of them repeatedly form their mouth and shot out their ammunition on a constant basis. Why only do it once when you can use it as a habit?
Now I’m not saying all men have this great habit. I’m just trying to get across the fact how much it attracts me to that certain individual. The women that look at men who do this and call them pigs? Well, I have no idea what they are talking about. Do you?
Cheating is dumb. The essays are of very poor quality.
Thee end.
Mind that the sample papers like Cheating Easily, But Poorly presented are to be used for review only. In order to warn you and eliminate any plagiarism writing intentions, it is highly recommended not to use the essays in class. In cases you experience difficulties with essay writing in class and for in class use, order original papers with our expert writers. Cheap custom papers can be written from scratch for each customer that entrusts his or her academic success to our writing team. Order your unique assignment from the best custom writing services cheap and fast!
Every summer I look forward to at least one fun-filled day spent on the grounds of Summerfest. Last year was probably the winner and champion of all my experiences at Summerfest. It just so happened that the night I went down to Summerfest with my friends, we were going to see Shania Twain in concert. We were all pumped for the show and excited to be there. We got there about ½ hours before the concert started and everyone was starving so we decided to find something to eat.
After stuffing our face with food we took the Large Pepsi with us as we walked around to the different stages where live bands were playing. One of my friends wanted to go on the sky glider, but everyone declined as we took one stare up at the hanging chair lifts on the wire cable. We all laughed, as we told our friend that maybe next time we would pay a visit to the hang glider. While half way laughing, I went to take a sip of my soda and --oh my gosh! -- I dropped the cup immediately at the sight that I saw. Some adorable sweet heart hawked a lugy in my cup.
Needless to say I must have been the easy target for some idiots, I mean for some hunks to get a few chuckles. If I would have been able to find the culprit would did this sweet and innocent deed I would have personally sought him out to thank him. Truly, he must get the prize award for the best aim because everyone agrees he hit the bulls-eye, hitting the bulls-eye and leaving me with a nauseated feeling, a gagging sensation, a batch of uncontrollable laughter from my friends. This lasted the whole entire night thank you very much…
“Diana, are you thirsty?” my friend Julia asked.
“Ha, Ha Ha! Very funny,” I shouted over the music playing in the background. Of course she started snickering and my other friends joined in right away with her.
Later that night, in the ride home from the concert Julia announced, “My throat is very dry, can we stop to get a soda.”
“Ya, just make sure it is tightly sealed and no one has spit in it,” answered my friend Pam.
As you can see, I will never be able to live this down.
I can’t emphasize how much I love it when guys spit. On the ground, in the water, in the sky. You name the place, I love it. The best is when a guy sucks in his snot and then gargles their saliva to make a big slimy spit ball. How cool is that? I wish there were some place I could take lessons on how to do some of that amazing trick work.
The biggest turn on is that flem rattling sound in there mouth. The fact that guys have lugy contests well, how awesome is that? Sign me up; I know I’ll be the first one in line for that. The one that spits the farthest is the most macho man of them all. Why, if my man came home with that award I just might smooch him.
I especially like it when I’m walking innocently and a handsome guy spits on the ground. Of course, you were too busy day dreaming of your first date with him that you walk right into that pile of goober on the side walk. The fact that you saw him do it and then it was too late to change your path way around the spot of the drop just makes me the happiest person alive. Why that’s got to be the best feeling alive.
The best part about the guys that do spit is not just because they have this single urge to clear their throat. Oh no. Most of them repeatedly form their mouth and shot out their ammunition on a constant basis. Why only do it once when you can use it as a habit?
Now I’m not saying all men have this great habit. I’m just trying to get across the fact how much it attracts me to that certain individual. The women that look at men who do this and call them pigs? Well, I have no idea what they are talking about. Do you?
Cheating is dumb. The essays are of very poor quality.
Thee end.
Mind that the sample papers like Cheating Easily, But Poorly presented are to be used for review only. In order to warn you and eliminate any plagiarism writing intentions, it is highly recommended not to use the essays in class. In cases you experience difficulties with essay writing in class and for in class use, order original papers with our expert writers. Cheap custom papers can be written from scratch for each customer that entrusts his or her academic success to our writing team. Order your unique assignment from the best custom writing services cheap and fast!
