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Leider’s Purpose shows us that life can be a spiral with turbulence, ups and downs, catastrophes or even still moments when we are in balance (harmony). We can be betrayed (Journey from Betrayal).
We see the possibility of transformation even after being betrayed. As a group, we compared notes and know from experience and ‘let-downs’ at work (e.g. employee-leader, employee-employee relationships) that, on reflection, we can avoid excessive externalization, but start to internalize more (rather than punish ourselves, self-medicate). Our ability to see the truth is what liberates us. We can be optimistic. Perfection may not be so necessary if we are content by connecting with our “creative spirit of life”. We must know and express our gifts and talents and also know that our lives matter.
If we “follow our bliss”, going by what Campbell is saying in Hero’s Journey, we become our own leaders by “being”, in touch with consciousness and being realistic………….taking the good, bad and ugly as they come, yet revelling in the challenge, being optimistic. Like Siddhartha, the Brahmin’s son, we need to strip the layers of varnish to get to ‘the grains of our wood’.
From Underhill’s ‘Spiritual Life’, we learn to accept that perhaps our roads less travelled may be decided by ‘fate’ and acknowledge that somehow we may be subject to other forces. We see ‘serendipity’ as maybe a more than just a meeting of energies, chance and coincidence. The meaning of our lives is associated with the meaning of the universe.
We think that the combined articles apply to business like this as much as corporations try to prepare ‘fertile ground’ for us to ‘blossom’ (though this seems to be an inefficient process because rarely is there such an excellent, synergistic match) we think that we have a responsibility to apply what we learn to each become a productive seed. We undertake the voyage of self-discovery, and in the process become seeds that can be sown into the nursery of life. The fruit of our labors will be cultivated by courage, love, compassion, discipline and a quest for uncertainty. We help to water the ground we stand on, while ensuring we don’t drown ourselves (Mervosh talks about ‘burning on re-entry’).
That’s all for us, our inner selves. Maybe another part of the ‘journey’ is for us to give to others what we have found, or to help them to find that which is within themselves. The ‘pollination’. Is this what we call the ‘functional’ side of leadership?
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Friday, May 4, 2012
Saturday, April 28, 2012
Jainism concept of ahimsa
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The Jainism concept of ahimsa can be quite easily compared to the Christian idea of respect for life. Ahimsa can be simply defined as the policy of non-injury to all living things especially humans, animals, and plants. It is necessary to know that in the Christian faith as well, it is immoral to bring about harm to God’s own created beings.
The background of ahimsa goes all the way back to the sixth century B.C. and links to the thoughts and life of Mahavira. Mahavira, or “great man” was the founder of Jainism and followed the faith in the most extreme ways possible. For example, he would rip out five handfuls of hair, wander around only wearing a loincloth, and follow asceticism and ahimsa to their fullest. Asceticism is explained to be the giving up of all worldly possessions on earth. So Mahavira basically wandered around with no belongings. As for Christian teaching, respect for life is the most moral way to go about living.
Jains typically classify their regards for all life in five senses. The most protected of all are human beings and mammals. The fourth sense is anything with no hearing like wasps, locusts, or butterflies. The third sense is anything without sight or hearing. Worms and shell creatures fall under the second sense of anything with touch or taste. And the last sense, strictly touch, contains mainly the elements of the world. We being Christians to God, also keep such regards for all life, just in a less strict manner. For example, our sixth commandment, “You shall not kill” goes into much more depth than is actually written. This rule of God is understood to mean everything from brutal murder to taking the rights away from an individual is immoral. Besides it being immoral in our faith, it also lessens the quality of our community and even our world. Another rule of our faith that compares to the laws of Jainism’s ahimsa is that we lose our “closeness” and lessen our relationship with God when we commit harm to any of God’s living creatures. In Jainism, anything done to harm a living creature will also make the faith in their beliefs weaker. For example, in the movie viewed, “Ahimsa Non-violence” the man that drove to his occupation everyday instead of walking took the risk of killing anything on the road, and for this he is regretful and feels a lessening of his faith in ahimsa.
It is now clear that the Jain concept of ahimsa can be easily related to that of the Christian concept of respect for life.
