We are ready to represent the best custom paper writing assistance that can cope with any task like Analysing Salvador Dali's Galatea of spheres, 1952 even at the eleventh hour. The matter is that we posses the greatest base of expert writers. Our staff of freelance writers includes approximately 300 experienced writers are at your disposal all year round. They are striving to provide the best ever services to the most desperate students that have already lost the hope for academic success. We offer the range of the most widely required, however, not recommended for college use papers. It is advisable to use our examples like Analysing Salvador Dali's Galatea of spheres, 1952 in learning at public-education level. Get prepared and be smart with our best essay samples cheap and fast! Get in touch and we will write excellent custom coursework or essay especially for you.
The artists name is Salvador Dali; the portrait I am intending to analyse is Galatea Of Spheres. Dali has painted many surrealist portraits.
When I look at the portrait of ‘Galatea Of Spheres’, I can see that Dali has used a variety of pale colours and he uses circular shapes, which I think represent spheres and inside the spheres he has drawn the features of a persons face. To me this is a fine use of texture because I think it builds character in a painting. I’ve noticed that throughout his work the positioning of the objects seem to be located in the centre of the portrait. In the portrait, which I have selected and analysing I’ve noticed that he has drawn the lady as if she was indignant inside and behind her looks as if the sun is set. If I was asked what I thought was the most important part of the work, I would have to say that Dali has mainly focused on the face and the spheres in which he has drawn the features. I’m not positive about the exact time of year, but I can tell you it looks as if it has a clear sky, so I would have to say it could be summer and the time of the day is early evening, the evidence is that the sun is setting. Salvador Dali was obsessed with spiritual � mystical portrait of Galetea and science the spheres in which he has drawn are combined as a general order of the universe, so he painted it over and over. The background is simplified basically the same, with only the sky and the sea. Making up any subject, which would only complicate the principal theme. I can tell by just looking at this portrait that it has been distorted, I can tell this because you’re able to see half of the face through the spheres, I would also call is surrealism because you wouldn’t normally see an oversized head in front of a sunset background. Salvador Dali uses a variety of pallid and dark colours throughout his work and on the top of this uses dark outlines to give the portrait a -D effect. The portrait has been distorted due to the fragmentation of the spheres, which are located in a middle of a sunset background. My opinion on his detail in this portrait, I would have to say is basic; there is not a great amount of detail when it comes to the face and the background looks simple. I think that Dali has used texture because the spheres create texture as he makes them stand out and texture builds character. Dali has created an discontented atmosphere, I think that he has created using dark and pale colours and makes Galia look extremely sorrowful. I have taken a liking to the portrait because it is unusual and I have never seen anything like it before. Picasso’s work consists of a variety of dark colours and dark outlines, whereas Dali uses a variety of pale colours and surrealism. But Picasso’s work is known to be distorted as he mainly focuses on Distorted faces. Dali doesn’t just focus mainly on faces, he goes as far as drawing surrealist bodies of woman and focuses on their upper- body, but when I come to create my piece of work, I am only going to focus on the face, as to me it is the most important part of a woman as it is always on show to the world.
I haven’t yet tried any of Dali’s methods but I will, when I draft out my final piece of work. Dali’s work influenced me because it was unusual. The fact is that Dali is not afraid to use a variety of materials and hopefully I will be able to show that in my own work.
I will not be using the spheres in my final piece of work, as I found it time consuming and difficult to produce.
Mind that the sample papers like Analysing Salvador Dali's Galatea of spheres, 1952 presented are to be used for review only. In order to warn you and eliminate any plagiarism writing intentions, it is highly recommended not to use the essays in class. In cases you experience difficulties with essay writing in class and for in class use, order original papers with our expert writers. Cheap custom papers can be written from scratch for each customer that entrusts his or her academic success to our writing team. Order your unique assignment from the best custom writing services cheap and fast!
Showing posts with label example of essay. Show all posts
Showing posts with label example of essay. Show all posts
Monday, September 3, 2012
Tuesday, August 14, 2012
Desirees Baby
We are ready to represent the best custom paper writing assistance that can cope with any task like Desirees Baby even at the eleventh hour. The matter is that we posses the greatest base of expert writers. Our staff of freelance writers includes approximately 300 experienced writers are at your disposal all year round. They are striving to provide the best ever services to the most desperate students that have already lost the hope for academic success. We offer the range of the most widely required, however, not recommended for college use papers. It is advisable to use our examples like Desirees Baby in learning at public-education level. Get prepared and be smart with our best essay samples cheap and fast! Get in touch and we will write excellent custom coursework or essay especially for you.
Desiree’s Baby
Kate Chopin
I thought that this story was sad and very interesting. It showed us how innocent people suffer because of the racial barriers. Desiree was married to a black man and didn’t know it until they had their baby. Even at the end of the story the author doesn’t tell us that she’d found out about his color. Armand, her husband, accused her of being black and made her leave with the baby. But he was mistaken. Armand’s mother was black and his parents kept it a secret from him. The story has a lot of irony in it. The entire time I thought that Desiree was responsible for the child’s color, until the last paragraph! He sent her away and then found out that he was black. I think he regretted his actions afterwards and wanted her to come back. Armand was willing to give up his love only because he thought she was black. It’s a great story and it made me realized that this actually happens to many people. I didn’t like that Armand acted so cruelly towards his wife, and made her suffer. Even if she would have been black, I didn’t think he should have acted the way he did.
After the class discussion, I understood the story more. More than that, I realized that the discrimination is still among us, even after about 50 years. Not as much as it used to be and maybe by far less, but the unfairness is still there.
Mind that the sample papers like Desirees Baby presented are to be used for review only. In order to warn you and eliminate any plagiarism writing intentions, it is highly recommended not to use the essays in class. In cases you experience difficulties with essay writing in class and for in class use, order original papers with our expert writers. Cheap custom papers can be written from scratch for each customer that entrusts his or her academic success to our writing team. Order your unique assignment from the best custom writing services cheap and fast!
Desiree’s Baby
Kate Chopin
I thought that this story was sad and very interesting. It showed us how innocent people suffer because of the racial barriers. Desiree was married to a black man and didn’t know it until they had their baby. Even at the end of the story the author doesn’t tell us that she’d found out about his color. Armand, her husband, accused her of being black and made her leave with the baby. But he was mistaken. Armand’s mother was black and his parents kept it a secret from him. The story has a lot of irony in it. The entire time I thought that Desiree was responsible for the child’s color, until the last paragraph! He sent her away and then found out that he was black. I think he regretted his actions afterwards and wanted her to come back. Armand was willing to give up his love only because he thought she was black. It’s a great story and it made me realized that this actually happens to many people. I didn’t like that Armand acted so cruelly towards his wife, and made her suffer. Even if she would have been black, I didn’t think he should have acted the way he did.
After the class discussion, I understood the story more. More than that, I realized that the discrimination is still among us, even after about 50 years. Not as much as it used to be and maybe by far less, but the unfairness is still there.
Mind that the sample papers like Desirees Baby presented are to be used for review only. In order to warn you and eliminate any plagiarism writing intentions, it is highly recommended not to use the essays in class. In cases you experience difficulties with essay writing in class and for in class use, order original papers with our expert writers. Cheap custom papers can be written from scratch for each customer that entrusts his or her academic success to our writing team. Order your unique assignment from the best custom writing services cheap and fast!
Wednesday, August 8, 2012
Basketball is a great sport
We are ready to represent the best custom paper writing assistance that can cope with any task like Basketball is a great sport even at the eleventh hour. The matter is that we posses the greatest base of expert writers. Our staff of freelance writers includes approximately 300 experienced writers are at your disposal all year round. They are striving to provide the best ever services to the most desperate students that have already lost the hope for academic success. We offer the range of the most widely required, however, not recommended for college use papers. It is advisable to use our examples like Basketball is a great sport in learning at public-education level. Get prepared and be smart with our best essay samples cheap and fast! Get in touch and we will write excellent custom coursework or essay especially for you.
One of the smoothest sports that can be played is basketball. Basketball consisted of many different positions like forwards, shooting guards, a point guard, and a center that makes a team. A jazz band is also like a basketball team in many ways. A jazz band has many different instruments that can be compared to a basketball team. The instruments can be compared to a team because every complete jazz band has trumpets, saxophones, and clarinets that can represent the player at the top of the key. Also, the band has all the basses, and trombones that could represent the player down low. The most important instrument would be the drums that would represent the point guard, who leads the team. Playing basketball for a team is like playing in a jazz band because it’s very exciting.
The looks of a basketball team is very important for a team performance. The looks of a team includes on how they move the ball from end to end of the court, how the pass the ball, how they perform as a team, and how they shoot the ball. In order for a team to look good they must be able to run the floor without going tried. While running up and down the court they must be able to play hard defense. On offense they must be able to make nice sharp passes in order not to get a turnover. Also, the team must be able to shoot in order to look good for there fans. Next, a team must have a type of chemistry between each other for better communication. Communication is vital because it allow the team to be more focus which helps them make better decisions. But, looks are also important for a jazz band for the performance. In order for a jazz band to look good they must be able to make smooth transition in the music, keep full energy while playing and all the instrument must be in tunes with each other with playing. A jazz band must be able to make smooth transition from measure to measure in order for them to look and perform well. For example the band must be able to go from a nice fast swinging beat to a nice smooth beat in a matter of two measures. Second, the band must be full of energy especially the wind section. The wind or brass section consists of the trumpets, trombones, saxophones, and clarinet that make up half of a jazz band. Most of the energy lies in the hands of the drummer which usually slow or speeds up things in the band. In return the rest of the band feeds off the energy provided by each other and the drummer giving them a good exciting performance. Third, in order for the band to look good they must be able to sound good. In order for them to song good all of the instrument must be in tune with each other. For example the whole band must play their B flat on their instrument before and performance to get in tune. Therefore, a jazz band and a basketball team are very alike on how they look at a performance.
Every Basketball team has a coach to help guide them through a basketball game. Usually the coach control the tempo of the game by giving his player special plays to control the game. Also he subs different player in and out the game according to the type of game that is being played. For example if it’s a hard played fast tempo game he might put in one his more aggressive and relax players in to try to slow the tempo down some. Next, he can also be the most moody person on the floor on changes of events. A coach can be in a semi relax mood and with a bad call against his team he can become the most aggressive person on the floor. But, a jazz band is lead by and conductor which control the tempo of the band. The conductor is very important to the band in many different ways. The conductor always gives the band the tempo of the song before they actually started playing. This gives the band an idea on how fast the song would be played in the performance. During the performance he queue different instruments in and out the songs. Like if the drums, trombones, clarinets, and trumpets started the song playing, and the saxophones had rest in the beginning he would queue them in when it’s their time. The conductor is also very moody because he can go to a nice, smooth, and relaxing to a swinging, fast, and dancing mood in a matter of a measure. Therefore, the conductor gives you many qualities of a basketball coach doing to game.
The performance of a basketball team is very important to a team. The team that gives their best performance usually draws a bigger crowd of fans to their game. Fans like this because they know that the game will be very exciting and well played. This will begin in more money for the franchise to better help their futility. But, the performance of a jazz band is very important. The performance is important because the better the show is the more people will attend the concert. This will result in more people beginning and donating money to the band. With the money that the band begins in they will the able to buy better material like amps, and microphones to better the band. Therefore, the performance of a jazz band and a basketball team is very similar.
In conclusion playing for basketball team is like playing for a jazz band it’s very exciting.
Mind that the sample papers like Basketball is a great sport presented are to be used for review only. In order to warn you and eliminate any plagiarism writing intentions, it is highly recommended not to use the essays in class. In cases you experience difficulties with essay writing in class and for in class use, order original papers with our expert writers. Cheap custom papers can be written from scratch for each customer that entrusts his or her academic success to our writing team. Order your unique assignment from the best custom writing services cheap and fast!
One of the smoothest sports that can be played is basketball. Basketball consisted of many different positions like forwards, shooting guards, a point guard, and a center that makes a team. A jazz band is also like a basketball team in many ways. A jazz band has many different instruments that can be compared to a basketball team. The instruments can be compared to a team because every complete jazz band has trumpets, saxophones, and clarinets that can represent the player at the top of the key. Also, the band has all the basses, and trombones that could represent the player down low. The most important instrument would be the drums that would represent the point guard, who leads the team. Playing basketball for a team is like playing in a jazz band because it’s very exciting.
The looks of a basketball team is very important for a team performance. The looks of a team includes on how they move the ball from end to end of the court, how the pass the ball, how they perform as a team, and how they shoot the ball. In order for a team to look good they must be able to run the floor without going tried. While running up and down the court they must be able to play hard defense. On offense they must be able to make nice sharp passes in order not to get a turnover. Also, the team must be able to shoot in order to look good for there fans. Next, a team must have a type of chemistry between each other for better communication. Communication is vital because it allow the team to be more focus which helps them make better decisions. But, looks are also important for a jazz band for the performance. In order for a jazz band to look good they must be able to make smooth transition in the music, keep full energy while playing and all the instrument must be in tunes with each other with playing. A jazz band must be able to make smooth transition from measure to measure in order for them to look and perform well. For example the band must be able to go from a nice fast swinging beat to a nice smooth beat in a matter of two measures. Second, the band must be full of energy especially the wind section. The wind or brass section consists of the trumpets, trombones, saxophones, and clarinet that make up half of a jazz band. Most of the energy lies in the hands of the drummer which usually slow or speeds up things in the band. In return the rest of the band feeds off the energy provided by each other and the drummer giving them a good exciting performance. Third, in order for the band to look good they must be able to sound good. In order for them to song good all of the instrument must be in tune with each other. For example the whole band must play their B flat on their instrument before and performance to get in tune. Therefore, a jazz band and a basketball team are very alike on how they look at a performance.
Every Basketball team has a coach to help guide them through a basketball game. Usually the coach control the tempo of the game by giving his player special plays to control the game. Also he subs different player in and out the game according to the type of game that is being played. For example if it’s a hard played fast tempo game he might put in one his more aggressive and relax players in to try to slow the tempo down some. Next, he can also be the most moody person on the floor on changes of events. A coach can be in a semi relax mood and with a bad call against his team he can become the most aggressive person on the floor. But, a jazz band is lead by and conductor which control the tempo of the band. The conductor is very important to the band in many different ways. The conductor always gives the band the tempo of the song before they actually started playing. This gives the band an idea on how fast the song would be played in the performance. During the performance he queue different instruments in and out the songs. Like if the drums, trombones, clarinets, and trumpets started the song playing, and the saxophones had rest in the beginning he would queue them in when it’s their time. The conductor is also very moody because he can go to a nice, smooth, and relaxing to a swinging, fast, and dancing mood in a matter of a measure. Therefore, the conductor gives you many qualities of a basketball coach doing to game.
The performance of a basketball team is very important to a team. The team that gives their best performance usually draws a bigger crowd of fans to their game. Fans like this because they know that the game will be very exciting and well played. This will begin in more money for the franchise to better help their futility. But, the performance of a jazz band is very important. The performance is important because the better the show is the more people will attend the concert. This will result in more people beginning and donating money to the band. With the money that the band begins in they will the able to buy better material like amps, and microphones to better the band. Therefore, the performance of a jazz band and a basketball team is very similar.
In conclusion playing for basketball team is like playing for a jazz band it’s very exciting.
Mind that the sample papers like Basketball is a great sport presented are to be used for review only. In order to warn you and eliminate any plagiarism writing intentions, it is highly recommended not to use the essays in class. In cases you experience difficulties with essay writing in class and for in class use, order original papers with our expert writers. Cheap custom papers can be written from scratch for each customer that entrusts his or her academic success to our writing team. Order your unique assignment from the best custom writing services cheap and fast!
Monday, July 30, 2012
Korea, South Economy
We are ready to represent the best custom paper writing assistance that can cope with any task like Korea, South Economy even at the eleventh hour. The matter is that we posses the greatest base of expert writers. Our staff of freelance writers includes approximately 300 experienced writers are at your disposal all year round. They are striving to provide the best ever services to the most desperate students that have already lost the hope for academic success. We offer the range of the most widely required, however, not recommended for college use papers. It is advisable to use our examples like Korea, South Economy in learning at public-education level. Get prepared and be smart with our best essay samples cheap and fast! Get in touch and we will write excellent custom coursework or essay especially for you.
Economy - overview As one of the Four Tigers of East Asia, South Korea has achieved an incredible record of growth. Three decades ago GDP per capita was comparable with levels in the poorer countries of Africa and Asia. Today its GDP per capita is seven times Indias, 17 times North Koreas, and comparable to the lesser economies of the European Union. This success through the late 180s was achieved by a system of close government/business ties, including directed credit, import restrictions, sponsorship of specific industries, and a strong labor effort. The government promoted the import of raw materials and technology at the expense of consumer goods and encouraged savings and investment over consumption. The Asian financial crisis of 17- exposed certain longstanding weaknesses in South Koreas development model, including high debt/equity ratios, massive foreign borrowing, and an undisciplined financial sector. Growth plunged by 6.6% in 18, then strongly recovered to plus 10% in 1 and % in 000. Growth fell back to .% in 001 because of the slowing global economy, falling exports, and the perception that much-needed corporate and financial reforms have stalled.
GDP purchasing power parity - $865 billion (001 est.)
GDP - real growth rate .% (001 est.)
GDP - per capita purchasing power parity - $18,000 (001 est.)
GDP - composition by sector
agriculture 5%
industry 44%
services 51% (001 est.)
Population below poverty line 4% (001 est.)
Household income or consumption by percentage share
lowest 10% .6%
highest 10% 4.8% (18 est.)
Distribution of family income - Gini index 1.6 (1)
Inflation rate (consumer prices) 4.% (001 est.)