Saturday, April 28, 2012
Jainism concept of ahimsa
We are ready to represent the best custom paper writing assistance that can cope with any task like Jainism concept of ahimsa even at the eleventh hour. The matter is that we posses the greatest base of expert writers. Our staff of freelance writers includes approximately 300 experienced writers are at your disposal all year round. They are striving to provide the best ever services to the most desperate students that have already lost the hope for academic success. We offer the range of the most widely required, however, not recommended for college use papers. It is advisable to use our examples like Jainism concept of ahimsa in learning at public-education level. Get prepared and be smart with our best essay samples cheap and fast! Get in touch and we will write excellent custom coursework or essay especially for you.
The Jainism concept of ahimsa can be quite easily compared to the Christian idea of respect for life. Ahimsa can be simply defined as the policy of non-injury to all living things especially humans, animals, and plants. It is necessary to know that in the Christian faith as well, it is immoral to bring about harm to God’s own created beings.
The background of ahimsa goes all the way back to the sixth century B.C. and links to the thoughts and life of Mahavira. Mahavira, or “great man” was the founder of Jainism and followed the faith in the most extreme ways possible. For example, he would rip out five handfuls of hair, wander around only wearing a loincloth, and follow asceticism and ahimsa to their fullest. Asceticism is explained to be the giving up of all worldly possessions on earth. So Mahavira basically wandered around with no belongings. As for Christian teaching, respect for life is the most moral way to go about living.
Jains typically classify their regards for all life in five senses. The most protected of all are human beings and mammals. The fourth sense is anything with no hearing like wasps, locusts, or butterflies. The third sense is anything without sight or hearing. Worms and shell creatures fall under the second sense of anything with touch or taste. And the last sense, strictly touch, contains mainly the elements of the world. We being Christians to God, also keep such regards for all life, just in a less strict manner. For example, our sixth commandment, “You shall not kill” goes into much more depth than is actually written. This rule of God is understood to mean everything from brutal murder to taking the rights away from an individual is immoral. Besides it being immoral in our faith, it also lessens the quality of our community and even our world. Another rule of our faith that compares to the laws of Jainism’s ahimsa is that we lose our “closeness” and lessen our relationship with God when we commit harm to any of God’s living creatures. In Jainism, anything done to harm a living creature will also make the faith in their beliefs weaker. For example, in the movie viewed, “Ahimsa Non-violence” the man that drove to his occupation everyday instead of walking took the risk of killing anything on the road, and for this he is regretful and feels a lessening of his faith in ahimsa.
It is now clear that the Jain concept of ahimsa can be easily related to that of the Christian concept of respect for life.
Write my paper for me!!!
Mind that the sample papers like Jainism concept of ahimsa presented are to be used for review only. In order to warn you and eliminate any plagiarism writing intentions, it is highly recommended not to use the essays in class. In cases you experience difficulties with essay writing in class and for in class use, order original papers with our expert writers. Cheap custom papers can be written from scratch for each customer that entrusts his or her academic success to our writing team. Order your unique assignment from the best custom writing services cheap and fast!
The Jainism concept of ahimsa can be quite easily compared to the Christian idea of respect for life. Ahimsa can be simply defined as the policy of non-injury to all living things especially humans, animals, and plants. It is necessary to know that in the Christian faith as well, it is immoral to bring about harm to God’s own created beings.
The background of ahimsa goes all the way back to the sixth century B.C. and links to the thoughts and life of Mahavira. Mahavira, or “great man” was the founder of Jainism and followed the faith in the most extreme ways possible. For example, he would rip out five handfuls of hair, wander around only wearing a loincloth, and follow asceticism and ahimsa to their fullest. Asceticism is explained to be the giving up of all worldly possessions on earth. So Mahavira basically wandered around with no belongings. As for Christian teaching, respect for life is the most moral way to go about living.