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Mind that the sample papers like Jainism concept of ahimsa presented are to be used for review only. In order to warn you and eliminate any plagiarism writing intentions, it is highly recommended not to use the essays in class. In cases you experience difficulties with essay writing in class and for in class use, order original papers with our expert writers. Cheap custom papers can be written from scratch for each customer that entrusts his or her academic success to our writing team. Order your unique assignment from the best custom writing services cheap and fast!
The Jainism concept of ahimsa can be quite easily compared to the Christian idea of respect for life. Ahimsa can be simply defined as the policy of non-injury to all living things especially humans, animals, and plants. It is necessary to know that in the Christian faith as well, it is immoral to bring about harm to God’s own created beings.
The background of ahimsa goes all the way back to the sixth century B.C. and links to the thoughts and life of Mahavira. Mahavira, or “great man” was the founder of Jainism and followed the faith in the most extreme ways possible. For example, he would rip out five handfuls of hair, wander around only wearing a loincloth, and follow asceticism and ahimsa to their fullest. Asceticism is explained to be the giving up of all worldly possessions on earth. So Mahavira basically wandered around with no belongings. As for Christian teaching, respect for life is the most moral way to go about living.
Jains typically classify their regards for all life in five senses. The most protected of all are human beings and mammals. The fourth sense is anything with no hearing like wasps, locusts, or butterflies. The third sense is anything without sight or hearing. Worms and shell creatures fall under the second sense of anything with touch or taste. And the last sense, strictly touch, contains mainly the elements of the world. We being Christians to God, also keep such regards for all life, just in a less strict manner. For example, our sixth commandment, “You shall not kill” goes into much more depth than is actually written. This rule of God is understood to mean everything from brutal murder to taking the rights away from an individual is immoral. Besides it being immoral in our faith, it also lessens the quality of our community and even our world. Another rule of our faith that compares to the laws of Jainism’s ahimsa is that we lose our “closeness” and lessen our relationship with God when we commit harm to any of God’s living creatures. In Jainism, anything done to harm a living creature will also make the faith in their beliefs weaker. For example, in the movie viewed, “Ahimsa Non-violence” the man that drove to his occupation everyday instead of walking took the risk of killing anything on the road, and for this he is regretful and feels a lessening of his faith in ahimsa.
It is now clear that the Jain concept of ahimsa can be easily related to that of the Christian concept of respect for life.
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Mind that the sample papers like Jainism concept of ahimsa presented are to be used for review only. In order to warn you and eliminate any plagiarism writing intentions, it is highly recommended not to use the essays in class. In cases you experience difficulties with essay writing in class and for in class use, order original papers with our expert writers. Cheap custom papers can be written from scratch for each customer that entrusts his or her academic success to our writing team. Order your unique assignment from the best custom writing services cheap and fast!
Friday, April 27, 2012
Aristotle’s Theory of the Human Soul
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There have been many theories made about the human soul by philosophers in ancient Greek history. Two of the most influential and infamous philosophers in ancient Greece were Plato and Aristotle. Both Plato and Aristotle did, in fact, believe in a soul for all living things. They also both believed that the soul did not exist in humans alone. Although Aristotle studied under Plato as his student, he possessed slightly different ideas about the soul, aside from the actual belief in the soul itself, and within whom and what it exists. While Plato’s outlook was more unworldly, Aristotle looked to nature, especially through biology, for many of the answers to his queries.
These philosophers had opposing views on whether or not the soul was separate from the body. They also disagreed on the immortality of the soul. Plato was a dualist, meaning that he believed that the body was separate from the soul. He viewed the soul as an entity, rather than a life force. He also believe that since the soul was not material and only material things may dissolute, that the soul was immortal. Plato also believe that the soul exists far before birth and long after death. Aristotle on the other hand, believed that the soul and the body are one and cannot exist without the other. This idea also works for the concept of sight; “when sight is removed, the eye is no longer an eye except in name, no more than an eye of a painting or a statue.” Similarly, if the eye were an animal, sight would have been it’s soul. He argues that the soul is the life force rather than the entity. He felt that the soul is the principal of existence in this world and enters the body at birth. “The soul and body can be distinguished only in thought, not in fact.” Since the soul is the main ingredient for life, it is inseparable from the body. If it is indeed inseparable from the body, it would only follow that when the body dies, with it goes the soul, therefore the soul is not immortal. If the soul is not immortal, it is impossible for it to go on after death, for that reason, no, Aristotle does not believe in life after death. (Although he does go on to say that the “rational soul” may be able to exist apart from a body.)