Labor force million (001)
Labor force - by occupation services 6%, industry 1.5%, agriculture .5% (001)
Unemployment rate .% (001)
Budget
revenues $118.1 billion
expenditures $5.7 billion, including capital expenditures of $.6 billion (000)
Industries electronics, automobile production, chemicals, shipbuilding, steel, textiles, clothing, footwear, food processing
Industrial production growth rate 1.8% (001 est.)
Electricity - production 7.04 billion kWh (000)
Electricity - production by source
fossil fuel 60.6%
hydro 1.45%
other 0.0% (000)
nuclear 7.8%
Electricity - consumption 54.08 billion kWh (000)
Electricity - exports 0 kWh (000)
Electricity - imports 0 kWh (000)
Agriculture - products rice, root crops, barley, vegetables, fruit; cattle, pigs, chickens, milk, eggs; fish
Exports $168. billion (f.o.b., 001)
Exports - commodities electronic products, machinery and equipment, motor vehicles, steel, ships; textiles, clothing, footwear; fish
Exports - partners US 1.8%, Japan 11.%, China 10.7%, Hong Kong 6.%, Taiwan 4.7% (000)
Imports $15. billion (f.o.b., 001)
Imports - commodities machinery, electronics and electronic equipment, oil, steel, transport equipment, textiles, organic chemicals, grains
Imports - partners Japan 1.8%, US 18.%, China 8%, Saudi Arabia 6%, Australia .7% (000)
Debt - external $10.5 billion (001)
Economic aid - recipient $NA
Currency South Korean won (KRW)
Currency code KRW
Exchange rates South Korean won per US dollar - 1,17.01 (January 00), 1,0. (001), 1,10.6 (000), 1,188.8 (1), 1,401.44 (18), 51. (17)
Fiscal year calendar year
NOTE The information regarding Korea, South on this page is re-published from the 00 World Fact Book of the United States Central Intelligence Agency. No claims are made regarding the accuracy of Korea, South Economy 00 information contained here. All suggestions for corrections of any errors about Korea, South Economy 00 should be addressed to the CIA.
Mind that the sample papers like Korea, South Economy presented are to be used for review only. In order to warn you and eliminate any plagiarism writing intentions, it is highly recommended not to use the essays in class. In cases you experience difficulties with essay writing in class and for in class use, order original papers with our expert writers. Cheap custom papers can be written from scratch for each customer that entrusts his or her academic success to our writing team. Order your unique assignment from the best custom writing services cheap and fast!
Economy - overview As one of the Four Tigers of East Asia, South Korea has achieved an incredible record of growth. Three decades ago GDP per capita was comparable with levels in the poorer countries of Africa and Asia. Today its GDP per capita is seven times Indias, 17 times North Koreas, and comparable to the lesser economies of the European Union. This success through the late 180s was achieved by a system of close government/business ties, including directed credit, import restrictions, sponsorship of specific industries, and a strong labor effort. The government promoted the import of raw materials and technology at the expense of consumer goods and encouraged savings and investment over consumption. The Asian financial crisis of 17- exposed certain longstanding weaknesses in South Koreas development model, including high debt/equity ratios, massive foreign borrowing, and an undisciplined financial sector. Growth plunged by 6.6% in 18, then strongly recovered to plus 10% in 1 and % in 000. Growth fell back to .% in 001 because of the slowing global economy, falling exports, and the perception that much-needed corporate and financial reforms have stalled.
GDP purchasing power parity - $865 billion (001 est.)
GDP - real growth rate .% (001 est.)
GDP - per capita purchasing power parity - $18,000 (001 est.)
GDP - composition by sector
agriculture 5%
industry 44%
services 51% (001 est.)
Population below poverty line 4% (001 est.)
Household income or consumption by percentage share
lowest 10% .6%
highest 10% 4.8% (18 est.)
Distribution of family income - Gini index 1.6 (1)
Inflation rate (consumer prices) 4.% (001 est.)
Labor force million (001)
Labor force - by occupation services 6%, industry 1.5%, agriculture .5% (001)
Unemployment rate .% (001)
Budget
revenues $118.1 billion
expenditures $5.7 billion, including capital expenditures of $.6 billion (000)
Industries electronics, automobile production, chemicals, shipbuilding, steel, textiles, clothing, footwear, food processing
Industrial production growth rate 1.8% (001 est.)
Electricity - production 7.04 billion kWh (000)
Electricity - production by source
fossil fuel 60.6%
hydro 1.45%
other 0.0% (000)
nuclear 7.8%
Electricity - consumption 54.08 billion kWh (000)
Electricity - exports 0 kWh (000)
Electricity - imports 0 kWh (000)
Agriculture - products rice, root crops, barley, vegetables, fruit; cattle, pigs, chickens, milk, eggs; fish
Exports $168. billion (f.o.b., 001)
Exports - commodities electronic products, machinery and equipment, motor vehicles, steel, ships; textiles, clothing, footwear; fish
Exports - partners US 1.8%, Japan 11.%, China 10.7%, Hong Kong 6.%, Taiwan 4.7% (000)
Imports $15. billion (f.o.b., 001)
Imports - commodities machinery, electronics and electronic equipment, oil, steel, transport equipment, textiles, organic chemicals, grains
Imports - partners Japan 1.8%, US 18.%, China 8%, Saudi Arabia 6%, Australia .7% (000)
Debt - external $10.5 billion (001)
Economic aid - recipient $NA
Currency South Korean won (KRW)
Currency code KRW
Exchange rates South Korean won per US dollar - 1,17.01 (January 00), 1,0. (001), 1,10.6 (000), 1,188.8 (1), 1,401.44 (18), 51. (17)
Fiscal year calendar year
NOTE The information regarding Korea, South on this page is re-published from the 00 World Fact Book of the United States Central Intelligence Agency. No claims are made regarding the accuracy of Korea, South Economy 00 information contained here. All suggestions for corrections of any errors about Korea, South Economy 00 should be addressed to the CIA.
Mind that the sample papers like Korea, South Economy presented are to be used for review only. In order to warn you and eliminate any plagiarism writing intentions, it is highly recommended not to use the essays in class. In cases you experience difficulties with essay writing in class and for in class use, order original papers with our expert writers. Cheap custom papers can be written from scratch for each customer that entrusts his or her academic success to our writing team. Order your unique assignment from the best custom writing services cheap and fast!
Friday, July 13, 2012
Drinking and Driving
We are ready to represent the best custom paper writing assistance that can cope with any task like Drinking and Driving even at the eleventh hour. The matter is that we posses the greatest base of expert writers. Our staff of freelance writers includes approximately 300 experienced writers are at your disposal all year round. They are striving to provide the best ever services to the most desperate students that have already lost the hope for academic success. We offer the range of the most widely required, however, not recommended for college use papers. It is advisable to use our examples like Drinking and Driving in learning at public-education level. Get prepared and be smart with our best essay samples cheap and fast! Get in touch and we will write excellent custom coursework or essay especially for you.
DRINKING AND DRIVING
Arrive Alive! Don’t Drink And Drive! These are the messages we see around us each day. Have you ever wondered about the consequences of drinking and driving? It hurts to even think about it doesn’t it! As the holiday season approaches people tend to drink more at family gatherings and social events. Unfortunately people often do not realize how much alcohol they have consumed as they get behind the wheel to drive home. Over the past years the death toll has increased due to drinking and driving. Many citizens are losing their right to feel safe and secure. And many families have been shattered of their dreams losing their able breadwinner. In view of these calamities, I believe such drivers should lose their license permanently.
Every six hours someone is killed by a drunk driver in Canada. Making this the largest single criminal cause of death in the country. Drunk driving is a problem that Canada has faced ever since alcohol and driving has been together. Statistics from National Canadians Against Drunk Driving (NCADD) show that in 17, 5, 447 young people died in vehicle crashes and that 65% of them died due to dinking and driving. Each year the death toll increases each year. Statistics also shows that most of Canada’s drunk drivers are between the ages of 15-0.
As for the second reason, drunk driving remains a serious issue that tragically affects thousands of victims annually. The lives of many are put at risk due to this. As “Charter of Rights Section 8” says “The citizens should have the right to feel secure and safe”. But with drunk drivers among the road citizens won’t feel safe driving. The reaction of citizens towards drunk drivers will only change if the licenses of the drivers are permanently suspended.
Besides robbing people’s lives and snatching their right to be safe behind the wheel, drunk driving also shatters family lives in some cases and leads to social problems. In such cases where the breadwinner of the family is lost due to drinking and driving, the family wouldn’t be able to function as usual. The rest of the family members would have to forget about their dreams and hopes. In my own experience I’ve seen my friend’s family suffer the consequences caused by drinking and driving. The father of two teenagers who were entering university and a husband of a disabled wife was lost recently due to drinking and driving. Since this accident, the children couldn’t enter universities because they had to take care of their mother by working rather than building a future for themselves. This and many other accidents are happening each day shattering a family’s hopes and dreams.
Therefore, I honestly believe that drivers who drink and drive should lose their license permanently. This will not only decrease the amount of death toll due to accidents but also give citizens on the road a safe and secured feel to drive. Families will be also safe guarded from unexpected disasters. Everyone should feel that driving is a privilage not a right and therefore it should not be abused by drinking and driving. No one has the right to play with the precious life, which has been graciously granted by God. Drinking and driving is dangerous and irresponsible. Don’t mix the two!
Mind that the sample papers like Drinking and Driving presented are to be used for review only. In order to warn you and eliminate any plagiarism writing intentions, it is highly recommended not to use the essays in class. In cases you experience difficulties with essay writing in class and for in class use, order original papers with our expert writers. Cheap custom papers can be written from scratch for each customer that entrusts his or her academic success to our writing team. Order your unique assignment from the best custom writing services cheap and fast!
DRINKING AND DRIVING
Arrive Alive! Don’t Drink And Drive! These are the messages we see around us each day. Have you ever wondered about the consequences of drinking and driving? It hurts to even think about it doesn’t it! As the holiday season approaches people tend to drink more at family gatherings and social events. Unfortunately people often do not realize how much alcohol they have consumed as they get behind the wheel to drive home. Over the past years the death toll has increased due to drinking and driving. Many citizens are losing their right to feel safe and secure. And many families have been shattered of their dreams losing their able breadwinner. In view of these calamities, I believe such drivers should lose their license permanently.
Every six hours someone is killed by a drunk driver in Canada. Making this the largest single criminal cause of death in the country. Drunk driving is a problem that Canada has faced ever since alcohol and driving has been together. Statistics from National Canadians Against Drunk Driving (NCADD) show that in 17, 5, 447 young people died in vehicle crashes and that 65% of them died due to dinking and driving. Each year the death toll increases each year. Statistics also shows that most of Canada’s drunk drivers are between the ages of 15-0.
As for the second reason, drunk driving remains a serious issue that tragically affects thousands of victims annually. The lives of many are put at risk due to this. As “Charter of Rights Section 8” says “The citizens should have the right to feel secure and safe”. But with drunk drivers among the road citizens won’t feel safe driving. The reaction of citizens towards drunk drivers will only change if the licenses of the drivers are permanently suspended.
Besides robbing people’s lives and snatching their right to be safe behind the wheel, drunk driving also shatters family lives in some cases and leads to social problems. In such cases where the breadwinner of the family is lost due to drinking and driving, the family wouldn’t be able to function as usual. The rest of the family members would have to forget about their dreams and hopes. In my own experience I’ve seen my friend’s family suffer the consequences caused by drinking and driving. The father of two teenagers who were entering university and a husband of a disabled wife was lost recently due to drinking and driving. Since this accident, the children couldn’t enter universities because they had to take care of their mother by working rather than building a future for themselves. This and many other accidents are happening each day shattering a family’s hopes and dreams.
Therefore, I honestly believe that drivers who drink and drive should lose their license permanently. This will not only decrease the amount of death toll due to accidents but also give citizens on the road a safe and secured feel to drive. Families will be also safe guarded from unexpected disasters. Everyone should feel that driving is a privilage not a right and therefore it should not be abused by drinking and driving. No one has the right to play with the precious life, which has been graciously granted by God. Drinking and driving is dangerous and irresponsible. Don’t mix the two!
Mind that the sample papers like Drinking and Driving presented are to be used for review only. In order to warn you and eliminate any plagiarism writing intentions, it is highly recommended not to use the essays in class. In cases you experience difficulties with essay writing in class and for in class use, order original papers with our expert writers. Cheap custom papers can be written from scratch for each customer that entrusts his or her academic success to our writing team. Order your unique assignment from the best custom writing services cheap and fast!
Thursday, July 12, 2012
Defamation law is intended to protect people from having their reputations unfairly sullied, while still allowing free political discussion: a difficult balance. How well does Australian defamation perform this role? In your answer, make particular refer
We are ready to represent the best custom paper writing assistance that can cope with any task like Defamation law is intended to protect people from having their reputations unfairly sullied, while still allowing free political discussion: a difficult balance. How well does Australian defamation perform this role? In your answer, make particular refer even at the eleventh hour. The matter is that we posses the greatest base of expert writers. Our staff of freelance writers includes approximately 300 experienced writers are at your disposal all year round. They are striving to provide the best ever services to the most desperate students that have already lost the hope for academic success. We offer the range of the most widely required, however, not recommended for college use papers. It is advisable to use our examples like Defamation law is intended to protect people from having their reputations unfairly sullied, while still allowing free political discussion: a difficult balance. How well does Australian defamation perform this role? In your answer, make particular refer in learning at public-education level. Get prepared and be smart with our best essay samples cheap and fast! Get in touch and we will write excellent custom coursework or essay especially for you.
Defamation law is our legal system’s attempt to reconcile the mutually incompatible interests of freedom of speech and protection of reputation. In the modern” information age”, a third interest must also be recognised � that of the public receiving accurate information from the mass media. This seems like a relatively straightforward concept. In reality, the application and interaction of Australian defamation law only unleashes a barrage of complex questions. This can be emphasised through an analysis of the John Marsden defamation case.
In theory the law of defamation does have an honourable purpose. There has been much discussion about the intention of defamation law and its underlying aims and objectives. The matter has been put to rest by the High Court describing three purposes of granting damages in a claim of defamation “ The three purposes are consolation for the personal distress and hurt caused to the appellant by the publication, reparation for the harm done to the appellant’s personal (if relevant) business reputation, and vindication of the appellant’s reputation.” However, in practice Australia’s defamation laws do not function well. In fact, it has been claimed that “ its main effect is to hinder free speech and protect powerful people from scrutiny (Martin, 18, p 107).
Indeed, defamation law is highly controversial. Most defamation actions involve media outlets, and thus tend to be widely reported in the media. News, current affairs and other media coverage tend to focus on a relatively small proportion of the population � politicians, business people, entertainers and so on. As a result, such people are more likely to be defamed. Occasionally they sue. Because they are famous their defamation suits are also reported. Consequently, defamation is probably one of the best-known non-criminal areas of the law.
Nevertheless, the intricacies of defamation law are not well understood. Myths abound; only some have a basis in legal or practical reality. The law is complex and the precise details of its operation can occupy the time of lawyers and courts for weeks. The basic issues involved are more easily comprehended. The tort of defamation prevents publication of material which ‘ tends to injure the personal, professional, trade or business reputation of an individual or a company, to expose them to ridicule or to cause people to avoid them.
Defamation can take the form of either libel or slander. Slander is a defamatory statement in a non-permanent form, usually spoken. Libel is a defamatory statement in permanent form such as writing, printed material, film, video, audio recording, or even sculpture. In media interviews a journalist should be careful to avoid making slanderous statements. In addition, a journalist should be careful that any background materials such as reports, briefing notes or letters do not contain libelous material. For instance, a letter containing allegations of impropriety or poor conduct sent to an individual of whom the allegations are made is not libelous because the communication is private. No other party has been exposed to the statement and, therefore, no defamation has taken place. However, if the letter was provided to a third party such as the media, the subject of the letter could sue for libel.
Gross defamations include allegations of criminality, dishonesty, fraud, untruthfulness, immorality or disloyalty to ones country. Other lesser defamations include suggestions that a person is unfit for an office lacks qualifications or competence in a trade or profession (e.g. calling a doctor a quack or a real estate person a charlatan), or alleging a person or business is financially unsound.
It is important to recognise that defamation can be made directly (such as calling a person a fraud or a crook) or by imputation. For example, saying a painting is a fake, is by imputation, defamatory of the artist who produced the work even if you never used his or her name, as the statement reflects on the artists professionalism.
Defamation law varies considerably between countries. In the US, strong in the public interest provisions apply which allow potentially defamatory statements to be made publicly if they pertain to a matter deemed to be in the public interest. Public interest has been interpreted very broadly in the US and there is almost open season on public officials and public figures in both the US and the UK. Also, truth is a defence against defamation in many countries.
Differences in defamation laws in Australia or Asia or South Africa are relevant to companies in the US, UK and Europe, and vice versa, in todays Information Age. With communications through international media and increasingly via the Internet, material can be published globally. Even if your comments are legal in one country, they may be defamatory in another with stricter laws and you could be sued internationally. So understanding the ground rules on defamation law in a number of countries is important for media spokespersons.
Australian defamation law is highly complex with eight different jurisdictions (six States and two Territories) each with its own law and widely differing provisions. As a general rule, Australian laws against defamation are far more stringent and defences are much narrower than those available in the US and other countries. For instance, truth is not a defence on its own in most cases in Australia (Sawer, 168, p. 18).
In most Australian jurisdictions defamation law is a mixture of statute and common law. The law is far from uniform from State to State. In 17 the Australian Law Reform Commission recommended numerous changes to the law of defamation including introducing a uniform defamation law for all of Australia. Despite attempts to bring such law into effect, this has not occurred nationally, although three states (New South Wales, Victoria and Queensland) adopted uniform laws in 1.