Jains typically classify their regards for all life in five senses. The most protected of all are human beings and mammals. The fourth sense is anything with no hearing like wasps, locusts, or butterflies. The third sense is anything without sight or hearing. Worms and shell creatures fall under the second sense of anything with touch or taste. And the last sense, strictly touch, contains mainly the elements of the world. We being Christians to God, also keep such regards for all life, just in a less strict manner. For example, our sixth commandment, “You shall not kill” goes into much more depth than is actually written. This rule of God is understood to mean everything from brutal murder to taking the rights away from an individual is immoral. Besides it being immoral in our faith, it also lessens the quality of our community and even our world. Another rule of our faith that compares to the laws of Jainism’s ahimsa is that we lose our “closeness” and lessen our relationship with God when we commit harm to any of God’s living creatures. In Jainism, anything done to harm a living creature will also make the faith in their beliefs weaker. For example, in the movie viewed, “Ahimsa Non-violence” the man that drove to his occupation everyday instead of walking took the risk of killing anything on the road, and for this he is regretful and feels a lessening of his faith in ahimsa.
It is now clear that the Jain concept of ahimsa can be easily related to that of the Christian concept of respect for life.
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Mind that the sample papers like Jainism concept of ahimsa presented are to be used for review only. In order to warn you and eliminate any plagiarism writing intentions, it is highly recommended not to use the essays in class. In cases you experience difficulties with essay writing in class and for in class use, order original papers with our expert writers. Cheap custom papers can be written from scratch for each customer that entrusts his or her academic success to our writing team. Order your unique assignment from the best custom writing services cheap and fast!
Wednesday, April 25, 2012
Baroque Art
We are ready to represent the best custom paper writing assistance that can cope with any task like Baroque Art even at the eleventh hour. The matter is that we posses the greatest base of expert writers. Our staff of freelance writers includes approximately 300 experienced writers are at your disposal all year round. They are striving to provide the best ever services to the most desperate students that have already lost the hope for academic success. We offer the range of the most widely required, however, not recommended for college use papers. It is advisable to use our examples like Baroque Art in learning at public-education level. Get prepared and be smart with our best essay samples cheap and fast! Get in touch and we will write excellent custom coursework or essay especially for you.
Baroque art and architecture, is the art and architecture of Europe and its Latin American colonies in the 17th and the first half of the 18th centuries. This style is associated, above all, with Peter Paul Rubens and Giovanni Lorenzo Bernini.
Baroque was first applied to the art of this period in the late 18th century, when the style itself had gone out of fashion. Eventually, however, as the classical rules lost their hold in the next hundred years and art historians began to look more objectively at the art of the past, baroque lost its critical significance. By the early 0th century, first specialists and later a wider art-loving public saw that baroque artists and architects had made a positive and original contribution to European art.
For all its vigor, the baroque style was not absolutely new, in the sense that Gothic art or cubism were new. Formally, it owed much to Renaissance art and architecture and the intervening phase, Mannerism; it was also influenced by the antique Greek and Roman art and architecture. The classical orders of architecture and the idealized human figure are as much features of baroque art as they are of those earlier styles.
The development of the baroque style began in Italy around 1600, when a group of painters, of whom the most important were Michelangelo da Caravaggio and Annibale Carracci, brought about a revival of art in Rome following the breakdown of Mannerism.
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The main center of the baroque in the first three-quarters of the 17th century, however, was Rome, where a greater number of important works of art were created, and far more artists were active, than in all the rest of Europe. The dominant personalities were the sculptor and architect Bernini, the architect Francesco Borromini, and the architect and painter Pietro da Cortona.
Outside Italy and Flanders, the baroque was mainly a late 17th- and 18th-century phenomenon, although signs of it appeared earlier. Each region interpreted the style in a different way. In Spain and Portugal and their American colonies, the interpretation was more pious and popular, as can be seen in Bartolom Murillos painting of the Immaculate Conception or in the facade of Santiago de Compostela Cathedral (finished 1750), the plain surface of which is encrusted with carved forms partly of traditional Spanish origin. The art of Rembrandt was affected by the style (The Night Watch, 164).
In the early 18th century the baroque gave way in France and Germany to the rococo style, and in the second half of the century both styles were outdated by neoclassicism.
We pride ourselves with our value-added services, including art prints framing and mounting, provide customers with the option to enhance the appearance of their poster/print. Our framing services allows customers to choose from a variety of frames, mats, and glass. Our unique mounting service, exclusive to (our affiliated friends) AllPosters.com, permanently bonds prints to a sturdy hardboard backing. Both services produce high-quality, attractive finished products at a reasonable price.