As stated in the introductory paragraph, both Plato and Aristotle believe that the soul was not limited to humans and that it contained three types or parts. Plato was a supporter of reincarnation, where the soul goes from one being to the next (animals included) until the soul is truly purified. In the Republic, Plato gave his theory that the soul was made up of three parts reason, emotion and desire. Aristotle, like Plato, believed that all plants, animals and humans possessed souls, however, he did not trust that a soul may go on from one species to the next after death. He believed that each species had different levels of soul. He too had a theory on different parts of the soul, but contrary to Plato’s view, he felt that the different parts were actually different souls or types of souls altogether. These souls consisted of the nutritive soul, the sensitive soul, and the rational soul. The nutritive soul, which is the efficient cause that initiates change and movement, is possessed by plants, animals, and humans and is the lowest form of soul. The sensitive soul, which is the final cause and the bodies goal, is the second highest form of soul and is possessed by animals and humans. The rational soul, which is the formal cause and the organizing cause is the highest form of soul and is possessed by humans alone. This rational soul, as discussed by Aristotle, may be able to survive worldly death, and continue on into a higher existence.
Both philosophers, Plato and Aristotle has interesting theories on the concept of the soul. Plato took a more psychic and spiritual approach in his theories, while Aristotle chose to be more scientific while employing elements of biology and metaphysics, using concepts of substance, form and matter. In fact, there is a famous Renaissance fresco in the Vatican, painted by Raphael, that shows Plato walking with his student Aristotle. Plato is pointing to the heavens and Aristotle is pointing to the ground.
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Although I respect and appreciate the contributions that each philosopher has made to modern day philosophy, I feel that Aristotle’s beliefs more closely resemble my own, than those of Plato. I tend to accept scientific ideas over abstract ones and therefore, relate to Aristotle. I also found that Aristotle’s concepts were better organized and much easier to read and truly understand. Aristotle’s scientific approach convinced me of a human soul, which is something that, prior to reading his writings, I had not believed in. Aristotle not only provided me with new ways to contemplate the idea of a soul, but he gave me a whole new view on the soul as an actual, existing part of myself.
Mind that the sample papers like Aristotle’s Theory of the Human Soul presented are to be used for review only. In order to warn you and eliminate any plagiarism writing intentions, it is highly recommended not to use the essays in class. In cases you experience difficulties with essay writing in class and for in class use, order original papers with our expert writers. Cheap custom papers can be written from scratch for each customer that entrusts his or her academic success to our writing team. Order your unique assignment from the best custom writing services cheap and fast!
There have been many theories made about the human soul by philosophers in ancient Greek history. Two of the most influential and infamous philosophers in ancient Greece were Plato and Aristotle. Both Plato and Aristotle did, in fact, believe in a soul for all living things. They also both believed that the soul did not exist in humans alone. Although Aristotle studied under Plato as his student, he possessed slightly different ideas about the soul, aside from the actual belief in the soul itself, and within whom and what it exists. While Plato’s outlook was more unworldly, Aristotle looked to nature, especially through biology, for many of the answers to his queries.
These philosophers had opposing views on whether or not the soul was separate from the body. They also disagreed on the immortality of the soul. Plato was a dualist, meaning that he believed that the body was separate from the soul. He viewed the soul as an entity, rather than a life force. He also believe that since the soul was not material and only material things may dissolute, that the soul was immortal. Plato also believe that the soul exists far before birth and long after death. Aristotle on the other hand, believed that the soul and the body are one and cannot exist without the other. This idea also works for the concept of sight; “when sight is removed, the eye is no longer an eye except in name, no more than an eye of a painting or a statue.” Similarly, if the eye were an animal, sight would have been it’s soul. He argues that the soul is the life force rather than the entity. He felt that the soul is the principal of existence in this world and enters the body at birth. “The soul and body can be distinguished only in thought, not in fact.” Since the soul is the main ingredient for life, it is inseparable from the body. If it is indeed inseparable from the body, it would only follow that when the body dies, with it goes the soul, therefore the soul is not immortal. If the soul is not immortal, it is impossible for it to go on after death, for that reason, no, Aristotle does not believe in life after death. (Although he does go on to say that the “rational soul” may be able to exist apart from a body.)