Because of the lack of uniformity between States and territories in Australia, a statement published or broadcast by national media can be the subject of legal action in any one or all of the jurisdictions. Potential suitors have a choice of jurisdictions and can bring an action in the one that best suits their case. Thus, a statement made in an interview in Sydney could be the subject of a defamation action in Western Australia or Queensland.
The Australian Government has moved to reform its complex defamation laws to provide uniformity and provisions more in line with other modern industrialised countries, but this has proved to be a long and laborious process due to Federal-State politics and significant differences of opinion between legal experts, media proprietors and social reformers. In the meantime, Australian defamation laws are, in the words of Brian Martin, an unholy mess and any spokesperson talking to the media needs to be wary of making defamatory statements which could lead to legal action resulting in significant damages settlements. (Martin, 18, p. )
The question of whether Australian defamation law performs its role well can be answered through the application of the John Marsden defamation case. On Wednesday 7, 001, Solicitor John Marsden was awarded $500,000 in damages after winning Australias longest running defamation case, in the New South Wales Supreme Court. The finding for the 5yearold former Law Society President and Police Board member came after a jury found in 1 Marsden had been defamed by two Seven Network broadcasts which claimed he had sex with underage boys. The case against Channel Seven centered on two broadcasts on the “Witness” program that suggested that the flamboyant Mr.Marsden had paid under-aged boys for sex.
Justice Levine ruled Mr. Marsden had a good and settled reputation before the publication of the false imputations and awarded him $55,000. The judge said he was satisfied on the balance of probabilities that the alleged events did not occur, adding Channel Seven was acted with malice. Justice David Levine found those allegations were grave, false, defamatory ... and actuated by malice.
The victory clearly came at a staggering price, after 14 days of hearings, which included graphic descriptions of gay sex acts. Mr. Marsden said the case had taken over six years and cost him $6 million in legal expenses. John Marsden admitted after the judgment that he would be forever tainted by the false claim” and that “the result had totally vindicated his stand against the allegations”. Alas, according to Mr. Marsden, his victory had come at a high price and his reputation would be forever tainted. Mr. Marsden said he despaired for the future of law in Australia and the way in which socalled justice is administered.
Although I have won I have lost, he said.
But more importantly society has lost. This case should serve as warning to every person here today, to every family and to every politician that the price of justice in Australia today has become so expensive that most people simply cannot afford it.
There are several fundamental flaws in the Australian legal system, including cost, selective application and complexity. Firstly, cost is a relevant issue when analysing the problems associated with defamation law. If sued for defamation, one could end up paying tens of thousands of dollars in legal fees, even in the event of winning a case. The large costs, due especially to the cost of legal advice, mean that most people never sue for defamation. Cases can go on for years, only creating enormous legal costs which could then lead to appeals. According to Brian Martin, author of “Information liberation”, the result is that defamation law is often used by the rich and powerful to deter criticisms.”
Brian Martin states that the “ power behind defamation law is corrupting, which explains why it is so difficult to make even minor reforms to the law to benefit those with little power or wealth.” In Australia, the newspapers and broadcasters are presently large corporations with substantial legal services at their disposal. Cyberspace allows individuals wide publication to a national and even international audience. The vast majority of these people have neither access to lawyers skilled in navigating the intricacies of such laws nor resources to compensate a person who is harmed by their statements. In short, only those wit money, and lots of it, need apply.
The unpredictability, complexity, and slowness of the application of Australian defamation law also raises a host of questions about the effectiveness of defamation law. People say and write defamatory things all the time, but only very few are threatened with lawsuits. Sometimes gross libels pass unchallenged while comparatively innocuous comments lead to major court actions. The complexity of defamation law is also a hindrance to its effectiveness. It is so complex that most writers prefer to be safe than sorry. They might refrain from publishing things that are quite appropriate, and thus inhibit the right of free speech. In addition, those who might desire to defend against a defamation suit without a lawyer are deterred by the complexities of defamation law.
The words of John Marsden himself exemplify the complexities of defamation law. Although Mr.Marsden won his case, he came out clearly the loser as well. If defamation law is intended to protect people from having their reputations unfairly sullied, it did not perform its role in this case. One must question the freedom the media, which allows the press to irreparably annihilate an individual’s reputation without proper investigation. However, the law did recognise that Channel Seven was in the wrong therefore it must be acknowledged that in a certain respect it did vindicate John Marsden. This is the paradox of Australian defamation law.
Many people agree that Australian defamation law should be changed. However few agree on how it should be changed. It is not surprising that such a vital and controversial area of law should continue to invite such scrutiny. The balance, which it strikes between such important competing interests; the fundamental right of freedom of speech and the protection of a person’s reputation, must continue to be reassessed.
Mind that the sample papers like Defamation law is intended to protect people from having their reputations unfairly sullied, while still allowing free political discussion: a difficult balance. How well does Australian defamation perform this role? In your answer, make particular refer presented are to be used for review only. In order to warn you and eliminate any plagiarism writing intentions, it is highly recommended not to use the essays in class. In cases you experience difficulties with essay writing in class and for in class use, order original papers with our expert writers. Cheap custom papers can be written from scratch for each customer that entrusts his or her academic success to our writing team. Order your unique assignment from the best custom writing services cheap and fast!
Defamation law is our legal system’s attempt to reconcile the mutually incompatible interests of freedom of speech and protection of reputation. In the modern” information age”, a third interest must also be recognised � that of the public receiving accurate information from the mass media. This seems like a relatively straightforward concept. In reality, the application and interaction of Australian defamation law only unleashes a barrage of complex questions. This can be emphasised through an analysis of the John Marsden defamation case.
In theory the law of defamation does have an honourable purpose. There has been much discussion about the intention of defamation law and its underlying aims and objectives. The matter has been put to rest by the High Court describing three purposes of granting damages in a claim of defamation “ The three purposes are consolation for the personal distress and hurt caused to the appellant by the publication, reparation for the harm done to the appellant’s personal (if relevant) business reputation, and vindication of the appellant’s reputation.” However, in practice Australia’s defamation laws do not function well. In fact, it has been claimed that “ its main effect is to hinder free speech and protect powerful people from scrutiny (Martin, 18, p 107).
Indeed, defamation law is highly controversial. Most defamation actions involve media outlets, and thus tend to be widely reported in the media. News, current affairs and other media coverage tend to focus on a relatively small proportion of the population � politicians, business people, entertainers and so on. As a result, such people are more likely to be defamed. Occasionally they sue. Because they are famous their defamation suits are also reported. Consequently, defamation is probably one of the best-known non-criminal areas of the law.
Nevertheless, the intricacies of defamation law are not well understood. Myths abound; only some have a basis in legal or practical reality. The law is complex and the precise details of its operation can occupy the time of lawyers and courts for weeks. The basic issues involved are more easily comprehended. The tort of defamation prevents publication of material which ‘ tends to injure the personal, professional, trade or business reputation of an individual or a company, to expose them to ridicule or to cause people to avoid them.
Defamation can take the form of either libel or slander. Slander is a defamatory statement in a non-permanent form, usually spoken. Libel is a defamatory statement in permanent form such as writing, printed material, film, video, audio recording, or even sculpture. In media interviews a journalist should be careful to avoid making slanderous statements. In addition, a journalist should be careful that any background materials such as reports, briefing notes or letters do not contain libelous material. For instance, a letter containing allegations of impropriety or poor conduct sent to an individual of whom the allegations are made is not libelous because the communication is private. No other party has been exposed to the statement and, therefore, no defamation has taken place. However, if the letter was provided to a third party such as the media, the subject of the letter could sue for libel.
Gross defamations include allegations of criminality, dishonesty, fraud, untruthfulness, immorality or disloyalty to ones country. Other lesser defamations include suggestions that a person is unfit for an office lacks qualifications or competence in a trade or profession (e.g. calling a doctor a quack or a real estate person a charlatan), or alleging a person or business is financially unsound.
It is important to recognise that defamation can be made directly (such as calling a person a fraud or a crook) or by imputation. For example, saying a painting is a fake, is by imputation, defamatory of the artist who produced the work even if you never used his or her name, as the statement reflects on the artists professionalism.
Defamation law varies considerably between countries. In the US, strong in the public interest provisions apply which allow potentially defamatory statements to be made publicly if they pertain to a matter deemed to be in the public interest. Public interest has been interpreted very broadly in the US and there is almost open season on public officials and public figures in both the US and the UK. Also, truth is a defence against defamation in many countries.
Differences in defamation laws in Australia or Asia or South Africa are relevant to companies in the US, UK and Europe, and vice versa, in todays Information Age. With communications through international media and increasingly via the Internet, material can be published globally. Even if your comments are legal in one country, they may be defamatory in another with stricter laws and you could be sued internationally. So understanding the ground rules on defamation law in a number of countries is important for media spokespersons.
Australian defamation law is highly complex with eight different jurisdictions (six States and two Territories) each with its own law and widely differing provisions. As a general rule, Australian laws against defamation are far more stringent and defences are much narrower than those available in the US and other countries. For instance, truth is not a defence on its own in most cases in Australia (Sawer, 168, p. 18).
In most Australian jurisdictions defamation law is a mixture of statute and common law. The law is far from uniform from State to State. In 17 the Australian Law Reform Commission recommended numerous changes to the law of defamation including introducing a uniform defamation law for all of Australia. Despite attempts to bring such law into effect, this has not occurred nationally, although three states (New South Wales, Victoria and Queensland) adopted uniform laws in 1.
Because of the lack of uniformity between States and territories in Australia, a statement published or broadcast by national media can be the subject of legal action in any one or all of the jurisdictions. Potential suitors have a choice of jurisdictions and can bring an action in the one that best suits their case. Thus, a statement made in an interview in Sydney could be the subject of a defamation action in Western Australia or Queensland.
The Australian Government has moved to reform its complex defamation laws to provide uniformity and provisions more in line with other modern industrialised countries, but this has proved to be a long and laborious process due to Federal-State politics and significant differences of opinion between legal experts, media proprietors and social reformers. In the meantime, Australian defamation laws are, in the words of Brian Martin, an unholy mess and any spokesperson talking to the media needs to be wary of making defamatory statements which could lead to legal action resulting in significant damages settlements. (Martin, 18, p. )
The question of whether Australian defamation law performs its role well can be answered through the application of the John Marsden defamation case. On Wednesday 7, 001, Solicitor John Marsden was awarded $500,000 in damages after winning Australias longest running defamation case, in the New South Wales Supreme Court. The finding for the 5yearold former Law Society President and Police Board member came after a jury found in 1 Marsden had been defamed by two Seven Network broadcasts which claimed he had sex with underage boys. The case against Channel Seven centered on two broadcasts on the “Witness” program that suggested that the flamboyant Mr.Marsden had paid under-aged boys for sex.
Justice Levine ruled Mr. Marsden had a good and settled reputation before the publication of the false imputations and awarded him $55,000. The judge said he was satisfied on the balance of probabilities that the alleged events did not occur, adding Channel Seven was acted with malice. Justice David Levine found those allegations were grave, false, defamatory ... and actuated by malice.
The victory clearly came at a staggering price, after 14 days of hearings, which included graphic descriptions of gay sex acts. Mr. Marsden said the case had taken over six years and cost him $6 million in legal expenses. John Marsden admitted after the judgment that he would be forever tainted by the false claim” and that “the result had totally vindicated his stand against the allegations”. Alas, according to Mr. Marsden, his victory had come at a high price and his reputation would be forever tainted. Mr. Marsden said he despaired for the future of law in Australia and the way in which socalled justice is administered.
Although I have won I have lost, he said.
But more importantly society has lost. This case should serve as warning to every person here today, to every family and to every politician that the price of justice in Australia today has become so expensive that most people simply cannot afford it.
There are several fundamental flaws in the Australian legal system, including cost, selective application and complexity. Firstly, cost is a relevant issue when analysing the problems associated with defamation law. If sued for defamation, one could end up paying tens of thousands of dollars in legal fees, even in the event of winning a case. The large costs, due especially to the cost of legal advice, mean that most people never sue for defamation. Cases can go on for years, only creating enormous legal costs which could then lead to appeals. According to Brian Martin, author of “Information liberation”, the result is that defamation law is often used by the rich and powerful to deter criticisms.”
Brian Martin states that the “ power behind defamation law is corrupting, which explains why it is so difficult to make even minor reforms to the law to benefit those with little power or wealth.” In Australia, the newspapers and broadcasters are presently large corporations with substantial legal services at their disposal. Cyberspace allows individuals wide publication to a national and even international audience. The vast majority of these people have neither access to lawyers skilled in navigating the intricacies of such laws nor resources to compensate a person who is harmed by their statements. In short, only those wit money, and lots of it, need apply.
The unpredictability, complexity, and slowness of the application of Australian defamation law also raises a host of questions about the effectiveness of defamation law. People say and write defamatory things all the time, but only very few are threatened with lawsuits. Sometimes gross libels pass unchallenged while comparatively innocuous comments lead to major court actions. The complexity of defamation law is also a hindrance to its effectiveness. It is so complex that most writers prefer to be safe than sorry. They might refrain from publishing things that are quite appropriate, and thus inhibit the right of free speech. In addition, those who might desire to defend against a defamation suit without a lawyer are deterred by the complexities of defamation law.
The words of John Marsden himself exemplify the complexities of defamation law. Although Mr.Marsden won his case, he came out clearly the loser as well. If defamation law is intended to protect people from having their reputations unfairly sullied, it did not perform its role in this case. One must question the freedom the media, which allows the press to irreparably annihilate an individual’s reputation without proper investigation. However, the law did recognise that Channel Seven was in the wrong therefore it must be acknowledged that in a certain respect it did vindicate John Marsden. This is the paradox of Australian defamation law.
Many people agree that Australian defamation law should be changed. However few agree on how it should be changed. It is not surprising that such a vital and controversial area of law should continue to invite such scrutiny. The balance, which it strikes between such important competing interests; the fundamental right of freedom of speech and the protection of a person’s reputation, must continue to be reassessed.
Mind that the sample papers like Defamation law is intended to protect people from having their reputations unfairly sullied, while still allowing free political discussion: a difficult balance. How well does Australian defamation perform this role? In your answer, make particular refer presented are to be used for review only. In order to warn you and eliminate any plagiarism writing intentions, it is highly recommended not to use the essays in class. In cases you experience difficulties with essay writing in class and for in class use, order original papers with our expert writers. Cheap custom papers can be written from scratch for each customer that entrusts his or her academic success to our writing team. Order your unique assignment from the best custom writing services cheap and fast!
Spirituality
We are ready to represent the best custom paper writing assistance that can cope with any task like Spirituality even at the eleventh hour. The matter is that we posses the greatest base of expert writers. Our staff of freelance writers includes approximately 300 experienced writers are at your disposal all year round. They are striving to provide the best ever services to the most desperate students that have already lost the hope for academic success. We offer the range of the most widely required, however, not recommended for college use papers. It is advisable to use our examples like Spirituality in learning at public-education level. Get prepared and be smart with our best essay samples cheap and fast! Get in touch and we will write excellent custom coursework or essay especially for you.
In a vast world of different cultures and beliefs, we are united in one single goal.
That goal is to strive for better life, good health, better jobs, a good spouse, good crops, a better car, etc. For this better life we look up to a higher power to help us to reach our needs. In the American Heritage dictionary the definition of spirituality is, “ relating to or consisting of spirit, Ecclesiastical; sacred”. Most cultures call this spirit, “ God”. Gods in all cultures, from the earliest recorded evidence, have the same characteristics. Gods must be perfect, they are the omniscient originators of the universe, they are the principle objects of faith and worship, and they are of supernatural powers. I have chosen a portrait from the magazine, Christianity Today, December th, 00. The faces have eyes to show us that they see where they are going, but the faces are without features because they represent that all mankind is included in the goal of reaching a higher power with the help of the higher power. Evidence has been found that suggests that since the very earliest civilization, humans have looked to a higher power. There has to be some sense of guidance from someone that is trustworthy, someone who has never made a mistake, and someone who judges, punishes, and rewards human behavior. In early Mesopotamia, in the order of the governmental hierarchy, the diviners would interpret signs in the universe that they considered signs from the Gods. Events such as floods and droughts, winning and loosing wars, good crops and bad crops. These things would be signs to let them know if the Gods were pleased or angry. The diviners would converse with the high priests that would advise the kings. The kings were looked at as second in power under the Gods. Their life centered on pleasing their Gods for they lived in fear of making their Gods angry. In all beliefs, it is important to worship and look up to the Gods. The Mesopotamians built Ziggurats, which are temples to worship their Gods. It was expected of them to prepare big feasts for them. This was pleasing to the Gods and they were rewarded with an abundance in their crops, or winning a war, or in some way that was very important to them. The Mesopotamians worshiped their Gods out of fear, not love or mercy. They believed that the deity interfered with human behavior. There was a sense of belief but not salvation, and they believed that when they died they went to a place where there was neither reward nor punishment.
The Egyptian government was a theocracy. The Pharaoh was the leader of the people and must obey the laws of the Gods for the benefit of his people. Some rulers claimed to be divinities. His behavior set a guideline to benefit his people. Proper ethical and moral behavior prepared them for an abundance in the next life. The Egyptians believed that they had to pass a test of one of their Gods to be reborn into the after life. The spirit had to pass judgment and prove that the soul was free from sin, there was confession and then the heart was weighed against the feather of Maat, goddess of truth. If the scale balanced he or she would be admitted to the afterlife, if not they would be devoured into death. Egyptians would spend their whole life preparing for death. They lived a good clean life, and built elaborate tombs called pyramids to be buried in when they died. Everything of value would be buried in these tombs with them, even their slaves because they believed that these material things would pass with them. The Egyptians would build temples to worship their Gods.