Mind that the sample papers like Baroque Art presented are to be used for review only. In order to warn you and eliminate any plagiarism writing intentions, it is highly recommended not to use the essays in class. In cases you experience difficulties with essay writing in class and for in class use, order original papers with our expert writers. Cheap custom papers can be written from scratch for each customer that entrusts his or her academic success to our writing team. Order your unique assignment from the best custom writing services cheap and fast!
Baroque art and architecture, is the art and architecture of Europe and its Latin American colonies in the 17th and the first half of the 18th centuries. This style is associated, above all, with Peter Paul Rubens and Giovanni Lorenzo Bernini.
Baroque was first applied to the art of this period in the late 18th century, when the style itself had gone out of fashion. Eventually, however, as the classical rules lost their hold in the next hundred years and art historians began to look more objectively at the art of the past, baroque lost its critical significance. By the early 0th century, first specialists and later a wider art-loving public saw that baroque artists and architects had made a positive and original contribution to European art.
For all its vigor, the baroque style was not absolutely new, in the sense that Gothic art or cubism were new. Formally, it owed much to Renaissance art and architecture and the intervening phase, Mannerism; it was also influenced by the antique Greek and Roman art and architecture. The classical orders of architecture and the idealized human figure are as much features of baroque art as they are of those earlier styles.
The development of the baroque style began in Italy around 1600, when a group of painters, of whom the most important were Michelangelo da Caravaggio and Annibale Carracci, brought about a revival of art in Rome following the breakdown of Mannerism.
Do my coursework
The main center of the baroque in the first three-quarters of the 17th century, however, was Rome, where a greater number of important works of art were created, and far more artists were active, than in all the rest of Europe. The dominant personalities were the sculptor and architect Bernini, the architect Francesco Borromini, and the architect and painter Pietro da Cortona.
Outside Italy and Flanders, the baroque was mainly a late 17th- and 18th-century phenomenon, although signs of it appeared earlier. Each region interpreted the style in a different way. In Spain and Portugal and their American colonies, the interpretation was more pious and popular, as can be seen in Bartolom Murillos painting of the Immaculate Conception or in the facade of Santiago de Compostela Cathedral (finished 1750), the plain surface of which is encrusted with carved forms partly of traditional Spanish origin. The art of Rembrandt was affected by the style (The Night Watch, 164).
In the early 18th century the baroque gave way in France and Germany to the rococo style, and in the second half of the century both styles were outdated by neoclassicism.
We pride ourselves with our value-added services, including art prints framing and mounting, provide customers with the option to enhance the appearance of their poster/print. Our framing services allows customers to choose from a variety of frames, mats, and glass. Our unique mounting service, exclusive to (our affiliated friends) AllPosters.com, permanently bonds prints to a sturdy hardboard backing. Both services produce high-quality, attractive finished products at a reasonable price.
Mind that the sample papers like Baroque Art presented are to be used for review only. In order to warn you and eliminate any plagiarism writing intentions, it is highly recommended not to use the essays in class. In cases you experience difficulties with essay writing in class and for in class use, order original papers with our expert writers. Cheap custom papers can be written from scratch for each customer that entrusts his or her academic success to our writing team. Order your unique assignment from the best custom writing services cheap and fast!
Sunday, April 22, 2012
other peoples shoes
We are ready to represent the best custom paper writing assistance that can cope with any task like other peoples shoes even at the eleventh hour. The matter is that we posses the greatest base of expert writers. Our staff of freelance writers includes approximately 300 experienced writers are at your disposal all year round. They are striving to provide the best ever services to the most desperate students that have already lost the hope for academic success. We offer the range of the most widely required, however, not recommended for college use papers. It is advisable to use our examples like other peoples shoes in learning at public-education level. Get prepared and be smart with our best essay samples cheap and fast! Get in touch and we will write excellent custom coursework or essay especially for you.
Drama
I watched a play called “other peoples shoes,” Drama studio, written
by Danny Braverman and directed by Clair Chapman.
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The play was basically about the lives of young people in a secondary school.
The different characters each experienced different problems whether that was
socially, educationally, emotionally, or sexually.
The play basically gave us an insight of what it would be like if we were in the
shoes of these people, who found life a bit of a struggle because they were different
from other people, and were classed as not being “Normal.”
They play showed teenage kids, who suffered in their own ways, a sense of exclusion.