As stated in the introductory paragraph, both Plato and Aristotle believe that the soul was not limited to humans and that it contained three types or parts. Plato was a supporter of reincarnation, where the soul goes from one being to the next (animals included) until the soul is truly purified. In the Republic, Plato gave his theory that the soul was made up of three parts reason, emotion and desire. Aristotle, like Plato, believed that all plants, animals and humans possessed souls, however, he did not trust that a soul may go on from one species to the next after death. He believed that each species had different levels of soul. He too had a theory on different parts of the soul, but contrary to Plato’s view, he felt that the different parts were actually different souls or types of souls altogether. These souls consisted of the nutritive soul, the sensitive soul, and the rational soul. The nutritive soul, which is the efficient cause that initiates change and movement, is possessed by plants, animals, and humans and is the lowest form of soul. The sensitive soul, which is the final cause and the bodies goal, is the second highest form of soul and is possessed by animals and humans. The rational soul, which is the formal cause and the organizing cause is the highest form of soul and is possessed by humans alone. This rational soul, as discussed by Aristotle, may be able to survive worldly death, and continue on into a higher existence.
Both philosophers, Plato and Aristotle has interesting theories on the concept of the soul. Plato took a more psychic and spiritual approach in his theories, while Aristotle chose to be more scientific while employing elements of biology and metaphysics, using concepts of substance, form and matter. In fact, there is a famous Renaissance fresco in the Vatican, painted by Raphael, that shows Plato walking with his student Aristotle. Plato is pointing to the heavens and Aristotle is pointing to the ground.
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Although I respect and appreciate the contributions that each philosopher has made to modern day philosophy, I feel that Aristotle’s beliefs more closely resemble my own, than those of Plato. I tend to accept scientific ideas over abstract ones and therefore, relate to Aristotle. I also found that Aristotle’s concepts were better organized and much easier to read and truly understand. Aristotle’s scientific approach convinced me of a human soul, which is something that, prior to reading his writings, I had not believed in. Aristotle not only provided me with new ways to contemplate the idea of a soul, but he gave me a whole new view on the soul as an actual, existing part of myself.
Mind that the sample papers like Aristotle’s Theory of the Human Soul presented are to be used for review only. In order to warn you and eliminate any plagiarism writing intentions, it is highly recommended not to use the essays in class. In cases you experience difficulties with essay writing in class and for in class use, order original papers with our expert writers. Cheap custom papers can be written from scratch for each customer that entrusts his or her academic success to our writing team. Order your unique assignment from the best custom writing services cheap and fast!
Caucasion chalk circle, metamorphosis and twlth night scripted coursework
We are ready to represent the best custom paper writing assistance that can cope with any task like Caucasion chalk circle, metamorphosis and twlth night scripted coursework even at the eleventh hour. The matter is that we posses the greatest base of expert writers. Our staff of freelance writers includes approximately 300 experienced writers are at your disposal all year round. They are striving to provide the best ever services to the most desperate students that have already lost the hope for academic success. We offer the range of the most widely required, however, not recommended for college use papers. It is advisable to use our examples like Caucasion chalk circle, metamorphosis and twlth night scripted coursework in learning at public-education level. Get prepared and be smart with our best essay samples cheap and fast! Get in touch and we will write excellent custom coursework or essay especially for you.
SCRIPTED COURSEWORK…METAMORPHOSIS
A COMPARATIVE STUDY OF SCENES FROM
A CAUCASIAN CHALK CIRCLE- BERTOLT BRECHT
METAMPORPHOSIS- STEVEN BERKOFF
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TWELTH NIGHT- SHAKESPEARE
Caucasian chalk circle is a play written by Bertolt Brecht in 144. As a class we went to see an A-level production of Caucasian chalk Circle which introduced to us the theme of metamorphosising. Caucasian Chalk Circle featured a metamorphosis of the entire cast from Russian kolchos into the stereotypical fairy like characters of the chalk circle tale. The opening scene involves the discussion of the resolving of the problem of how to constructively divide the post-Nazi destroyed Caucasian landscape. The performers are first clothed in black simple clothing, their faces incomprehensible, their voices stern and serious. The characters are now toying with the idea that their land is
“Not like a cap, not in our country comrade”
The entrance of the singer Arkade Cheide underlines the differentiation in to ancient ale of the chalk circle which they announce
“Has some bearing on our problem.”