Just as it was in antiquity, today people are still worshiping a God of some kind. Spirituality has withstood the test of time. It is such an important part of our lives. We have built temples to worship our God in. We have churches, or synagogues, or cathedrals, some sort of building for every different type of faith. People of all walks of life look to a higher power for guidance. If there was nothing to strive for we would wander aimlessly in the world, and we would be without order. If we didn’t have anything to work for there would be no meaning to life. People have to have something to believe in. This has been proven by the fact that throughout time, from the very beginning, there has been worship of some form, and it is still with us today.
In the Christian faith we believe that our God created the heavens and the earth. He created mankind to live on the earth with all other living creatures that are beneath our level of intelligence. We follow a book as our guide, and we communicate with him by prayer. The Bible tells us that God sent us his son to die for us so that we may have an ever lasting life. We have only to believe in our God and accept him as our savior and we will have eternal life in a place where there is no evil or suffering . We ask that he come into our heart and be our savior and we will have a spiritual relationship with him. He has said that if we do this all of our sins will be forgiven and we will enter into his kingdom when we die. There are no rituals that we must do, and it is free. It doesn’t cost a thing because our God sent his son, Jesus, to die for us on the cross and wash away our sins. When Jesus left us to go back up to heaven, he left with us a Holy Spirit to be the presence and power of God. We live by the guidance of this Holy Spirit and by the gifts the Holy Spirit has given us. We are not forced to do anything in this relationship, we are just asked just cooperate.
When we die, we will go to heaven where our God has prepared a home for us. A place where there is no sickness, and no strife, hunger or pain. We will continue to worship God for eternity.
In the three examples, I have presented the similarities in spirituality. There are numerous other types of worship out there from all different cultures, to numerous to mention. We all have the same idea. We all have the need to believe in something greater than ourselves, we all worship a higher power and look to them for guidance in our world. All of mankind have a common goal and that is to worship a God that will lead us and lift us up to a place where we want to be. A God that will give us love, peace, hope, and faith. This gives us something to believe in, a guideline to follow. We all see where we are going and it is open for every one to join in. When Jesus comes we will all be united in a kingdom with one God and this will complete the cycle.
Mind that the sample papers like Spirituality presented are to be used for review only. In order to warn you and eliminate any plagiarism writing intentions, it is highly recommended not to use the essays in class. In cases you experience difficulties with essay writing in class and for in class use, order original papers with our expert writers. Cheap custom papers can be written from scratch for each customer that entrusts his or her academic success to our writing team. Order your unique assignment from the best custom writing services cheap and fast!
In a vast world of different cultures and beliefs, we are united in one single goal.
That goal is to strive for better life, good health, better jobs, a good spouse, good crops, a better car, etc. For this better life we look up to a higher power to help us to reach our needs. In the American Heritage dictionary the definition of spirituality is, “ relating to or consisting of spirit, Ecclesiastical; sacred”. Most cultures call this spirit, “ God”. Gods in all cultures, from the earliest recorded evidence, have the same characteristics. Gods must be perfect, they are the omniscient originators of the universe, they are the principle objects of faith and worship, and they are of supernatural powers. I have chosen a portrait from the magazine, Christianity Today, December th, 00. The faces have eyes to show us that they see where they are going, but the faces are without features because they represent that all mankind is included in the goal of reaching a higher power with the help of the higher power. Evidence has been found that suggests that since the very earliest civilization, humans have looked to a higher power. There has to be some sense of guidance from someone that is trustworthy, someone who has never made a mistake, and someone who judges, punishes, and rewards human behavior. In early Mesopotamia, in the order of the governmental hierarchy, the diviners would interpret signs in the universe that they considered signs from the Gods. Events such as floods and droughts, winning and loosing wars, good crops and bad crops. These things would be signs to let them know if the Gods were pleased or angry. The diviners would converse with the high priests that would advise the kings. The kings were looked at as second in power under the Gods. Their life centered on pleasing their Gods for they lived in fear of making their Gods angry. In all beliefs, it is important to worship and look up to the Gods. The Mesopotamians built Ziggurats, which are temples to worship their Gods. It was expected of them to prepare big feasts for them. This was pleasing to the Gods and they were rewarded with an abundance in their crops, or winning a war, or in some way that was very important to them. The Mesopotamians worshiped their Gods out of fear, not love or mercy. They believed that the deity interfered with human behavior. There was a sense of belief but not salvation, and they believed that when they died they went to a place where there was neither reward nor punishment.
The Egyptian government was a theocracy. The Pharaoh was the leader of the people and must obey the laws of the Gods for the benefit of his people. Some rulers claimed to be divinities. His behavior set a guideline to benefit his people. Proper ethical and moral behavior prepared them for an abundance in the next life. The Egyptians believed that they had to pass a test of one of their Gods to be reborn into the after life. The spirit had to pass judgment and prove that the soul was free from sin, there was confession and then the heart was weighed against the feather of Maat, goddess of truth. If the scale balanced he or she would be admitted to the afterlife, if not they would be devoured into death. Egyptians would spend their whole life preparing for death. They lived a good clean life, and built elaborate tombs called pyramids to be buried in when they died. Everything of value would be buried in these tombs with them, even their slaves because they believed that these material things would pass with them. The Egyptians would build temples to worship their Gods.
Just as it was in antiquity, today people are still worshiping a God of some kind. Spirituality has withstood the test of time. It is such an important part of our lives. We have built temples to worship our God in. We have churches, or synagogues, or cathedrals, some sort of building for every different type of faith. People of all walks of life look to a higher power for guidance. If there was nothing to strive for we would wander aimlessly in the world, and we would be without order. If we didn’t have anything to work for there would be no meaning to life. People have to have something to believe in. This has been proven by the fact that throughout time, from the very beginning, there has been worship of some form, and it is still with us today.
In the Christian faith we believe that our God created the heavens and the earth. He created mankind to live on the earth with all other living creatures that are beneath our level of intelligence. We follow a book as our guide, and we communicate with him by prayer. The Bible tells us that God sent us his son to die for us so that we may have an ever lasting life. We have only to believe in our God and accept him as our savior and we will have eternal life in a place where there is no evil or suffering . We ask that he come into our heart and be our savior and we will have a spiritual relationship with him. He has said that if we do this all of our sins will be forgiven and we will enter into his kingdom when we die. There are no rituals that we must do, and it is free. It doesn’t cost a thing because our God sent his son, Jesus, to die for us on the cross and wash away our sins. When Jesus left us to go back up to heaven, he left with us a Holy Spirit to be the presence and power of God. We live by the guidance of this Holy Spirit and by the gifts the Holy Spirit has given us. We are not forced to do anything in this relationship, we are just asked just cooperate.
When we die, we will go to heaven where our God has prepared a home for us. A place where there is no sickness, and no strife, hunger or pain. We will continue to worship God for eternity.
In the three examples, I have presented the similarities in spirituality. There are numerous other types of worship out there from all different cultures, to numerous to mention. We all have the same idea. We all have the need to believe in something greater than ourselves, we all worship a higher power and look to them for guidance in our world. All of mankind have a common goal and that is to worship a God that will lead us and lift us up to a place where we want to be. A God that will give us love, peace, hope, and faith. This gives us something to believe in, a guideline to follow. We all see where we are going and it is open for every one to join in. When Jesus comes we will all be united in a kingdom with one God and this will complete the cycle.
Mind that the sample papers like Spirituality presented are to be used for review only. In order to warn you and eliminate any plagiarism writing intentions, it is highly recommended not to use the essays in class. In cases you experience difficulties with essay writing in class and for in class use, order original papers with our expert writers. Cheap custom papers can be written from scratch for each customer that entrusts his or her academic success to our writing team. Order your unique assignment from the best custom writing services cheap and fast!
Tuesday, July 3, 2012
history
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While President Jeffersons policies were to a great extent diverged from those of Washington and Adams, President Madisons policies were much the same as the Federalist presidents. President Jefferson worked to change many of the mindsets and policies set up by the Federalist Presidents, while Madisons attempts were to extend them. The success of each administration was unique from each other, however both presidents were Republican. The difference in policies shows the beginning of the individuality, uniqueness, and freedom so harbored in the United States.
From the day of his inauguration, President Jefferson showed that his administration would be one of simplicity. He deliberately avoided the ornate way of the Federalists. Instead of insisting on horse and carriage parade-like travel, he would walk to his destination whenever possible. He also avoided making flashy speeches, and wrote letters instead of making speeches when it would suffice. Even at dinners in his own home, he insisted on round tables so that everyone would be equal. He considered everyone, men and women, government officials and farmers, equal in all things, and this philosophy was reflected in his everyday conduct.
Jeffersons simplicity also resided in his policymaking. He appointed people of his own party to his cabinet; James Madison was appointed Secretary of State. His entire cabinet, in fact, was Republican. In lesser offices though, he didnt remove any Federalists, he simply waited for a vacancy to appear. Jefferson also tried to repeal many of the laws created by the Federalists, with a few exceptions, such as the national bank. He also favored a broad interpretation of the Constitution, whereas the Federalists wanted a more strict interpretation. This was shown when the debate about the Louisiana Purchase began. He was in favor of implied power in the Constitution regarding the purchasing of such an enormous amount of land. In these ways, Jeffersons policies, while not always simple, were greatly distinct than those of the Federalists.
President Madisons policies, however, were much the same as the Federalists. He endorsed strengthening the central government and giving it more power, which was basically a Federalist mindset. He wanted programs to achieve things such as better fortification, a stronger navy and permanent army, a new national bank, and a big national university. Madison managed to secure an army of about 10,000 and a strengthened navy. In addition, he, like Jefferson, used a broad interpretation of the Constitution to justify the creation of a new national bank, which was passed. Madison also wanted a better-developed system of roads and water transportation. Again, he managed to find justification in the Constitution and received funds to build a National Road from the Atlantic coast to the Ohio River. All of his policies to increase Federal power were very much like Federalist policies such as Washington and Adams.
Both Jefferson and Madison achieved great things while they were presidents. Jefferson, however, had more Republican beliefs in that he believed in equality in all people, a less-obtrusive government, and a broad interpretation of the Constitution. Madison, while agreeing on a more broad interpretation of the Constitution, instead wanted a stronger central government and more governmental powers. Although the two administrations were both Republican, Jeffersons was uniquely different than the Federalists, while Madisons was much an extension of the same.
Mind that the sample papers like history presented are to be used for review only. In order to warn you and eliminate any plagiarism writing intentions, it is highly recommended not to use the essays in class. In cases you experience difficulties with essay writing in class and for in class use, order original papers with our expert writers. Cheap custom papers can be written from scratch for each customer that entrusts his or her academic success to our writing team. Order your unique assignment from the best custom writing services cheap and fast!
While President Jeffersons policies were to a great extent diverged from those of Washington and Adams, President Madisons policies were much the same as the Federalist presidents. President Jefferson worked to change many of the mindsets and policies set up by the Federalist Presidents, while Madisons attempts were to extend them. The success of each administration was unique from each other, however both presidents were Republican. The difference in policies shows the beginning of the individuality, uniqueness, and freedom so harbored in the United States.
From the day of his inauguration, President Jefferson showed that his administration would be one of simplicity. He deliberately avoided the ornate way of the Federalists. Instead of insisting on horse and carriage parade-like travel, he would walk to his destination whenever possible. He also avoided making flashy speeches, and wrote letters instead of making speeches when it would suffice. Even at dinners in his own home, he insisted on round tables so that everyone would be equal. He considered everyone, men and women, government officials and farmers, equal in all things, and this philosophy was reflected in his everyday conduct.
Jeffersons simplicity also resided in his policymaking. He appointed people of his own party to his cabinet; James Madison was appointed Secretary of State. His entire cabinet, in fact, was Republican. In lesser offices though, he didnt remove any Federalists, he simply waited for a vacancy to appear. Jefferson also tried to repeal many of the laws created by the Federalists, with a few exceptions, such as the national bank. He also favored a broad interpretation of the Constitution, whereas the Federalists wanted a more strict interpretation. This was shown when the debate about the Louisiana Purchase began. He was in favor of implied power in the Constitution regarding the purchasing of such an enormous amount of land. In these ways, Jeffersons policies, while not always simple, were greatly distinct than those of the Federalists.
President Madisons policies, however, were much the same as the Federalists. He endorsed strengthening the central government and giving it more power, which was basically a Federalist mindset. He wanted programs to achieve things such as better fortification, a stronger navy and permanent army, a new national bank, and a big national university. Madison managed to secure an army of about 10,000 and a strengthened navy. In addition, he, like Jefferson, used a broad interpretation of the Constitution to justify the creation of a new national bank, which was passed. Madison also wanted a better-developed system of roads and water transportation. Again, he managed to find justification in the Constitution and received funds to build a National Road from the Atlantic coast to the Ohio River. All of his policies to increase Federal power were very much like Federalist policies such as Washington and Adams.
Both Jefferson and Madison achieved great things while they were presidents. Jefferson, however, had more Republican beliefs in that he believed in equality in all people, a less-obtrusive government, and a broad interpretation of the Constitution. Madison, while agreeing on a more broad interpretation of the Constitution, instead wanted a stronger central government and more governmental powers. Although the two administrations were both Republican, Jeffersons was uniquely different than the Federalists, while Madisons was much an extension of the same.
Mind that the sample papers like history presented are to be used for review only. In order to warn you and eliminate any plagiarism writing intentions, it is highly recommended not to use the essays in class. In cases you experience difficulties with essay writing in class and for in class use, order original papers with our expert writers. Cheap custom papers can be written from scratch for each customer that entrusts his or her academic success to our writing team. Order your unique assignment from the best custom writing services cheap and fast!
Thursday, May 17, 2012
Drag
We are ready to represent the best custom paper writing assistance that can cope with any task like Drag even at the eleventh hour. The matter is that we posses the greatest base of expert writers. Our staff of freelance writers includes approximately 300 experienced writers are at your disposal all year round. They are striving to provide the best ever services to the most desperate students that have already lost the hope for academic success. We offer the range of the most widely required, however, not recommended for college use papers. It is advisable to use our examples like Drag in learning at public-education level. Get prepared and be smart with our best essay samples cheap and fast! Get in touch and we will write excellent custom coursework or essay especially for you.
Cl V (m/S) Cd S (m^) Density (Kg/m) Cdo Dp (N/m) Di (N/m) Dt (N/m)
1.4 6 0.1574 6.8 0.8776 0.0 41.551 18.65 64.04
1. 0.16 6.8 0.8776 0.0 506.47 1580.16 086.66
1 4 0.05 6.8 0.8776 0.0 615.67 14.001 14.64
0.8 48 0.0716 6.8 0.8776 0.0 767.017 106.85 181.055
0.6 55 0.054 6.8 0.8776 0.0 1007.85 785.685 17.68
0.4 67 0.0404 6.8 0.8776 0.0 144.778 518.187 01.68
0. 5 0.06 6.8 0.8776 0.0 005.06 60.451 65.658
Where
· Cl = Coefficient of Lift
· V = Velocity
· Cd = Coefficient of Drag
· S = Surface Area of Wing
· Di = Induced Drag
· Dp = Profile Drag
· Dt = Total Drag
Calculation of one point
Using Data points CL = 1.4
V = 6 m/s
CD = 0.0 + 0.065 CL²
Therefore Cdo = 0.0
K = 0.065
Dp = 0.5 ñ V² S Cdo
= 0.5(0.8)(6²)(7)(0.0)
= 41.55 N/m ________________ (Profile Drag)
Where
· ñ = 0.8 kg/m³
· S = 7 m²
Di = 0.5 ñ V² S K CL²
= 0.5(0.8)(6²)(0.065)(1.4²)
= 18.65 N/m ________________ (Induced Drag)
DT = Dp + D I
= 41.55 + 18.65
= 64. N/m _________________ (Total Drag)
Drag Bucket
The ‘Drag Bucket’ is also known as the total drag curve. It is called this because as with a bucket the total drag curve decreases, gets to a minimum point then increases beyond this point, hence looking like a bucket.
The ‘Drag Bucket’ illustrates how at low speeds the most influential factor on an aircraft in terms of drag is the induced drag. This means that at low speeds the shape of the aircraft is not the most limiting factor, but rather the side effects of creating lift, i.e., induced drag creates the most penalties on an aircraft.
The minimum point on the ‘Drag Bucket’ corresponds to the speed to be flown for minimum drag. This means the speed that will give the aircraft the best range.
As the speed increases beyond the point of minimum drag the total drag increases. This means that profile drag is starting to become the most influential factor to do with the aircraft in terms of drag. This means if the aircraft is to be flown faster than this point streamlining and skin friction becomes an important factor, i.e., profile drag.
Mind that the sample papers like Drag presented are to be used for review only. In order to warn you and eliminate any plagiarism writing intentions, it is highly recommended not to use the essays in class. In cases you experience difficulties with essay writing in class and for in class use, order original papers with our expert writers. Cheap custom papers can be written from scratch for each customer that entrusts his or her academic success to our writing team. Order your unique assignment from the best custom writing services cheap and fast!