As well as inspiring, the play was fun to watch as they used a variety of styles and
genres. The style was theatre like, which meant the style was very physical,
educational, minimalist and forum as the play, was like a public meeting place for
open discussions.
From the opening scenes, I gathered up the idea that the play was very modern. This
was reflected through the dialogue, the props and background.
The play was mainly kept very contemporary as many of the different problems and
characteristics in the play related to the present, or immediate past of many issues that
occur on today.
The modern style was carried out throughout the play, very effectively as they used
slang, to represent the way in which teenagers carry themselves nowadays.
(i.e. when Melissa said to Sal “Ay, are you a lesbo?”)
The director used thought tracking to go back in time so, the audience can get a taste
of the characters past was like and how they got to be, they way in which they are.
Monologues were used quite a lot so we can have a set focus, on one character, to
know their inner feelings and emotions and why they feel, they way in which they do.
The play was set in East London, a democratic society with a mixed variety of
cultures, creating a multi-cultural society, which meant that some people didn’t fit in,
as they came from a particular background or country. A good example of this
was when Melissa didn’t want to work with Vardaan, because his English was not up
to Melissa’s standards, and Melissa assumed, because of the colour of his skin, he
came from Kosovo, and being a Kosoven was a bad thing to her.
Melissa made him an outcast and this brought down Vardaan’s self-esteem. Melissa’s
bitterness, created an atmosphere of tension and people, tried to keep themselves to
themselves, and not share their inner feelings and emotions, they truly had. (i.e. Sal
kept her true feelings in her diary that only her eyes could see.)
Music was used to reflect the culture of the characters we explored.
They used popular r ‘n’ b music that many teenagers listen to now. They used the
music very effectively as they choose an r ’n’ b singer who sings about the wrong in
gun crime and violence. Miss dynamite is an r ‘n’ b singer, who sings about peace,
someone that people see as a role model, who they can look up to, and follow their
example.
Sal followed Miss Dynamites footsteps and made not a song, but a poem about her
feelings and emotions.
The theme that stuck in my mind which was explored in the play, was the scene
where Melissa, knew that Sal was attracted to a member of the same sex and used this
against Sal to weaken her status as she knew Sal didn’t want anyone to know about
the way she felt, so every time Melissa would walk past Sal, she’ll call her a “lesbo”
Melissa spoke in a manipulative and scheming tone, which just completely lowered
Sal’s status.
This got to Sal, but if I was to play her character, I would not have just put my head
down and walked very fast away from Melissa, but stood my ground and told Melissa,
that there was noting wrong in feeling the way in which Sal felt.
The scene was staged at the back of the stage, which symbolized that Sal was in a
position that was hard to but not impossible to speak her heart out. From the
consequences that occurred later on in the play, where, Sal felt as thought, she had
lost a best friend I learnt that, its better off to share your a thoughts and feeling with
other people, or someone whom you feel close to.
Sal could have even spoken to someone who was in the same situation as her, as she
had a male cousin who was sexually attracted to members of the same sex as he was.
If you kept something to yourself, and not tell someone, you should expect it to in the
end finally come out, but just not in a very pleasant way.
Another scene that was explored in the play was, when Sal was trying to tell
Chantelle, that she loves her, in ways, which is more then, a friend. Sal was obviously
not being bold enough because Chantelle thought Sal was being sweet and she meant
it in a friendly gesture. This scene was set where Chantelle and Sal, were talking,
sitting on chairs based on the front of the stage, and Chantelle said to Sal, that she’s
happy and lucky to have her.
This gave Sal, the opportunity to tell Chantelle about the way she felt, but if I was to
act out Sal, I would have opened out more, and actually told Chantelle that I admired
her, and my feelings for her were deep.
The production made me think that all the characters had something in common, and
if they interacted and communicated with each other, most if not all their problems
would have been solved, as all their problem were similar, because they were all
suffering from exclusion.
The play was mainly set in school and by the setting of the stage I could clearly see
the play was set in a classroom. The way the, layout of the chairs were set out worked
effectively as, when there was a change of scene, one or two chairs would be
removed, and so the audience could clearly see, it was the beginning of a new scene.
No lighting or any special effects were used as it was not necessary, nor was it needed
for any part of the play.
The costumes that were used where realistic and symbolic to modern day, as the
characters wore the popular and most common uniform of black trousers and a white
shirt.