The performers demonstrate with emphasism that the production as a whole will be a typical Brechtian Lehrstuck- learning play by transformation on stage from old characters in to new. The singer next announces that he has with him
“The old masks”
Which translates literally to theatrical make-up and here the cast divides in to two social groups.
The first group represents the feudal aristocrats who express grotesque faces and unusual mannerisms. They display one extreme of society. Their costumes consist of the black original clothing this time lined with golden material representing their wealth and hierarchy. The other extreme is represented within the other group who wear hessian rags with scrubbed clean faces. This is where we find Grusha, Simon, the servants and the soldiers. These simple but significant, contrasting costumes combined with expressions, mannerisms and vocal attributes leave the audience with a clear decision on the political messages present.
The audiences view on the metamorphosis was portrayed on stage reminding the audience again of the fairytale nature of the chalk circle - the unbandoned baby, the escape, the romance, the judgement, the happy ending. The story we watched is still a parable, which we must not forget, and is rooted in the reality of the time and place Brecht wrote the play for- post war.
The metamorphosis that takes place on stage involves the audiences forcing them to make an opinion on the concluding outcome of he story. Brecht’s design deliberately included audience participation subconsciously and literally. The common opinions that are made combine the hierarchy assumptions and the fact that rights are more appreciated and rewarding when they are earned rather then inherited.
Now the first scene is well under way we notice a more personalized metamorphosis focusing on Grusha- a simplistic and naive character. When we first see her she is the picture of rural simplicity, she runs in to an encounter with a soldier- a situation she isn’t normally faced with. A soldier toys with her with suggestive comments and innuendoes that Grusha doesn’t understand (implicated by stage directions).
“I’d like to see that goose”
Talking to Grusha who is carrying a goose in her arms- she doesn’t understand.
The soldiers reply informs Grusha that she is very different to all the other women this soldier has met- she is straightforward and honest.
Here Grusha sometimes addresses the audience directly using rhetorical questions to portray her thoughts about worldly insight that she lacks at present but later gains it at the end of her metamorphosis.
One Brechtian belief is that actions are not decided by psychological factors but social ones. This belief dramatically shapes Grusha in this scene. Several events now take place, which rush the proposal of Grusha and Simon. The language used here is simplistic reflecting on their clothes; voices and expressions as Simon must flee. Here the pressure really starts applying and straightforward, to the point lines from other characters add the pressure.
“Bring the child”
“Don’t stand around”
“Make haste”
The movement comes to a halt with only Grusha left on stage holding the baby. No words are spoken reintroducing Brecht’s alienation technique. Only facial expression tells the audience of Grusha’s feelings. The singer is left to take over the commentary.
“Terrible is the decision to do good”
This production has always been shown this way through the use of alienation making the characters talk directly to the audience. The singer having the final word is significant so that we can link the parable to the Kolchos situation.
“That what there is shall belong to those who are good for it”
Although we found out some information by reading about Brecht’s Epic theatre it was the watching of the theatre that provided us with most of the inspiration for our next piece. When watching the performance of the governor’s wife we noticed that the actor had tried to embody very extreme mannerisms form the aristocracy; this is where the political issues came across. These issues almost came across as cartoon characteristics delivering savage and satirical images.
Natella used a very grotesque facial expression and stood on points as seen in ballet. Her face was elongated and her teeth bucked and jerking forward. He face was scrunched but her eyebrows raised stretching her face. Her height was gained by standing on her points and walking in an upright jerky manner, flicking each foot up as it left the ground. Her height meant she could look down at the other social group emphasizing her hierarchy. Her voice was high pitched but strong and annoying to listen to. She spoke very slowly with a strong English accent. It was these extreme physical abilities that made the key link to the inhumane features present in our next play.
Steven Berkoff wrote the play of Metamorphosis in 16. He introduced Total theatre an extension on to Brecht’s Epic theatre. Here Berkoff took the extreme physical theatre and where the audience is expected to engorge themselves in total imagination.