Cl V (m/S) Cd S (m^) Density (Kg/m) Cdo Dp (N/m) Di (N/m) Dt (N/m)
1.4 6 0.1574 6.8 0.8776 0.0 41.551 18.65 64.04
1. 0.16 6.8 0.8776 0.0 506.47 1580.16 086.66
1 4 0.05 6.8 0.8776 0.0 615.67 14.001 14.64
0.8 48 0.0716 6.8 0.8776 0.0 767.017 106.85 181.055
0.6 55 0.054 6.8 0.8776 0.0 1007.85 785.685 17.68
0.4 67 0.0404 6.8 0.8776 0.0 144.778 518.187 01.68
0. 5 0.06 6.8 0.8776 0.0 005.06 60.451 65.658
Where
· Cl = Coefficient of Lift
· V = Velocity
· Cd = Coefficient of Drag
· S = Surface Area of Wing
· Di = Induced Drag
· Dp = Profile Drag
· Dt = Total Drag
Calculation of one point
Using Data points CL = 1.4
V = 6 m/s
CD = 0.0 + 0.065 CL²
Therefore Cdo = 0.0
K = 0.065
Dp = 0.5 ñ V² S Cdo
= 0.5(0.8)(6²)(7)(0.0)
= 41.55 N/m ________________ (Profile Drag)
Where
· ñ = 0.8 kg/m³
· S = 7 m²
Di = 0.5 ñ V² S K CL²
= 0.5(0.8)(6²)(0.065)(1.4²)
= 18.65 N/m ________________ (Induced Drag)
DT = Dp + D I
= 41.55 + 18.65
= 64. N/m _________________ (Total Drag)
Drag Bucket
The ‘Drag Bucket’ is also known as the total drag curve. It is called this because as with a bucket the total drag curve decreases, gets to a minimum point then increases beyond this point, hence looking like a bucket.
The ‘Drag Bucket’ illustrates how at low speeds the most influential factor on an aircraft in terms of drag is the induced drag. This means that at low speeds the shape of the aircraft is not the most limiting factor, but rather the side effects of creating lift, i.e., induced drag creates the most penalties on an aircraft.
The minimum point on the ‘Drag Bucket’ corresponds to the speed to be flown for minimum drag. This means the speed that will give the aircraft the best range.
As the speed increases beyond the point of minimum drag the total drag increases. This means that profile drag is starting to become the most influential factor to do with the aircraft in terms of drag. This means if the aircraft is to be flown faster than this point streamlining and skin friction becomes an important factor, i.e., profile drag.
Mind that the sample papers like Drag presented are to be used for review only. In order to warn you and eliminate any plagiarism writing intentions, it is highly recommended not to use the essays in class. In cases you experience difficulties with essay writing in class and for in class use, order original papers with our expert writers. Cheap custom papers can be written from scratch for each customer that entrusts his or her academic success to our writing team. Order your unique assignment from the best custom writing services cheap and fast!
Wednesday, May 16, 2012
Investigate the concept and principles of marketing.
We are ready to represent the best custom paper writing assistance that can cope with any task like Investigate the concept and principles of marketing. even at the eleventh hour. The matter is that we posses the greatest base of expert writers. Our staff of freelance writers includes approximately 300 experienced writers are at your disposal all year round. They are striving to provide the best ever services to the most desperate students that have already lost the hope for academic success. We offer the range of the most widely required, however, not recommended for college use papers. It is advisable to use our examples like Investigate the concept and principles of marketing. in learning at public-education level. Get prepared and be smart with our best essay samples cheap and fast! Get in touch and we will write excellent custom coursework or essay especially for you.
KLP Travel
PAPER 1 Investigate the concept and principles of marketing.
The core concepts of marketing are a definition i.e. what do we actually mean by the term “marketing”? Growth i.e. how marketing has developed and the exchange process i.e. marketing conditions.
Before one can implement a marketing strategy, it is important to understand the concept. One of the earliest advocates of marketing Drucker, noted in 154 that marketing was not a separate management function but was in fact the business as seen from the customers point of view. He argued that marketing was “the distinguishing, the unique feature of business” (Drucker, 154). I believe that Kotler‘s ideas were not dissimilar, when in 181 he argued that marketing was “The performance of business activities that direct the flow of goods and services from producers to consumers” (Kotler, 181). My interpretation of Drucker is that he believed marketing was how the companies’ product and image is perceived and what attracts consumers and makes its successful. The difference with Kotler’s statement is that he believes it is the performance itself, although it could be argued that the performance has to be marketed initially in order for the customer to see it.
I believe that although the attraction to a business is the marketing of it, the success of the business is the continued attraction of new customers and returning of old ones. I think that Drucker (154) was suggesting marketing is how the customer perceives the business. I consider that in order to attract business it is essential to portray a business in a better light than its competitors are. If the marketing is unique, it will stand out. However, for the business to be successful, the performance has to live up to the marketing in order to keep customers and attract new ones. I interpret Kotler’s (181) explanation to be more about the performance living up to the marketing.
If you look further than the definitions given above by Drucker (154) and Kotler (181), they both believe that marketing is about the image of the company as a whole, not the work of one department but the responsibility of everyone.
The Chartered Institute of Marketing describes marketing as “The Management process for anticipating, identifying and satisfying customer needs profitably”. This moves on from Drucker and Kotler to mention profit. My opinion of marketing is the need to go one stage further than the competitors, identify, meet and exceed customer needs, ensuring a larger profit, and maximum clientele.
It is the desire to please the customer and surpass the competition, which is at the forefront of marketing today. However, this has not always been the case. In the 10’s, marketing was very product orientated, with the only aim being to make a profit. The manufacturer used advertising as an instrument of persuasion. There were no scruples, only the desire to convince consumers to buy products. Campaigns used themes like self-improvement (see Appendix 1), popular culture (see Appendix ), snob appeal (see Appendix ) and sex appeal (see Appendix 4). There is no problem in making your product look appealing but there were some very unscrupulous methods used which would be illegal today.
In the 150’s, there was a post war boom. People began to rebuild their lives and careers, earning more money. As a result, there was more disposable income, a target for producers. Competition increased, giving rise to manufacturers improving their selling skills in order to promote their products (see Appendix 5). A lot of marketing took place on television at this time. Nevertheless, I believe that this kind of marketing can lead to sellers misrepresenting their products in their eagerness to make a sale. As a result, customers may return unsatisfied if it is not what they really want. This is where the term delivery of value applies. Delivery of value is “selling goods that do not come back to people that do”. Both production and sales orientated marketing are inward looking, whereas marketing today is outward looking. Kotler said, “Marketing is not the art of finding clever ways to dispose of what you make. It is the art of creating genuine customer value. Philip Kotler http//www.kotlermarketing.com/ Accessed online 0.0.00.
Since the 180’s and 10’s manufacturers have been looking at what the consumers want and providing choices. It is not possible however to cater for every individual, therefore companies tend to group individuals together in the market. The market consists of actual or potential buyers and the seller offering goods or services to meet the requirements of the buyers. The product ranges are wider and the consumers have a large say in what they require. Internet advertising is beginning to grow, showing signs of following the trend of TV advertising in the 150’s, when it flourished.
The third core concept of marketing is the exchange process. An exchange is the act of obtaining goods or services by offering something in return. This exchange process takes place between buyer and seller. This is the heart of the marketing process. Henry Assael defines this process as “a dynamic process in which a seller requires payment to satisfy a buyer’s need for a valued object or service”. From the term payment, I consider, it implies a monetary cost whereas the glossary of marketing definitions, defines it as “all activities associated with receiving something from someone by giving something voluntarily in return. A library user gives time instead of money to borrow materials, but it is still an exchange. Personally, I associate marketing with selling in so much as you are unlikely to get anything for free if it is worth something, other than acts of kindness. Theodore Levitt expressed it, “while selling focuses on the needs of the seller, marketing focuses on the needs of the buyer” (p 4). This statement, in my opinion, implies marketing is connected to buying and selling and therefore the exchange would involve money exchanging hands for goods or services, similar to the description of Henry Assael. I believe that in order for any business to be successful it must be marketed correctly. This also needs to be an ongoing task, as the needs of the consumer are ever changing. Today companies cannot afford to be inward looking or outward looking competitors will cease the market.
So how do these core concepts apply to the Travel and Tourism Industry, where sellers need to manipulate customers in to buying their products and services over their competitors? In the early part of the nineteenth century there were very limited or no choices available. Customers were given the holiday with the offer to buy or not. Modern Tourism evolved after the Second World War when the availability of work and paid holidays led to more disposable income. Up until the late 150s most holidays were taken in seaside resorts or holiday camps. As a result of aircraft being left redundant after the Second World War and advances in aircraft technology, air travel became a possibility for the masses rather than the elite. Entrepreneurs saw the opening for the first package holidays combining flights with low cost accommodation in Spain. At this time there had been no marketing at all, as no research had been done into the requirements of the customers. Consequently complaints began to appear concerning aircraft safety, hotel standards and foreign customs. Early marketers in overseas holidays were developed in order to research these areas and improve the package offered to customers, followed by changes to comply with the Trades Descriptions Act (168). In the latter part of the century, more and more choices were offered as research illustrated what the customers wanted. The demands for some areas exceeded the capacity and therefore the marketing of these areas became one of demarketing, to stabilise the demand. Companies also had to concentrate marketing on improving the levels of service offered to maintain their existing client base.
The difference between Travel and Tourism and other high street shops , is that tourism is a perishable product. If a bed in a furniture store is not sold, it could still sell next week or next month, even if the price has to be reduced. A scheduled flight seat, however, is lost completely if not sold. This is a major factor when marketing and considering sale prices. Staff also play an important role in the marketing of a company, as customers today expect a certain standard. In Travel and Tourism this can be difficult as several principals make-up the composite of the package holiday. In order to be successful, staff must be well trained and aware of the needs and expectations of the customer. If this is combined with a good quality fair price package holiday, marketing the product is easier.
Thank you for listening.
Does anyone have any questions?
(allow 5 minutes for Q & A)
Mind that the sample papers like Investigate the concept and principles of marketing. presented are to be used for review only. In order to warn you and eliminate any plagiarism writing intentions, it is highly recommended not to use the essays in class. In cases you experience difficulties with essay writing in class and for in class use, order original papers with our expert writers. Cheap custom papers can be written from scratch for each customer that entrusts his or her academic success to our writing team. Order your unique assignment from the best custom writing services cheap and fast!
KLP Travel
PAPER 1 Investigate the concept and principles of marketing.
The core concepts of marketing are a definition i.e. what do we actually mean by the term “marketing”? Growth i.e. how marketing has developed and the exchange process i.e. marketing conditions.
Before one can implement a marketing strategy, it is important to understand the concept. One of the earliest advocates of marketing Drucker, noted in 154 that marketing was not a separate management function but was in fact the business as seen from the customers point of view. He argued that marketing was “the distinguishing, the unique feature of business” (Drucker, 154). I believe that Kotler‘s ideas were not dissimilar, when in 181 he argued that marketing was “The performance of business activities that direct the flow of goods and services from producers to consumers” (Kotler, 181). My interpretation of Drucker is that he believed marketing was how the companies’ product and image is perceived and what attracts consumers and makes its successful. The difference with Kotler’s statement is that he believes it is the performance itself, although it could be argued that the performance has to be marketed initially in order for the customer to see it.
I believe that although the attraction to a business is the marketing of it, the success of the business is the continued attraction of new customers and returning of old ones. I think that Drucker (154) was suggesting marketing is how the customer perceives the business. I consider that in order to attract business it is essential to portray a business in a better light than its competitors are. If the marketing is unique, it will stand out. However, for the business to be successful, the performance has to live up to the marketing in order to keep customers and attract new ones. I interpret Kotler’s (181) explanation to be more about the performance living up to the marketing.
If you look further than the definitions given above by Drucker (154) and Kotler (181), they both believe that marketing is about the image of the company as a whole, not the work of one department but the responsibility of everyone.
The Chartered Institute of Marketing describes marketing as “The Management process for anticipating, identifying and satisfying customer needs profitably”. This moves on from Drucker and Kotler to mention profit. My opinion of marketing is the need to go one stage further than the competitors, identify, meet and exceed customer needs, ensuring a larger profit, and maximum clientele.
It is the desire to please the customer and surpass the competition, which is at the forefront of marketing today. However, this has not always been the case. In the 10’s, marketing was very product orientated, with the only aim being to make a profit. The manufacturer used advertising as an instrument of persuasion. There were no scruples, only the desire to convince consumers to buy products. Campaigns used themes like self-improvement (see Appendix 1), popular culture (see Appendix ), snob appeal (see Appendix ) and sex appeal (see Appendix 4). There is no problem in making your product look appealing but there were some very unscrupulous methods used which would be illegal today.
In the 150’s, there was a post war boom. People began to rebuild their lives and careers, earning more money. As a result, there was more disposable income, a target for producers. Competition increased, giving rise to manufacturers improving their selling skills in order to promote their products (see Appendix 5). A lot of marketing took place on television at this time. Nevertheless, I believe that this kind of marketing can lead to sellers misrepresenting their products in their eagerness to make a sale. As a result, customers may return unsatisfied if it is not what they really want. This is where the term delivery of value applies. Delivery of value is “selling goods that do not come back to people that do”. Both production and sales orientated marketing are inward looking, whereas marketing today is outward looking. Kotler said, “Marketing is not the art of finding clever ways to dispose of what you make. It is the art of creating genuine customer value. Philip Kotler http//www.kotlermarketing.com/ Accessed online 0.0.00.
Since the 180’s and 10’s manufacturers have been looking at what the consumers want and providing choices. It is not possible however to cater for every individual, therefore companies tend to group individuals together in the market. The market consists of actual or potential buyers and the seller offering goods or services to meet the requirements of the buyers. The product ranges are wider and the consumers have a large say in what they require. Internet advertising is beginning to grow, showing signs of following the trend of TV advertising in the 150’s, when it flourished.
The third core concept of marketing is the exchange process. An exchange is the act of obtaining goods or services by offering something in return. This exchange process takes place between buyer and seller. This is the heart of the marketing process. Henry Assael defines this process as “a dynamic process in which a seller requires payment to satisfy a buyer’s need for a valued object or service”. From the term payment, I consider, it implies a monetary cost whereas the glossary of marketing definitions, defines it as “all activities associated with receiving something from someone by giving something voluntarily in return. A library user gives time instead of money to borrow materials, but it is still an exchange. Personally, I associate marketing with selling in so much as you are unlikely to get anything for free if it is worth something, other than acts of kindness. Theodore Levitt expressed it, “while selling focuses on the needs of the seller, marketing focuses on the needs of the buyer” (p 4). This statement, in my opinion, implies marketing is connected to buying and selling and therefore the exchange would involve money exchanging hands for goods or services, similar to the description of Henry Assael. I believe that in order for any business to be successful it must be marketed correctly. This also needs to be an ongoing task, as the needs of the consumer are ever changing. Today companies cannot afford to be inward looking or outward looking competitors will cease the market.
So how do these core concepts apply to the Travel and Tourism Industry, where sellers need to manipulate customers in to buying their products and services over their competitors? In the early part of the nineteenth century there were very limited or no choices available. Customers were given the holiday with the offer to buy or not. Modern Tourism evolved after the Second World War when the availability of work and paid holidays led to more disposable income. Up until the late 150s most holidays were taken in seaside resorts or holiday camps. As a result of aircraft being left redundant after the Second World War and advances in aircraft technology, air travel became a possibility for the masses rather than the elite. Entrepreneurs saw the opening for the first package holidays combining flights with low cost accommodation in Spain. At this time there had been no marketing at all, as no research had been done into the requirements of the customers. Consequently complaints began to appear concerning aircraft safety, hotel standards and foreign customs. Early marketers in overseas holidays were developed in order to research these areas and improve the package offered to customers, followed by changes to comply with the Trades Descriptions Act (168). In the latter part of the century, more and more choices were offered as research illustrated what the customers wanted. The demands for some areas exceeded the capacity and therefore the marketing of these areas became one of demarketing, to stabilise the demand. Companies also had to concentrate marketing on improving the levels of service offered to maintain their existing client base.
The difference between Travel and Tourism and other high street shops , is that tourism is a perishable product. If a bed in a furniture store is not sold, it could still sell next week or next month, even if the price has to be reduced. A scheduled flight seat, however, is lost completely if not sold. This is a major factor when marketing and considering sale prices. Staff also play an important role in the marketing of a company, as customers today expect a certain standard. In Travel and Tourism this can be difficult as several principals make-up the composite of the package holiday. In order to be successful, staff must be well trained and aware of the needs and expectations of the customer. If this is combined with a good quality fair price package holiday, marketing the product is easier.
Thank you for listening.
Does anyone have any questions?
(allow 5 minutes for Q & A)
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Friday, May 11, 2012
english hsc- speeches study notes
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Study Notes- English
Socrates- “No evil can happen”
Purpose
Socrates’ actual purpose is to defend freedom of conscience.
His ostensible purpose is to be acquitted.
Audience
501 judges of Athens in BC.
Context
Athens was a burgeoning democracy and has just been through the ‘glory days’ of Pericles (440BC). They have just fought the Peloponnesian war against Sparta and its democracy is under threat.
Techniques
• He writes in first person, as he is defending himself.
• Uses a morality statement to begin
“Thou doest wrong to think that a man of any use at all is to weigh the risk of life and death, and not to consider one thing only, whether when he acts he does the right thing or the wrong, performs the deeds of a good man or bad…”
• He uses an active voice to accuse the jury of their misjudgment of him
“Thou doest wrong…”
• He uses conceits
“If I should be found to be wiser than the multitude, it would be in this, that having no adequate knowledge of the beyond, I do not presume that I have it.”
“So God bids, and I consider that never has a greater good been done to you, than through my ministry in the city.”
• Socrates takes the higher moral ground, as a means of criticising Anytus and those who accuse him. This can be seen in his use of conceits.
• He is on the offensive, (by offending the jury,) as opposed to the defensive, (which would be him defending himself.)
• He answers the charges that he is impious and that he corrupts the youth. He does these both in paragraph three, (“the perfection of the soul”.) This statement is also a conceit, (his way of “the soul” is perfect.)