Vardaan, wore like everyone else, black trousers, a white shirt and trainers
The teacher wore, black fitted trousers a white shirt and a scarf, and this made her
look more sophisticated, and communicated to the audience that she had a higher
status then Vardaan and his classmates.
All the actresses and actors performed well but the character that stood out the most
for me, was Sal.
Sal was a very interesting character has, she had so many different personalities. Sal
would be happy, rude, kind, sharing and funny depending on who she was with.
Sal was a very lively individual.
To me I saw Sal as a very confused person, who didn’t have trust for many people,
and so wrote all her true feelings and emotions in her book.
She would put on a brave face, as if putting on a mask of another person who doesn’t
care about what anyone thinks, and just likes to have fun, but really behind that mask,
she’s a lost sheep who needs someone to lead the way for her.
It was hard for Sal to trust someone, and when she finally had trust in her best friend
Chantelle, Chantelle betrayed her.
This was when Sal took the mask off and showed the true Sal.
Sal was a very exciting character to watch, as you never expect exactly what she
would do next.
The play thought me of how bullying and provoking others does not always have to
be shown, by Violence or loud voices. It can be done in soft, arrogant voice the way
in which Melissa done to Sal.
As the play was forum, I learnt that slightly altering a piece of drama can come to a
conclusion.
On the whole I really enjoyed watching the play, and the discussions at the end, of
what we would do differently if we were either Sal, Vardaan, Melissa or Chantelle.
Mind that the sample papers like other peoples shoes presented are to be used for review only. In order to warn you and eliminate any plagiarism writing intentions, it is highly recommended not to use the essays in class. In cases you experience difficulties with essay writing in class and for in class use, order original papers with our expert writers. Cheap custom papers can be written from scratch for each customer that entrusts his or her academic success to our writing team. Order your unique assignment from the best custom writing services cheap and fast!
Drama
I watched a play called “other peoples shoes,” Drama studio, written
by Danny Braverman and directed by Clair Chapman.
Do my coursework
The play was basically about the lives of young people in a secondary school.
The different characters each experienced different problems whether that was
socially, educationally, emotionally, or sexually.
The play basically gave us an insight of what it would be like if we were in the
shoes of these people, who found life a bit of a struggle because they were different
from other people, and were classed as not being “Normal.”
They play showed teenage kids, who suffered in their own ways, a sense of exclusion.
As well as inspiring, the play was fun to watch as they used a variety of styles and
genres. The style was theatre like, which meant the style was very physical,
educational, minimalist and forum as the play, was like a public meeting place for
open discussions.
From the opening scenes, I gathered up the idea that the play was very modern. This
was reflected through the dialogue, the props and background.
The play was mainly kept very contemporary as many of the different problems and
characteristics in the play related to the present, or immediate past of many issues that
occur on today.
The modern style was carried out throughout the play, very effectively as they used
slang, to represent the way in which teenagers carry themselves nowadays.
(i.e. when Melissa said to Sal “Ay, are you a lesbo?”)
The director used thought tracking to go back in time so, the audience can get a taste
of the characters past was like and how they got to be, they way in which they are.
Monologues were used quite a lot so we can have a set focus, on one character, to
know their inner feelings and emotions and why they feel, they way in which they do.
The play was set in East London, a democratic society with a mixed variety of
cultures, creating a multi-cultural society, which meant that some people didn’t fit in,
as they came from a particular background or country. A good example of this
was when Melissa didn’t want to work with Vardaan, because his English was not up
to Melissa’s standards, and Melissa assumed, because of the colour of his skin, he
came from Kosovo, and being a Kosoven was a bad thing to her.
Melissa made him an outcast and this brought down Vardaan’s self-esteem. Melissa’s
bitterness, created an atmosphere of tension and people, tried to keep themselves to
themselves, and not share their inner feelings and emotions, they truly had. (i.e. Sal
kept her true feelings in her diary that only her eyes could see.)
Music was used to reflect the culture of the characters we explored.
They used popular r ‘n’ b music that many teenagers listen to now. They used the
music very effectively as they choose an r ’n’ b singer who sings about the wrong in
gun crime and violence. Miss dynamite is an r ‘n’ b singer, who sings about peace,
someone that people see as a role model, who they can look up to, and follow their
example.