Whereas Brecht focused on social events and how they shaped the characters Berkoff looked at using the abstract and the physical to symbolise the psychological.
To explore Berkoffs theories and thoughts we revolved our explorations on exercises that extended our physical abilities and distorted our body shapes. We altered our focuses from head to chin, from back to chest and from bottom to hips. Using the soundtrack from American Beauty, providing us with a suitable metamorphosis introduction, we gradually distorted in to our new shapes and expressions. We were then in to the position to audition the parts of the Samsa family. In groups of four we made our way o centre stage forming a family tableau picture frame ready to utter the word “cheese”. Going by the casting theme Berkoff used, as a class we decided on the character that suited the person’s movements and expressions. The directions from Berkoffs play was psychological not factual i.e.
“Leaves a sad heart and angst”
Once everybody’s character was decided on we were in the position to extend our physical attributes even further adjusting to any other suggestions. We could then reform our tableaux’s rearranging characters into places where they fitted in best. This showed some character insight e.g. the shy mother at the back hiding behind the dominant father.
The next crucial stage in the play is the dramatic metamorphosis made by Gregor form man to insect. This is an exaggeration of the inhumane ways Gregor is treated. Berkoff wanted the rest of the family to reflect Gregor’s bug movement.
“They as a group become the dung beetle in reality”
To do this study of real life insects, bugs and spiders was carried out in order to look at leg movement and body shape. Spiders and beetles were taken I to the class in order to do this. The family recreation of the bug movement was founded like this and after continual experiments this idea for the prologue became rooted. The movements were synchronized with one family member in front of each other making up the set of various limbs. Their voices also synchronized but in their different voices.
The script showed each character saying their lines over the top of each other’s but in practice our group experimented with different ways of using the lines. In the end we had the lines read out once and then in crescendo the lines were repeated. At the climax Gregor, the character I played, ended up lying in a muddled heap on the floor. The power from the voices in a way pushed Gregor down the steps on to the floor. Gregor now speaks for the first time, a significant moment. Speaking directly to the audience Gregor asks
“What has happened to me?”
This line of only 5 words sets the scene for the rest of the performance physically demonstrating the out casting of Gregor and the dehumanization he is put through. The abstract voice, the strange mannerisms and the physical attributes added to the sound and lighting effects really reflect on Berkoffs Total theatre demonstrated through his play. As we continued to compare and look at Metamorphosis against Caucasian chalk circle we began to notice the strong contrasts in language. In Caucasian Chalk Circle we see the different characters speaking according to their group but after continual study we noticed that in Metamorphosis we see rhythmic patterns and cryptic language within speeches. In many cases this rhythmic, repetitive language provided us to include actions or mime sometimes between each word. E.g.
GRETA “Gregor”
MR.SAMSA “Cash”
GRETA “Gregor”
MR.SAMSA “Shoes”
GRETA “Gregor”
MR.SAMSA “Cigars”
At this moment we placed the family members in a triangle with Greta at a higher level. As she called out Gregor he would start running up the stairs only to be interrupted by his father calling him to collect something as the demands went on Gregor started to get tired and the music slowed down and so did the flashing lights. This we did to get the sense of time across. The demands sped up again and soon they were overlapping and getting increasingly louder, at the same time the family was getting closer to Gregor circling him and then moving round him repeatedly chanting their demands. Finally Gregor screams out a cry of plead, the lights drop and the music comes to an abrupt halt. I think this really emphasised the ups and downs Gregor’s life held and the reliability on Gregor’s shoulders. Other moments too used this method where we attempted to comply with Berkoff’s stage directions for the family to become
“Like animated marionettes”
During the end speeches made by Gregor we see Berkoff draw insight in to the horror present whereas Brecht used alienation. During his last speech Gregor was placed in a cage, this sucked all the humanity left in Gregor for his last goodbye to his family.
In our group we thought the staging was very important and so we spent a lot of time experimenting with different staging methods and chose the one that made the clear divide between Gregor and his family. Our staging was quite simple. We had a tier central piece. On stage left was a cube with the cage inside it. This gave an enclosed, lonely feeling. The staging then divided emphasising the distance between Gregor and his family. On stage right was a tiered set of steps. This way Gregor was always at a low and lonely point. The family could change levels to suit the atmosphere. At the beginning of the scene Greta starts at the bottom level, then on the second the mother and the top is the father. This represents the hierarchy and authority present within the family. When Gregor came out of his cage the family back up to the top level where the father protects his family from this insect. This staging made the authority and out casting strong and clear.