• He refuses to change (“I shall not alter my canduct, no, not if I have to die a score of deaths.”)
• Socrates was an idealist, Anytus was a pragmatist
• Socrates uses polarised positions as seen when he calls Anytus impious; “I am pious in a way that Anytus isn’t because I believe in the gods truly and in human conscience, whereas Anytus is using a religious charge, pragmatically, to get rid of me.”
• He uses a humourous metaphor; “a kind of gadfly to a big generous horse, rather slow because of its very bigness and in need of being waked up”
Mind that the sample papers like english hsc- speeches study notes presented are to be used for review only. In order to warn you and eliminate any plagiarism writing intentions, it is highly recommended not to use the essays in class. In cases you experience difficulties with essay writing in class and for in class use, order original papers with our expert writers. Cheap custom papers can be written from scratch for each customer that entrusts his or her academic success to our writing team. Order your unique assignment from the best custom writing services cheap and fast!
Study Notes- English
Socrates- “No evil can happen”
Purpose
Socrates’ actual purpose is to defend freedom of conscience.
His ostensible purpose is to be acquitted.
Audience
501 judges of Athens in BC.
Context
Athens was a burgeoning democracy and has just been through the ‘glory days’ of Pericles (440BC). They have just fought the Peloponnesian war against Sparta and its democracy is under threat.
Techniques
• He writes in first person, as he is defending himself.
• Uses a morality statement to begin
“Thou doest wrong to think that a man of any use at all is to weigh the risk of life and death, and not to consider one thing only, whether when he acts he does the right thing or the wrong, performs the deeds of a good man or bad…”
• He uses an active voice to accuse the jury of their misjudgment of him
“Thou doest wrong…”
• He uses conceits
“If I should be found to be wiser than the multitude, it would be in this, that having no adequate knowledge of the beyond, I do not presume that I have it.”
“So God bids, and I consider that never has a greater good been done to you, than through my ministry in the city.”
• Socrates takes the higher moral ground, as a means of criticising Anytus and those who accuse him. This can be seen in his use of conceits.
• He is on the offensive, (by offending the jury,) as opposed to the defensive, (which would be him defending himself.)
• He answers the charges that he is impious and that he corrupts the youth. He does these both in paragraph three, (“the perfection of the soul”.) This statement is also a conceit, (his way of “the soul” is perfect.)
• He refuses to change (“I shall not alter my canduct, no, not if I have to die a score of deaths.”)
• Socrates was an idealist, Anytus was a pragmatist
• Socrates uses polarised positions as seen when he calls Anytus impious; “I am pious in a way that Anytus isn’t because I believe in the gods truly and in human conscience, whereas Anytus is using a religious charge, pragmatically, to get rid of me.”
• He uses a humourous metaphor; “a kind of gadfly to a big generous horse, rather slow because of its very bigness and in need of being waked up”
Mind that the sample papers like english hsc- speeches study notes presented are to be used for review only. In order to warn you and eliminate any plagiarism writing intentions, it is highly recommended not to use the essays in class. In cases you experience difficulties with essay writing in class and for in class use, order original papers with our expert writers. Cheap custom papers can be written from scratch for each customer that entrusts his or her academic success to our writing team. Order your unique assignment from the best custom writing services cheap and fast!
Determinants of the Location of Foreign Direct Investment in China
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Determinants of the Location of Foreign Direct Investment in China.
Dingshan WAN
CCER 01 101607
1
¢ñ.INTRODUCTION
Undoubtedly large inflow of foreign direct investment (FDI) has greatly contributed to the rapid economic growth in China since 180¡¯s. From the advent of reform in 178 to 15 China has received 18.1 billion U.S. dollars in FDI. Recent FDI inflows to China account for 40 percent of such flows to all developing countries combined. In fact, China emerged as the largest recipient of FDI among developing countries beginning in 1, and has been the second largest recipient in the world since 1.
While the gross volume of FDI is much impressive, however, potential problems exist. The pattern of FDI in China is highly geographically concentrated. Of the total amount of FDI that China has received since 18, the coastal areas¡¯ share has been over 0 percent. In contrast, the inland provinces, which are considerably less developed and poorer, and in greater need of capital investment, have not played host to FDI to any significant degree. These huge differences in regional distribution of FDI, in return, might be partly responsible for the increasing gap in economic performance among various areas in China. Consequently, it will make sense to find out those significant determinants of regional distribution of FDI in China. This is what the current paper is exactly aimed to.
¢ò. LITERATURE REVIEW
There has been large literature on determinants of geographical distribution of FDI overseas, especially on inter-country distribution. In contrast, research in determinants
of regional distribution of FDI in one certain country is rather less. As to this topic in China, there is even much less literature. Moreover, the majority of previous research is qualitative but not quantitative. According to my knowledge, Broadman&Sun (17), Head&Ries (16), Chen (16), Kwan&Cheng (000) overseas, and Lu (17) and Sun (001) domestically, have discussed this problem.
Broadman and Sun (17) empirically analyzed the geographic determinants of FDI in China. Their econometric model is much simple. The dependent variable employed is the accumulated stock of FDI in each province at year-end 1. The explanatory variables are gross national product, labor costs, human capital, infrastructure, and geographical location. All data are cross-sectional at year-end 1, no matter stock or flow. All the reported coefficient estimates bear the expected sign and are statistically significant at the 10 percent or above confidence level (except the intercept). However, such analysis using cross-sectional data might be problematic in some way, considering that province-specific effects unobserved will create correlation between explanatory variables and disturbances, since we can¡¯t eliminate them by difference.
According to Head and Ries (16), Chinas Open Door policy has created a natural experiment for studying agglomeration externalities and the role of incentives designed to attract foreign direct investment. They built a model that predicts that foreign firms will prefer cities where other foreign firms are located. They estimate the model using data on 1 foreign ventures. They then use simulations to explore the effect policies favoring particular cities had on the distribution of investment.
They find that attractive cities-those with good infrastructure and an established industrial base-gained most and that agglomeration effects greatly magnified the direct impact of policy.
Chen (16) examines how the locational choice of foreign direct investment (FDI) is influenced by regional characteristics in Mainland China, such as the potential for market share extension, labor cost differences, allocative efficiency, transportation infrastructure, and research and development capability. The conditional logit model using pooled cross-section and time-series data conducts empirical testing. Empirical findings for the 187-11 period indicate that the variable for market share extension potential only affects FDI in the middle region. Surprisingly, labor cost differences do not affect the location of FDI. Interregional railroad connections are found to be positively related to the choice of location of FDI, but FDI may not necessarily locate near innovative Chinese industries.
Contrast to the above, Kwan and Cheng (000)¡¯s method is much different. They first built a partial stock adjustment model, which naturally reduced to a dynamic econometric model. Then they estimated this model using panel data from 185 to 15. In their model, the stock of FDI in region j at time t is dependent variable. This is different from the current paper. They find that large regional market, good infrastructure, and preferential policy had a positive effect but wage cost had a negative effect on FDI. The effect of education was positive but not statistically significant. In addition, there was also a strong self-reinforcing effect of FDI on itself. There was no convergence in the equilibrium FDI stocks of the regions between 185
4
and 15, but there was convergence in the deviations from the equilibrium FDI stocks.
Lu (17) made research on this topic too. Different from all the other authors, Lu substituted relative wage rate for wage rate level as an explanatory variable, since he had come to the same unexpected conclusion as others by using wage rate level. He then found that relative wage rate is negatively related to FDI and the result is significant statistically. This is what¡¯s new in Lu¡¯s paper.
Sun (001)¡¯s analysis also used panel data, from 185 to 1. But his econometric model is much simple than Kwan and Cheng¡¯s, since he didn¡¯t take the dynamic effect into account. He first conducted a Hausman¡¯s test to decide which model should be adopted, fixed effects or random effects. Then he estimated the fixed effects model by LSDV methods. He also made a Chow-test to check if there are structural changes before and after 1. The result is statistically insignificant. According to Sun¡¯s analysis, there is clear evidence that factors as government policy, industrial structure, openness and the level of marketization have played important roles to affect the location of FDI in China. The effect of government¡¯s preferential policy has been very strong all the time, but industrial structure has also been playing an increasingly significant role.
From the above, we can see that most of previous studies have arrived at the same conclusion on the effects of some factors, such as market size, preferential policy from government, etc. Though there is difference between various studies, all these estimates are consistent with economic theory in direction. On the other way, on the
5
effects of some factors, disagreement is more popular than agreement, such as wage rate, human capital, etc. The huge divergence might be attributed to varied data, model, and methods.
¢ó. ECONOMIC THEORY AND ECONOMETRIC MODEL
According to economic theory, expected net income of investment in varied areas decides the regional choice made by one certain investor, which can be divided into two parts, expected benefits and costs. Expected benefits from one certain investment are correlated to such factors as market size, etc. Costs are mainly from inputs, such as labor, and energy, etc., and from transactions, such as transportation and communication, etc. Also, institutional factors as development of service industry and market have influence on transaction costs.
In addition, I suppose there might be self-enhancing effects in FDI, which should probably be the case for some reasons. First, foreign corporations usually geographically concentrated in some areas in one province. In these areas foreigners are more densely distributed than other areas. Cultural considerations might be a determinant when a new foreign investor makes a decision. Second, due to uncertainty about the political environments in China, potential foreign investors may hesitate on their decision. Increasing FDI itself will be a good signal for those hesitating.
So, our analysis will point to the importance of seven sets of variables. Conceptually, they are market size, wage costs, human capital, development of service industry,
6
availability and quality of infrastructure, development of market and economies of agglomeration. In view of the difficulty of measurement, some proxy variables have been used. GDP and per capita GDP have been supposed to express market size alternatively. Average annual wage of employers denotes wage costs. Illiteracy rate is used as proxy for human capital. Development of service industry could be denoted by the weight of the third industry in the whole national economy. Measurement for infrastructure is rather difficulty since there are so many kinds of infrastructure, including transportation and communication. As a result, to accurately denote the whole scope of infrastructure in one single variable is nearly impossible and can never bring unanimity. For convenience, we have selected three variables as proxies for infrastructure. They are railway in operation, road and high-grade roads, averaged by corresponding geographical area of that region. Development of market exists only conceptually. So a proxy is necessary. We suppose the development of private economy is an appropriate substitute for it in a transition economy like China. We have calculated the weight of private components of the whole economy for each region in each year.
Let be the stock of FDI in region at time t and itYiiy¦�be the flow of FDI in region at time i¦�. Then,
1titiYy¦�¦�==¡Æ (1.1)
Collecting the above-mentioned explanatory variables in a vector , we postulate a panel formulation for , itXity
1itititiityXYu¦Â¦Ã¦ÁW=+++ (1.)
7
where ¦Â is a vector of parameters; ¦Ã is parameter for 1itYW. i¦Á is unobserved, region-specific effects; and is a random disturbance. That is, itui¦Á captures time-invariant, regional effects such as geographic location and culture. Equation (1.1) is a dynamic model. For such model, we can¡¯t estimate it by OLS or other methods directly for the unobservability of i¦Á. So, we should first transform the original equation into the first-differenced version. It is,
111()(ititititititityyXXyuu¦Â¦ÃWWWW=W++W1)W (1.)
to estimate the above equation, an instrumental variable is needed to ensure the consistency of the estimate, since 1ityWityWW is correlated to the differenced residual . According to related literature, what are usually utilized as instrument for in such models are or 1itituuWW1ityWityWityW, e.g., y lagged two periods or the first difference of y lagged two periods and y lagged three periods. Compared with the later, the former demands one-period information less than the later.1 So we will use the former as instruments here. Under the assumption of serially uncorrelated level residual, values of y lagged two periods qualify as instruments in the first-differenced system, since
,1()itititCovyuuWWW=01,()itityyWW¡Ù Cov0 (1.4)
However, there remain potential methodological problems. The IV estimates based on (1.4) may be highly inefficient since it has omitted much useful information. To solve this problem, more instrument variables should be found out and then we can use
1 For a comparison of asymptotic efficiency of the two instruments, see Anderson and Hsiao (181). Also refer to Hsiao (186, Chapter 4).
8
GMM method. But we will not take this efficiency problem into account here.
¢�. DATA AND ESTIMATION PROCEDURE
DATA
We use panel data for 8 provinces, administrated municipals or self-governed districts from 186 to 001, except for Hainan, Chongqing, Xizang (Tibet). All data are from the Chinese Statistical Yearbook, Chinese Labor Statistical Yearbook and Chinese Foreign Trade Statistical Yearbook for relevant years.
As to the data, we have much thing to clarify that may create problems in an unknowable way. There are some typical kinds of problems. First, some variables in the yearbooks are not conceptually consistent. For example, there are no records for GDP before 10. The substitute is national income. Before 10 the records for production value of the third industry is also absent. We have to use the sum of architecture, transportation and business as its substitute. Second, some variables are absent for most of the whole periods. In China, the illiteracy rate is not recorder annually. The census is conducted every ten years or even longer. Except that, only sampling data is reported in each single year. Even though this data is not reported in every year during the period of our interest. We only get reported data of the forth census in 10 and the fifth census in 000. Also we have get two years data from sampling, e.g., the one percentage sampling survey of population in 187 and 15 respectively. For the other years, we have get the corresponding values for illiteracy
For detailed exposition, refer to Holtz-Eakin et al. (188), Arellano and Bond (11), Ahn an Schmidt (15,17), Arellano and Bover (15),and more recently, Blundell and Bond(18).
rate in each year by interpolation.For further illustration for all explanatory variables, please refer to appendix A.
When conducting estimation, considering that IV is consistent with the two-stage OLS method, we have first regressed 1ityW on ityW. Then we used the predicted value for as substitutes for 1ityW1ityW to regress.
¢õ. ESTIMATION RESULTS
Six sets of regression results using different sets of explanatory variables have been reported in Table1. Much to our surprise, most of the explanatory variables are not statistically significant, and part of estimates doesn¡¯t have the expected sign.
As can be seen in Table 1, the coefficient for lagged FDI stock is significant at five-percentage level when GDP is adopted to be explanatory variable, however its sign is contrary to our intuition. The three coefficients are much approximate to each other, indicating that an increase of one thousand U.S.D in a region¡¯s lagged would tend to reduce its FDI by about thirty-three U.S.D. Moreover, the coefficient assumes opposite sign when per capita GDP is instead taken as explanatory variable, but none of the three is statistically significant at ten-percentage level or lower.
As to the coefficient for average annul wage rate, the case is reversed. In case of regression with per capita GDP the coefficients are positive and statistically significant at five-percentage level. The estimates all indicate about an increase of more than sixty thousand U.S.D in FDI if there is an increase of one Yuan in wage
The formulation is1111()iktiktikiktxxxxttt¦�¦�W=+WW.
10
costs. However, when GDP proxies for market size the coefficient for it takes negative sign and statistically insignificant at ten-percentage level or lower.
Table 1 Estimation results4
(1) () () (4) (5) (6) Lagged FDI stock -0.075 (-.6) -0.06 (-.5) -0.075 (-.6) 0.016
(1.6) 0.016
(1.45) 0.0178
(1.) Wage -1.651
(-0.70) -.7110
(-0.7) -1.651
(-0.70) 6.140 (.56) 6.1
(.1) 6.0
(.0) Service industry 41.076
(0.8) 45.054
(0.8) 41.076
(0.8) 6.8568
(1.1) 61.6878
(1.11) 6.667
(0.6) Illiterate rate 75.685
(0.1) 76.6
(0.1) 75.685
(0.1) 57.540
(0.1) 4.0786
(0.10) -10.8577
(-0.0) GDP 66.51
(7.0) 65.46
(7.17) 66.51
(7.0) Per capita GDP 0.45
(1.1) 0.001
(1.1) 0.85
(1.0) Railway 7.8571
(1.0) 65.6
(0.65) Roads 5.00
(0.8) 84.6044
(1.) High-grade road 7.8571
(1.0) 7.65
(1.6) Private sector 58.48 (.) 601.8774 (.40) 58.48 (.) 78.66 (4.1) 77.81841 (4.0) 74.5415
(4.0)
All regression results denote that FDI is highly positively related to the development of service industry, indicating that foreign investors might pay much importance to this factor when making a investment decision. Unfortunately, all the six estimates are statistically insignificant at ten-percentage level or lower.
4 t-statistics in parentheses. and denote statistically significant at one-percentage level and five-percentage level, respectively.
11
Five of the six coefficients for illiteracy rate are positive, varied from forty to seventy or more, and indicate that FDI will greatly increase if illiteracy is higher. This is much contrary to our expectation too. We suppose that foreign investors might have paid little attention to the quality of human capital in most of the past periods, since the majority of foreign investments until now has concentrated on those labor-intensive and export-oriented industries, such as weaving, shoes and the appliances, etc. All estimates are statistically insignificant at ten-percentage level or lower.
In contrast, all the coefficients for FDI are positive and statistically significant at one-percentage level. When GDP increases by one billion Yuan FDI will increase by more than six hundred thousand U.S.D. Keep in mind this is a very strong effect. So foreign investor have attached great importance to market size of one region. When makes a locational decision he is aimed to take possession of the regional market. However, the coefficients for per capita GDP are not statistically significant at ten-percentage level or lower, indicating that GDP as a whole has more attractions for foreign investors than per capita GDP.
Using the density of railway in operation, all roads and high-grade as proxies for infrastructure respectively, the reported coefficients are not statistically significant, though the sign is consistent with our intuition.
According to Table 1, the development of market in a region is highly positively correlated to FDI in that region. All estimates are statically significant at one-percentage level, though the exact value has many variations.