Sal followed Miss Dynamites footsteps and made not a song, but a poem about her
feelings and emotions.
The theme that stuck in my mind which was explored in the play, was the scene
where Melissa, knew that Sal was attracted to a member of the same sex and used this
against Sal to weaken her status as she knew Sal didn’t want anyone to know about
the way she felt, so every time Melissa would walk past Sal, she’ll call her a “lesbo”
Melissa spoke in a manipulative and scheming tone, which just completely lowered
Sal’s status.
This got to Sal, but if I was to play her character, I would not have just put my head
down and walked very fast away from Melissa, but stood my ground and told Melissa,
that there was noting wrong in feeling the way in which Sal felt.
The scene was staged at the back of the stage, which symbolized that Sal was in a
position that was hard to but not impossible to speak her heart out. From the
consequences that occurred later on in the play, where, Sal felt as thought, she had
lost a best friend I learnt that, its better off to share your a thoughts and feeling with
other people, or someone whom you feel close to.
Sal could have even spoken to someone who was in the same situation as her, as she
had a male cousin who was sexually attracted to members of the same sex as he was.
If you kept something to yourself, and not tell someone, you should expect it to in the
end finally come out, but just not in a very pleasant way.
Another scene that was explored in the play was, when Sal was trying to tell
Chantelle, that she loves her, in ways, which is more then, a friend. Sal was obviously
not being bold enough because Chantelle thought Sal was being sweet and she meant
it in a friendly gesture. This scene was set where Chantelle and Sal, were talking,
sitting on chairs based on the front of the stage, and Chantelle said to Sal, that she’s
happy and lucky to have her.
This gave Sal, the opportunity to tell Chantelle about the way she felt, but if I was to
act out Sal, I would have opened out more, and actually told Chantelle that I admired
her, and my feelings for her were deep.
The production made me think that all the characters had something in common, and
if they interacted and communicated with each other, most if not all their problems
would have been solved, as all their problem were similar, because they were all
suffering from exclusion.
The play was mainly set in school and by the setting of the stage I could clearly see
the play was set in a classroom. The way the, layout of the chairs were set out worked
effectively as, when there was a change of scene, one or two chairs would be
removed, and so the audience could clearly see, it was the beginning of a new scene.
No lighting or any special effects were used as it was not necessary, nor was it needed
for any part of the play.
The costumes that were used where realistic and symbolic to modern day, as the
characters wore the popular and most common uniform of black trousers and a white
shirt.
Vardaan, wore like everyone else, black trousers, a white shirt and trainers
The teacher wore, black fitted trousers a white shirt and a scarf, and this made her
look more sophisticated, and communicated to the audience that she had a higher
status then Vardaan and his classmates.
All the actresses and actors performed well but the character that stood out the most
for me, was Sal.
Sal was a very interesting character has, she had so many different personalities. Sal
would be happy, rude, kind, sharing and funny depending on who she was with.
Sal was a very lively individual.
To me I saw Sal as a very confused person, who didn’t have trust for many people,
and so wrote all her true feelings and emotions in her book.
She would put on a brave face, as if putting on a mask of another person who doesn’t
care about what anyone thinks, and just likes to have fun, but really behind that mask,
she’s a lost sheep who needs someone to lead the way for her.
It was hard for Sal to trust someone, and when she finally had trust in her best friend
Chantelle, Chantelle betrayed her.
This was when Sal took the mask off and showed the true Sal.
Sal was a very exciting character to watch, as you never expect exactly what she
would do next.
The play thought me of how bullying and provoking others does not always have to
be shown, by Violence or loud voices. It can be done in soft, arrogant voice the way
in which Melissa done to Sal.
As the play was forum, I learnt that slightly altering a piece of drama can come to a
conclusion.
On the whole I really enjoyed watching the play, and the discussions at the end, of
what we would do differently if we were either Sal, Vardaan, Melissa or Chantelle.
Mind that the sample papers like other peoples shoes presented are to be used for review only. In order to warn you and eliminate any plagiarism writing intentions, it is highly recommended not to use the essays in class. In cases you experience difficulties with essay writing in class and for in class use, order original papers with our expert writers. Cheap custom papers can be written from scratch for each customer that entrusts his or her academic success to our writing team. Order your unique assignment from the best custom writing services cheap and fast!
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