In Metamorphosis Gregor ends the metamorphosis theme himself speaking to his family this contrasts to Caucasian Chalk Circle where the singer is the one who concludes the metamorphosis. Berkoff did this to portray more feeling and to gain the audiences sympathy.
Some staging aspects were similar though including the lack of props used on stage. Also Caucasian Chalk Circle placed their performers within the audience when they were not on stage, this reminded the audience about the importance of audience participation and the decision the audience made in general. For our production of Metamorphosis we wanted to immerse the audience in to our play making them part of it. To do this we surrounded the audience so they were sitting on the floor in the clearing in the centre of all the acting.
The main difference between the two is the lighting used. Caucasian Chalk Circle used traditional Berliner ensemble where a constant cool white light is used on all parts of the staging. In Metamorphosis we see light differentiating Gregor from his family and sometimes blackouts, for example when Gregor dies the light comes on to his family showing that they are now the focus. As a group we decided that we would have equal light on both the family and Gregor but we used a red filter for Gregor to indicate death. As Gregor died his light faded and the families light got brighter and stronger this also reflects on the thoughts they have on a bright and sunny future without Gregor.
The light fading represents the future, strong bright and lasting. The darkness Gregor is left in is the past, dark and lonely.
Our next link was to Shakespeare’s ‘Twelfth Night’ written in 160. After looking at the metamorphosis in the other two plays we continued to look at the metamorphosis of Malvolio, a key character. Malvolio’s transformation went from a puritanical killjoy to a flamboyant romantic and finally to an embittered prisoner vowing revenge. We also noticed that Shakespeare probably had political messages involved with creating this character e.g. He was reflecting a very real anti Puritanical mood in 17th century England. This script was the first to introduce comedy as an overriding mood whereas Caucasian Chalk Circle made numerous comical points between various characters. Shakespeare’s main objective was to make the audience laugh.
Our first evidence of this was the discovery of Illyria, a country of merry occasions, high morale’s, mischief and illusion. All creating the comedy atmosphere. This piece relied on completely different things in order for it to connect with the audience. In Caucasian Chalk Circle the audience’s interaction was over learning and decision making. In Metamorphosis the audience interacts and is completely involved in the imaginative surrealism of Gregor’s mind. Here in Twelfth Night we see the audience participate in the mischief making. This becomes evident in Act Scene 5 when Malvolio falls for the letter plot. In this scene the staging needed to enable the audience to see over Malvolio into the garden, so that the audience had full view of the reactions of Sir Toby, Sir Andrew and Feste. At this point the full comic irony of the situation became apparent
As a group, the first thing that we wanted to achieve was full viewing of the background as well as the background. To do this the actors in the background, Natasha Adam, and myself disguised ourselves as structures in the garden. For example, Sir Toby acted as a statue. We also had to portray our actor’s personalities, so that the audience could relate to us. At one point Sir Andrew, an unintelligent, flamboyant man, attempted to disguise himself as a twig. This emphasised the dramatic irony present, with the audience knowing what the actors were up to behind Malvolio but Malvolio not noticing them.
When performing Metamorphosis, we discovered that the role of the other actors was often used to demonstrate Gregor’s discrimination and rejection from his family.
“Gregor…Cash!”
Here our reaction involved the family depending on Gregor. Another reaction we used was very physical.
“Get back! Get back! Get back!”
This reaction added to the horror of Gregor’s situation.
In contrast to this Twelfth Night’s supporting actors were there to add to the comedy using gestures and reactions. Gregor’s engagement of the sympathy from the audience earned the audiences love giving a bad name to the family. In Twelfth Night the audience relish and delight alongside of the supporting actors.