1
¢ö. CONCLUDING REMARKS
By taking FDI stock lagged one year into account, we have build a dynamic econometric model on decision of FDI in one region. To estimate such a model, we first difference the original model and try to estimate it by IV. The IV we have employed is dependent variable lagged two years, which is supposed to satisfy the two necessary conditions for IV under the assumption of serially uncorrelated level residuals. There have some potential problems with our estimation method, however. The estimates should be inefficient because IV has omitted much useful information. To solve this problem, we should found out more instruments and then we can use GMM method, which is supposed to be more efficient.
Due to cause of method and data, our estimation results is contrary to our intuition or expectation to much extent. Only small part of the coefficients of explanatory variable is statistically significant. According to six sets of regression results, lagged FDI stock and GDP are significant explanatory variables at five-percentage or one-percentage level while FDI enters into regression equation. However, the coefficient for the former doesn¡¯t assume expected sign. On the other hand, the coefficient for the former doesn¡¯t consistent with estimation result when per capita GDP as a substitute for GDP. The coefficient for development of market, weight of private sector as a proxy, is always positive and statistically significant at one-percentage level. Then, what we can conclude is that when making a locational decision, a foreign investor will pay much attention to the development of market. In areas where private sector has assumed important role in economic activities, FDI seems to increase at more rapid
1
rate. For foreign investors, excellent performance in marketization may be a rather instructive signal for more efficient government, more transparent policies and looser business environment, etc.
There is much to improve on this current paper, especially methodologically.
14
References
Broadman, Harry G. and Xiaolun Sun, ¡°The distribution of foreign investment in China,¡± World Bank, Policy Research Working Paper 170, 17.
Chen, Chien-Hsun, 16, ¡°Regional determinants of foreign direct investment in Mainland China,¡± Journal of Economic Studies, vol. , no. , pp. 18-0.
Greene, William H., Economic Analysis, Third edition, Prentice-Hall, 17.
Head, Keith and John Ries, ¡°Inter-City Competition for Foreign Investment Static and Dynamic Effects of Chinas Incentive Areas,¡± Journal of Urban Economics, 16, vol. 40, pp. 8-60.
Hsiao, Cheng, Analysis of Panel Data, New York Cambridge University Press, 186.
Kwan, Yum K. and Leonard K. Cheng, ¡°What are the determinants of the location of foreign direct investment? The Chinese experience,¡± Journal of International Economics, 000, vol. 51, pp. 7-400.
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Appendix A. Definition of variables
1. FDI Inflow of FDI in one year, measured by ten thousand nominal U.S.D . GDP /Per capita GDP Nominal GDP or per capita GDP for one region in one year. . Wage Average nominal annual wage of employer. 4. Service industry The ratio of the third industry to the whole economy. 5. Illiteracy rate Percentage of population with no schooling years 6. Railway Length of railway in operation averaged by geographical area of one region () /mkm
7. All roads Length of all roads averaged by geographical area of one region (). /mkm
8. High-grade road. Length of high-grade road averaged by geographical area of one region (). /mkm
. Private sector Percentage of the economy that is owned by private.
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Determinants of the Location of Foreign Direct Investment in China.
Dingshan WAN
CCER 01 101607
1
¢ñ.INTRODUCTION
Undoubtedly large inflow of foreign direct investment (FDI) has greatly contributed to the rapid economic growth in China since 180¡¯s. From the advent of reform in 178 to 15 China has received 18.1 billion U.S. dollars in FDI. Recent FDI inflows to China account for 40 percent of such flows to all developing countries combined. In fact, China emerged as the largest recipient of FDI among developing countries beginning in 1, and has been the second largest recipient in the world since 1.
While the gross volume of FDI is much impressive, however, potential problems exist. The pattern of FDI in China is highly geographically concentrated. Of the total amount of FDI that China has received since 18, the coastal areas¡¯ share has been over 0 percent. In contrast, the inland provinces, which are considerably less developed and poorer, and in greater need of capital investment, have not played host to FDI to any significant degree. These huge differences in regional distribution of FDI, in return, might be partly responsible for the increasing gap in economic performance among various areas in China. Consequently, it will make sense to find out those significant determinants of regional distribution of FDI in China. This is what the current paper is exactly aimed to.
¢ò. LITERATURE REVIEW
There has been large literature on determinants of geographical distribution of FDI overseas, especially on inter-country distribution. In contrast, research in determinants
of regional distribution of FDI in one certain country is rather less. As to this topic in China, there is even much less literature. Moreover, the majority of previous research is qualitative but not quantitative. According to my knowledge, Broadman&Sun (17), Head&Ries (16), Chen (16), Kwan&Cheng (000) overseas, and Lu (17) and Sun (001) domestically, have discussed this problem.
Broadman and Sun (17) empirically analyzed the geographic determinants of FDI in China. Their econometric model is much simple. The dependent variable employed is the accumulated stock of FDI in each province at year-end 1. The explanatory variables are gross national product, labor costs, human capital, infrastructure, and geographical location. All data are cross-sectional at year-end 1, no matter stock or flow. All the reported coefficient estimates bear the expected sign and are statistically significant at the 10 percent or above confidence level (except the intercept). However, such analysis using cross-sectional data might be problematic in some way, considering that province-specific effects unobserved will create correlation between explanatory variables and disturbances, since we can¡¯t eliminate them by difference.
According to Head and Ries (16), Chinas Open Door policy has created a natural experiment for studying agglomeration externalities and the role of incentives designed to attract foreign direct investment. They built a model that predicts that foreign firms will prefer cities where other foreign firms are located. They estimate the model using data on 1 foreign ventures. They then use simulations to explore the effect policies favoring particular cities had on the distribution of investment.
They find that attractive cities-those with good infrastructure and an established industrial base-gained most and that agglomeration effects greatly magnified the direct impact of policy.
Chen (16) examines how the locational choice of foreign direct investment (FDI) is influenced by regional characteristics in Mainland China, such as the potential for market share extension, labor cost differences, allocative efficiency, transportation infrastructure, and research and development capability. The conditional logit model using pooled cross-section and time-series data conducts empirical testing. Empirical findings for the 187-11 period indicate that the variable for market share extension potential only affects FDI in the middle region. Surprisingly, labor cost differences do not affect the location of FDI. Interregional railroad connections are found to be positively related to the choice of location of FDI, but FDI may not necessarily locate near innovative Chinese industries.
Contrast to the above, Kwan and Cheng (000)¡¯s method is much different. They first built a partial stock adjustment model, which naturally reduced to a dynamic econometric model. Then they estimated this model using panel data from 185 to 15. In their model, the stock of FDI in region j at time t is dependent variable. This is different from the current paper. They find that large regional market, good infrastructure, and preferential policy had a positive effect but wage cost had a negative effect on FDI. The effect of education was positive but not statistically significant. In addition, there was also a strong self-reinforcing effect of FDI on itself. There was no convergence in the equilibrium FDI stocks of the regions between 185
4
and 15, but there was convergence in the deviations from the equilibrium FDI stocks.
Lu (17) made research on this topic too. Different from all the other authors, Lu substituted relative wage rate for wage rate level as an explanatory variable, since he had come to the same unexpected conclusion as others by using wage rate level. He then found that relative wage rate is negatively related to FDI and the result is significant statistically. This is what¡¯s new in Lu¡¯s paper.
Sun (001)¡¯s analysis also used panel data, from 185 to 1. But his econometric model is much simple than Kwan and Cheng¡¯s, since he didn¡¯t take the dynamic effect into account. He first conducted a Hausman¡¯s test to decide which model should be adopted, fixed effects or random effects. Then he estimated the fixed effects model by LSDV methods. He also made a Chow-test to check if there are structural changes before and after 1. The result is statistically insignificant. According to Sun¡¯s analysis, there is clear evidence that factors as government policy, industrial structure, openness and the level of marketization have played important roles to affect the location of FDI in China. The effect of government¡¯s preferential policy has been very strong all the time, but industrial structure has also been playing an increasingly significant role.
From the above, we can see that most of previous studies have arrived at the same conclusion on the effects of some factors, such as market size, preferential policy from government, etc. Though there is difference between various studies, all these estimates are consistent with economic theory in direction. On the other way, on the
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effects of some factors, disagreement is more popular than agreement, such as wage rate, human capital, etc. The huge divergence might be attributed to varied data, model, and methods.
¢ó. ECONOMIC THEORY AND ECONOMETRIC MODEL
According to economic theory, expected net income of investment in varied areas decides the regional choice made by one certain investor, which can be divided into two parts, expected benefits and costs. Expected benefits from one certain investment are correlated to such factors as market size, etc. Costs are mainly from inputs, such as labor, and energy, etc., and from transactions, such as transportation and communication, etc. Also, institutional factors as development of service industry and market have influence on transaction costs.
In addition, I suppose there might be self-enhancing effects in FDI, which should probably be the case for some reasons. First, foreign corporations usually geographically concentrated in some areas in one province. In these areas foreigners are more densely distributed than other areas. Cultural considerations might be a determinant when a new foreign investor makes a decision. Second, due to uncertainty about the political environments in China, potential foreign investors may hesitate on their decision. Increasing FDI itself will be a good signal for those hesitating.
So, our analysis will point to the importance of seven sets of variables. Conceptually, they are market size, wage costs, human capital, development of service industry,
6
availability and quality of infrastructure, development of market and economies of agglomeration. In view of the difficulty of measurement, some proxy variables have been used. GDP and per capita GDP have been supposed to express market size alternatively. Average annual wage of employers denotes wage costs. Illiteracy rate is used as proxy for human capital. Development of service industry could be denoted by the weight of the third industry in the whole national economy. Measurement for infrastructure is rather difficulty since there are so many kinds of infrastructure, including transportation and communication. As a result, to accurately denote the whole scope of infrastructure in one single variable is nearly impossible and can never bring unanimity. For convenience, we have selected three variables as proxies for infrastructure. They are railway in operation, road and high-grade roads, averaged by corresponding geographical area of that region. Development of market exists only conceptually. So a proxy is necessary. We suppose the development of private economy is an appropriate substitute for it in a transition economy like China. We have calculated the weight of private components of the whole economy for each region in each year.
Let be the stock of FDI in region at time t and itYiiy¦�be the flow of FDI in region at time i¦�. Then,
1titiYy¦�¦�==¡Æ (1.1)
Collecting the above-mentioned explanatory variables in a vector , we postulate a panel formulation for , itXity
1itititiityXYu¦Â¦Ã¦ÁW=+++ (1.)
7
where ¦Â is a vector of parameters; ¦Ã is parameter for 1itYW. i¦Á is unobserved, region-specific effects; and is a random disturbance. That is, itui¦Á captures time-invariant, regional effects such as geographic location and culture. Equation (1.1) is a dynamic model. For such model, we can¡¯t estimate it by OLS or other methods directly for the unobservability of i¦Á. So, we should first transform the original equation into the first-differenced version. It is,
111()(ititititititityyXXyuu¦Â¦ÃWWWW=W++W1)W (1.)
to estimate the above equation, an instrumental variable is needed to ensure the consistency of the estimate, since 1ityWityWW is correlated to the differenced residual . According to related literature, what are usually utilized as instrument for in such models are or 1itituuWW1ityWityWityW, e.g., y lagged two periods or the first difference of y lagged two periods and y lagged three periods. Compared with the later, the former demands one-period information less than the later.1 So we will use the former as instruments here. Under the assumption of serially uncorrelated level residual, values of y lagged two periods qualify as instruments in the first-differenced system, since
,1()itititCovyuuWWW=01,()itityyWW¡Ù Cov0 (1.4)
However, there remain potential methodological problems. The IV estimates based on (1.4) may be highly inefficient since it has omitted much useful information. To solve this problem, more instrument variables should be found out and then we can use
1 For a comparison of asymptotic efficiency of the two instruments, see Anderson and Hsiao (181). Also refer to Hsiao (186, Chapter 4).
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GMM method. But we will not take this efficiency problem into account here.
¢�. DATA AND ESTIMATION PROCEDURE
DATA
We use panel data for 8 provinces, administrated municipals or self-governed districts from 186 to 001, except for Hainan, Chongqing, Xizang (Tibet). All data are from the Chinese Statistical Yearbook, Chinese Labor Statistical Yearbook and Chinese Foreign Trade Statistical Yearbook for relevant years.
As to the data, we have much thing to clarify that may create problems in an unknowable way. There are some typical kinds of problems. First, some variables in the yearbooks are not conceptually consistent. For example, there are no records for GDP before 10. The substitute is national income. Before 10 the records for production value of the third industry is also absent. We have to use the sum of architecture, transportation and business as its substitute. Second, some variables are absent for most of the whole periods. In China, the illiteracy rate is not recorder annually. The census is conducted every ten years or even longer. Except that, only sampling data is reported in each single year. Even though this data is not reported in every year during the period of our interest. We only get reported data of the forth census in 10 and the fifth census in 000. Also we have get two years data from sampling, e.g., the one percentage sampling survey of population in 187 and 15 respectively. For the other years, we have get the corresponding values for illiteracy
For detailed exposition, refer to Holtz-Eakin et al. (188), Arellano and Bond (11), Ahn an Schmidt (15,17), Arellano and Bover (15),and more recently, Blundell and Bond(18).
rate in each year by interpolation.For further illustration for all explanatory variables, please refer to appendix A.
When conducting estimation, considering that IV is consistent with the two-stage OLS method, we have first regressed 1ityW on ityW. Then we used the predicted value for as substitutes for 1ityW1ityW to regress.
¢õ. ESTIMATION RESULTS
Six sets of regression results using different sets of explanatory variables have been reported in Table1. Much to our surprise, most of the explanatory variables are not statistically significant, and part of estimates doesn¡¯t have the expected sign.
As can be seen in Table 1, the coefficient for lagged FDI stock is significant at five-percentage level when GDP is adopted to be explanatory variable, however its sign is contrary to our intuition. The three coefficients are much approximate to each other, indicating that an increase of one thousand U.S.D in a region¡¯s lagged would tend to reduce its FDI by about thirty-three U.S.D. Moreover, the coefficient assumes opposite sign when per capita GDP is instead taken as explanatory variable, but none of the three is statistically significant at ten-percentage level or lower.
As to the coefficient for average annul wage rate, the case is reversed. In case of regression with per capita GDP the coefficients are positive and statistically significant at five-percentage level. The estimates all indicate about an increase of more than sixty thousand U.S.D in FDI if there is an increase of one Yuan in wage
The formulation is1111()iktiktikiktxxxxttt¦�¦�W=+WW.
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costs. However, when GDP proxies for market size the coefficient for it takes negative sign and statistically insignificant at ten-percentage level or lower.
Table 1 Estimation results4
(1) () () (4) (5) (6) Lagged FDI stock -0.075 (-.6) -0.06 (-.5) -0.075 (-.6) 0.016
(1.6) 0.016
(1.45) 0.0178
(1.) Wage -1.651
(-0.70) -.7110
(-0.7) -1.651
(-0.70) 6.140 (.56) 6.1
(.1) 6.0
(.0) Service industry 41.076
(0.8) 45.054
(0.8) 41.076
(0.8) 6.8568
(1.1) 61.6878
(1.11) 6.667
(0.6) Illiterate rate 75.685
(0.1) 76.6
(0.1) 75.685
(0.1) 57.540
(0.1) 4.0786
(0.10) -10.8577
(-0.0) GDP 66.51
(7.0) 65.46
(7.17) 66.51
(7.0) Per capita GDP 0.45
(1.1) 0.001
(1.1) 0.85
(1.0) Railway 7.8571
(1.0) 65.6
(0.65) Roads 5.00
(0.8) 84.6044
(1.) High-grade road 7.8571
(1.0) 7.65
(1.6) Private sector 58.48 (.) 601.8774 (.40) 58.48 (.) 78.66 (4.1) 77.81841 (4.0) 74.5415
(4.0)
All regression results denote that FDI is highly positively related to the development of service industry, indicating that foreign investors might pay much importance to this factor when making a investment decision. Unfortunately, all the six estimates are statistically insignificant at ten-percentage level or lower.
4 t-statistics in parentheses. and denote statistically significant at one-percentage level and five-percentage level, respectively.
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Five of the six coefficients for illiteracy rate are positive, varied from forty to seventy or more, and indicate that FDI will greatly increase if illiteracy is higher. This is much contrary to our expectation too. We suppose that foreign investors might have paid little attention to the quality of human capital in most of the past periods, since the majority of foreign investments until now has concentrated on those labor-intensive and export-oriented industries, such as weaving, shoes and the appliances, etc. All estimates are statistically insignificant at ten-percentage level or lower.
In contrast, all the coefficients for FDI are positive and statistically significant at one-percentage level. When GDP increases by one billion Yuan FDI will increase by more than six hundred thousand U.S.D. Keep in mind this is a very strong effect. So foreign investor have attached great importance to market size of one region. When makes a locational decision he is aimed to take possession of the regional market. However, the coefficients for per capita GDP are not statistically significant at ten-percentage level or lower, indicating that GDP as a whole has more attractions for foreign investors than per capita GDP.
Using the density of railway in operation, all roads and high-grade as proxies for infrastructure respectively, the reported coefficients are not statistically significant, though the sign is consistent with our intuition.
According to Table 1, the development of market in a region is highly positively correlated to FDI in that region. All estimates are statically significant at one-percentage level, though the exact value has many variations.
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¢ö. CONCLUDING REMARKS
By taking FDI stock lagged one year into account, we have build a dynamic econometric model on decision of FDI in one region. To estimate such a model, we first difference the original model and try to estimate it by IV. The IV we have employed is dependent variable lagged two years, which is supposed to satisfy the two necessary conditions for IV under the assumption of serially uncorrelated level residuals. There have some potential problems with our estimation method, however. The estimates should be inefficient because IV has omitted much useful information. To solve this problem, we should found out more instruments and then we can use GMM method, which is supposed to be more efficient.
Due to cause of method and data, our estimation results is contrary to our intuition or expectation to much extent. Only small part of the coefficients of explanatory variable is statistically significant. According to six sets of regression results, lagged FDI stock and GDP are significant explanatory variables at five-percentage or one-percentage level while FDI enters into regression equation. However, the coefficient for the former doesn¡¯t assume expected sign. On the other hand, the coefficient for the former doesn¡¯t consistent with estimation result when per capita GDP as a substitute for GDP. The coefficient for development of market, weight of private sector as a proxy, is always positive and statistically significant at one-percentage level. Then, what we can conclude is that when making a locational decision, a foreign investor will pay much attention to the development of market. In areas where private sector has assumed important role in economic activities, FDI seems to increase at more rapid
1
rate. For foreign investors, excellent performance in marketization may be a rather instructive signal for more efficient government, more transparent policies and looser business environment, etc.
There is much to improve on this current paper, especially methodologically.
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References
Broadman, Harry G. and Xiaolun Sun, ¡°The distribution of foreign investment in China,¡± World Bank, Policy Research Working Paper 170, 17.
Chen, Chien-Hsun, 16, ¡°Regional determinants of foreign direct investment in Mainland China,¡± Journal of Economic Studies, vol. , no. , pp. 18-0.
Greene, William H., Economic Analysis, Third edition, Prentice-Hall, 17.
Head, Keith and John Ries, ¡°Inter-City Competition for Foreign Investment Static and Dynamic Effects of Chinas Incentive Areas,¡± Journal of Urban Economics, 16, vol. 40, pp. 8-60.
Hsiao, Cheng, Analysis of Panel Data, New York Cambridge University Press, 186.
Kwan, Yum K. and Leonard K. Cheng, ¡°What are the determinants of the location of foreign direct investment? The Chinese experience,¡± Journal of International Economics, 000, vol. 51, pp. 7-400.
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Appendix A. Definition of variables
1. FDI Inflow of FDI in one year, measured by ten thousand nominal U.S.D . GDP /Per capita GDP Nominal GDP or per capita GDP for one region in one year. . Wage Average nominal annual wage of employer. 4. Service industry The ratio of the third industry to the whole economy. 5. Illiteracy rate Percentage of population with no schooling years 6. Railway Length of railway in operation averaged by geographical area of one region () /mkm
7. All roads Length of all roads averaged by geographical area of one region (). /mkm
8. High-grade road. Length of high-grade road averaged by geographical area of one region (). /mkm
. Private sector Percentage of the economy that is owned by private.
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Friday, May 4, 2012
Red Guards in Life and Death in Shanghai
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The Cultural Revolution was started in October 166. After the failures of previous political campaigns such as The Great Leap Forward, the Cultural Revolution was created from the struggle of power between the Maoists and the opposing power from Liu Shao-chi and Deng Hsiao-ping. Encouraged by Mao and his wife Chiang Ching, young people and students were used as a political tool as they were most effect to Mao¡¦s question, How can I make the Cultural Revolution spread everywhere in China? The Red Guard Army was established to pursue the Revolution to the ¡§far corners of China¡¨. Schools were closed at that time and rather than learning, the ¡§Young Revolutionaries Generals¡¨ had traveled throughout China to reinforce Mao¡¦s thinking. To promote Cultural Revolution, the Red Guards did not only used slogans, posters, and speeches, from Mao, but also violent actions to every element that potentially opposed Mao¡¦s thinking such as the ¡§Four Olds¡¨ ¡V the old culture, old customs, old habits, and the old ways of thinking.
In the book ¡§Life and Death in Shanghai¡¨ by Nien Cheng, the issues including the dark side of Cultural Revolution were analyzed in detailed ways. Through Nien Cheng¡¦s heartbreaking memoir, the movement of Red Guards had not only driven herself and the capitalists into the victims¡¦ list, but the list had also included most of Chinese population as well as the Red Guards.
Nien Cheng belonged to the upper class in China before the Cultural Revolution. Being the ambassador between shell managers and the Chinese government, Nien Cheng could enjoy having a luxurious life, while most of the rich could not attain their lifestyles at that time. However, in the period of the Cultural Revolution, Nien Cheng, declared as a spy and the ¡§running dog¡¨ of the foreign imperialists, was the forced to attend series of struggle meetings and later even arrested to jail. The nightmare began through the anticipated visit by the Red Guards. Except in the room of Nien Cheng¡¦s daughter, Meiping, ¡§revolutionary action¡¨ was taken to every instance in the house. Furniture, paintings, jewelries, and other valuables were either damaged or taken away by the Red Guards. Her suffering had escalated further along with Cultural Revolution campaign after an article from the People¡¦s Daily was published
The article warned the ¡§revolutionary masses¡¨ that the capitalist class was cunning, and it made the allegation that its members hoarder gold and secreted weapons in their homes so that when an attack against China came from abroad they could cooperate with the enemy to become a fifth column.
As a result, more power was given to the ¡§revolutionary masses¡¨ and they had employed more violence attack. To search of ¡§gold and weapons¡¨ that Mao had asked for, a group of ¡§Proletarian Revolutionaries¡¨ came back to Nien Cheng¡¦s mansion. This time, they had applied a crueler destruction as she was beaten, whipped, and treated in an inhumanity way. Besides, she was not allowed to leave her house or to have conversations with her servants and daughter Later, Nien Cheng was taken to jail. For Meiping, she could no longer go back home but to stay in the ¡§cowshed¡¨, which was the Film Studio. It was because, she and the Studio were later removed from the ranks of ¡§masses¡¨ and became class enemy. Besides the financial lost Nien Cheng had, the Cultural Revolutionary had made her losing the most precious things on earth, which were her freedom and the life of Meiping, who were later beaten to death by the Red Guards.
Not only did the class enemies were tortured by the Red Guards, most of the people in China were having a hard time to compromise with their harsh creative standard. To be more ¡§revolutionary¡¨, every element on the streets was being altered. Each street¡¦s name was renamed to meaningful Mao¡¦s ideas such as ¡§Anti-Imperialist Street¡¨ and ¡§Revolutionary Boulevard¡¨. The order of the traffic lights was terminated, as the ¡§Young Revolutionaries¡¨ believed the color red should mean go instead of stop. Many inventories such as flowers, sofas, silks, and cosmetics were sabotaged either because they reflected Western styles or the goods were not suitable for ¡§socialist society¡¨. Furthermore, the Chinese could no longer have the right of religion. The Catholic Cathedral¡¦s twin spires and the temples had been dismantled. The Red Guards had followed Mao¡¦s order to stop superstitions. Sometimes, the Red Guards seized pedestrians who did not meet their standard. For example, Nien Cheng had witnessed a young lady, who belonged to the working class, was caught since they did not approve her a pointed shoes and slacks with narrow legs. Her pants and shoes were taken away as she was then humiliated and beaten by the Red Guards. Riders, who failed to demonstrate Mao¡¦s quote by putting the ¡§red cards¡¨ on their bicycles handles, were warned In some cases, the Red Guards¡¦ actions were so violent that some resisters were beaten and killed.
The Red Guards were the group that was affected most by the Cultural Revolution since they were the cores of Cultural Revolution. Being controlled and brainwashed by Mao, they were organized to fulfill his idea and to get rid of his enemies. Without any political knowledge, they blindly followed the directions from their leaders. As Nien Cheng¡¦s cook argued, ¡§¡K How could he not join? He would have been looked upon as renegade and punished. Besides, young people always want to do exactly what other young people are doing.¡¨ Therefore, they were not given any individual actions or the ability of personal judgment. Students no longer respected teachers, although teachers used to maintain a well-respected position in the Chinese society. The book had specified the attitude of the Red Guards towards their teachers
We beat them up when they are found to have capitalist ideas or when they insist we study and not have so many revolutionary activities. Some of them do not seem to understand the importance of carrying on with the Cultural Revolution. They still believe in the importance of learning from books¡K ¡KWe don¡¦t need the old style of school any more. Those teachers who still believe in books obviously oppose our Great Leader so we must treat them as enemies
However, not every ¡§Revolutionary¡¨ had followed the same beliefs as other did from the group thinking. For example, Nien Cheng had inspired a young guard when she was having breakfast. The girl would like study further in university and said, ¡§I hoped to go to a university when I finish high school. But now there won¡¦t be any university to go to. All of us young people will have to become soldiers¡¨. Like this thoughtful girl, thousands of the Red Guards had lost their chance of education during the Cultural Revolution because the schools were closed and teachers were discouraged. Nien Cheng gave another example of the internal conflict from the Red Guards. When she was being arrested, the girl, who guarded Cheng¡¦s jewellery, had risked herself to save Cheng by shouting, ¡§Confess! Confess quickly! They are going to take you to prison!¡¨ Even though some young people were not often agreed with the ¡§norms¡¨, they could not demonstrated opposite attitudes, as they would be attacked. Mao had taken advantage on the young people¡¦s enthusiastic trust on him and they became his political tool. Without proper judgments and ability to oppose, the Red Guards had followed Mao¡¦s instructions, often involved in violent crimes.
The impact on China from the Cultural Revolution is no less than the Great Leap Forward, the campaign that starved thousands of Chinese to death. China had suffered from a long term of economic lost by a period of lag of talents. The most of young people were only in high school levels. Additionally, citizens like Nien Cheng would still suffer from the pain of losing their loved ones. The Red Guards, who were betrayed to killed and committed crimes, might have complicated internal conflicts and guilt in the rest of their lives. Now, China is launching its economic activities in a rocket pace, however, the agony of the Cultural Revolution cannot be recovered easily. Until today, the Chinese are still living in the shadow of the Cultural Revolution. The experiences of terror and violence would be haunted back to them. Despite of the negative impacts that the Cultural Revolution had brought, one should learn from the lesson. He or she would appreciate life and their survival by respecting each other. In addition, people should perceive freedom as a valuable factor and lead China to democracy.
Mind that the sample papers like Red Guards in Life and Death in Shanghai presented are to be used for review only. In order to warn you and eliminate any plagiarism writing intentions, it is highly recommended not to use the essays in class. In cases you experience difficulties with essay writing in class and for in class use, order original papers with our expert writers. Cheap custom papers can be written from scratch for each customer that entrusts his or her academic success to our writing team. Order your unique assignment from the best custom writing services cheap and fast!
The Cultural Revolution was started in October 166. After the failures of previous political campaigns such as The Great Leap Forward, the Cultural Revolution was created from the struggle of power between the Maoists and the opposing power from Liu Shao-chi and Deng Hsiao-ping. Encouraged by Mao and his wife Chiang Ching, young people and students were used as a political tool as they were most effect to Mao¡¦s question, How can I make the Cultural Revolution spread everywhere in China? The Red Guard Army was established to pursue the Revolution to the ¡§far corners of China¡¨. Schools were closed at that time and rather than learning, the ¡§Young Revolutionaries Generals¡¨ had traveled throughout China to reinforce Mao¡¦s thinking. To promote Cultural Revolution, the Red Guards did not only used slogans, posters, and speeches, from Mao, but also violent actions to every element that potentially opposed Mao¡¦s thinking such as the ¡§Four Olds¡¨ ¡V the old culture, old customs, old habits, and the old ways of thinking.
In the book ¡§Life and Death in Shanghai¡¨ by Nien Cheng, the issues including the dark side of Cultural Revolution were analyzed in detailed ways. Through Nien Cheng¡¦s heartbreaking memoir, the movement of Red Guards had not only driven herself and the capitalists into the victims¡¦ list, but the list had also included most of Chinese population as well as the Red Guards.
Nien Cheng belonged to the upper class in China before the Cultural Revolution. Being the ambassador between shell managers and the Chinese government, Nien Cheng could enjoy having a luxurious life, while most of the rich could not attain their lifestyles at that time. However, in the period of the Cultural Revolution, Nien Cheng, declared as a spy and the ¡§running dog¡¨ of the foreign imperialists, was the forced to attend series of struggle meetings and later even arrested to jail. The nightmare began through the anticipated visit by the Red Guards. Except in the room of Nien Cheng¡¦s daughter, Meiping, ¡§revolutionary action¡¨ was taken to every instance in the house. Furniture, paintings, jewelries, and other valuables were either damaged or taken away by the Red Guards. Her suffering had escalated further along with Cultural Revolution campaign after an article from the People¡¦s Daily was published
The article warned the ¡§revolutionary masses¡¨ that the capitalist class was cunning, and it made the allegation that its members hoarder gold and secreted weapons in their homes so that when an attack against China came from abroad they could cooperate with the enemy to become a fifth column.
As a result, more power was given to the ¡§revolutionary masses¡¨ and they had employed more violence attack. To search of ¡§gold and weapons¡¨ that Mao had asked for, a group of ¡§Proletarian Revolutionaries¡¨ came back to Nien Cheng¡¦s mansion. This time, they had applied a crueler destruction as she was beaten, whipped, and treated in an inhumanity way. Besides, she was not allowed to leave her house or to have conversations with her servants and daughter Later, Nien Cheng was taken to jail. For Meiping, she could no longer go back home but to stay in the ¡§cowshed¡¨, which was the Film Studio. It was because, she and the Studio were later removed from the ranks of ¡§masses¡¨ and became class enemy. Besides the financial lost Nien Cheng had, the Cultural Revolutionary had made her losing the most precious things on earth, which were her freedom and the life of Meiping, who were later beaten to death by the Red Guards.
Not only did the class enemies were tortured by the Red Guards, most of the people in China were having a hard time to compromise with their harsh creative standard. To be more ¡§revolutionary¡¨, every element on the streets was being altered. Each street¡¦s name was renamed to meaningful Mao¡¦s ideas such as ¡§Anti-Imperialist Street¡¨ and ¡§Revolutionary Boulevard¡¨. The order of the traffic lights was terminated, as the ¡§Young Revolutionaries¡¨ believed the color red should mean go instead of stop. Many inventories such as flowers, sofas, silks, and cosmetics were sabotaged either because they reflected Western styles or the goods were not suitable for ¡§socialist society¡¨. Furthermore, the Chinese could no longer have the right of religion. The Catholic Cathedral¡¦s twin spires and the temples had been dismantled. The Red Guards had followed Mao¡¦s order to stop superstitions. Sometimes, the Red Guards seized pedestrians who did not meet their standard. For example, Nien Cheng had witnessed a young lady, who belonged to the working class, was caught since they did not approve her a pointed shoes and slacks with narrow legs. Her pants and shoes were taken away as she was then humiliated and beaten by the Red Guards. Riders, who failed to demonstrate Mao¡¦s quote by putting the ¡§red cards¡¨ on their bicycles handles, were warned In some cases, the Red Guards¡¦ actions were so violent that some resisters were beaten and killed.
The Red Guards were the group that was affected most by the Cultural Revolution since they were the cores of Cultural Revolution. Being controlled and brainwashed by Mao, they were organized to fulfill his idea and to get rid of his enemies. Without any political knowledge, they blindly followed the directions from their leaders. As Nien Cheng¡¦s cook argued, ¡§¡K How could he not join? He would have been looked upon as renegade and punished. Besides, young people always want to do exactly what other young people are doing.¡¨ Therefore, they were not given any individual actions or the ability of personal judgment. Students no longer respected teachers, although teachers used to maintain a well-respected position in the Chinese society. The book had specified the attitude of the Red Guards towards their teachers
We beat them up when they are found to have capitalist ideas or when they insist we study and not have so many revolutionary activities. Some of them do not seem to understand the importance of carrying on with the Cultural Revolution. They still believe in the importance of learning from books¡K ¡KWe don¡¦t need the old style of school any more. Those teachers who still believe in books obviously oppose our Great Leader so we must treat them as enemies
However, not every ¡§Revolutionary¡¨ had followed the same beliefs as other did from the group thinking. For example, Nien Cheng had inspired a young guard when she was having breakfast. The girl would like study further in university and said, ¡§I hoped to go to a university when I finish high school. But now there won¡¦t be any university to go to. All of us young people will have to become soldiers¡¨. Like this thoughtful girl, thousands of the Red Guards had lost their chance of education during the Cultural Revolution because the schools were closed and teachers were discouraged. Nien Cheng gave another example of the internal conflict from the Red Guards. When she was being arrested, the girl, who guarded Cheng¡¦s jewellery, had risked herself to save Cheng by shouting, ¡§Confess! Confess quickly! They are going to take you to prison!¡¨ Even though some young people were not often agreed with the ¡§norms¡¨, they could not demonstrated opposite attitudes, as they would be attacked. Mao had taken advantage on the young people¡¦s enthusiastic trust on him and they became his political tool. Without proper judgments and ability to oppose, the Red Guards had followed Mao¡¦s instructions, often involved in violent crimes.
The impact on China from the Cultural Revolution is no less than the Great Leap Forward, the campaign that starved thousands of Chinese to death. China had suffered from a long term of economic lost by a period of lag of talents. The most of young people were only in high school levels. Additionally, citizens like Nien Cheng would still suffer from the pain of losing their loved ones. The Red Guards, who were betrayed to killed and committed crimes, might have complicated internal conflicts and guilt in the rest of their lives. Now, China is launching its economic activities in a rocket pace, however, the agony of the Cultural Revolution cannot be recovered easily. Until today, the Chinese are still living in the shadow of the Cultural Revolution. The experiences of terror and violence would be haunted back to them. Despite of the negative impacts that the Cultural Revolution had brought, one should learn from the lesson. He or she would appreciate life and their survival by respecting each other. In addition, people should perceive freedom as a valuable factor and lead China to democracy.
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