The reaction we used for a moment in the garden scene, where Malvolio is reading the letter was portrayed at the start. After they have double-checked there plan together Sir Toby, Sir Andrew and Feste rush to get in to their places before Malvolio comes. They all have difficulty to disguise themselves here especially Sir Toby who I overweight and does not succeed to hide behind a thin tree, and Sir Andrew who is very unintelligent and disguises himself as a step. When Malvolio enters the timing must be immaculate. As Malvolio steps down the first step Sir Andrew at the same time lies down in order for Malvolio not to see him. The second step Malvolio makes is when Feste gains his statue pose. The third step is Sir Toby dropping down in to a bench position; this is the only place he can go without Malvolio seeing him. A look to the audience shows this. The last step is on Sir Andrew (the fourth step) where he lets out a huge cry in relief when the weight of Malvolio is off his back. Feste and Sir Toby both raise their heads, ‘shh’ Sir Andrew and both drop their heads in synchronicity. By this time Malvolio has turned his head only to see a bench, a statue and a set of steps.
This reaction really worked well not only to create comedy but to add to the suspense too.
One of the other main contrasts was the prop use and the demands the comic reaction placed on the props in each play. Caucasian Chalk Circle and Metamorphosis both used minimal props but in Twelfth Night we came to a conclusion that without any props the audiences attention would be taken from the comedy issues and reactions to imagination of what the non-existence props could be. To create this garden scene we wanted to portray a very bust garden so that when the supporting actors were hiding and camouflaging in it became more realistic and convincing. This way visual comedy came naturally without imagination of props. One idea we, as a group came up with was linked during the last moments in the hiding stages. Sir Andrew, Sir Toby and Feste were all lined up legs in urns and head covered by a plant pot. After each sentence we moved a step forward in order to hear Malvolio. The props made us look more like part of the garden, camouflaging ourselves. Also with the props the audience can start believing that we are part of the garden. Comedy was created with Malvolio turning straight after the synchronised jump form the three behind him. As Malvolio turned around the movement had stopped completely.
With the horror of Gregor revolving around the physical changes in Metamorphosis and the comedy revolving around the physical changes of Malvolio in Twelfth Night we remind ourselves of the main link. In Metamorphosis Gregor’s mental state is very important and here in Twelfth Night Malvolio’s mental state also deteriorates as he changes to suit what he thinks is Olivia wants; yellow stockings and smiling a great deal.
The only reason this metamorphosis works so effectively is because of the character Malvolio started off as; physically repressed and serious. Because the audience gets to know this vie of Malvolio when he enters after reading the letter the change is very dramatic creating comedy. In our group Lucy played Malvolio, we experimented with many different portrayals of Malvolio. In the end we decided on a very exclusive look. A stern slow walk was comprised with a raised head and turned up nose. These characteristics really made Malvolio stand out giving him height and authority. Lucy’s voice we decided next and this was similar to they way he walked; slow, stern but serious. This way Malvolio really contrasted with the other characters mischievous, loud, shrieking voices and their flamboyant ways.
Gregor’s character demanded many physical abilities stretching to the extremes of physical drama whereas Malvolio’s demands were mainly in the amount of text. In many parts of the play we see huge speeches to be made. These all must not only be made with his pompous attitude and characteristics but with thoughts and actions in between some phrases and sentences. We used this idea for the sentence
“Calling my officers about me, in my branched velvet gown, having come from a day bed where I have left Olivia.”
For this we had Malvolio strolling the stage area, surrounding Olivia. Each legs spread on each step showing the yellow stockings. On the line ‘branched velvet gown’ we had Malvolio twirling like a ballerina and then stopping in a proposal position in front of Olivia. At this point he slowly makes his way up from the floor, his eyes following up her body until they meet her eyes. Where he stares, still smiling then continues with his speech.
It is the physical build-ups like these that prepare us for Act Scene 4. In these moments costume became very important and necessary. Unlike in Caucasian Chalk Circle and Metamorphosis where the costumes were simplistic and continuous costumes in Twelfth Night portrayed the Metamorphosis. In our group Lucy wore the yellow knee high socks with black crossed ribbon all the way up. Her trousers were black drawing attention to the socks and only started at the knee. She wore a fancy white shirt and over that a white robe that gave the audience a clue of what was to come- the white looked clinical which links to the locking up of Malvolio later. this was such a contrast to what Malvolio wore at the beginning that the audience immediately found it funny in conjunction to his new smile that appeared very fixed and fake and his strange mannerisms.
Mind that the sample papers like Caucasion chalk circle, metamorphosis and twlth night scripted coursework presented are to be used for review only. In order to warn you and eliminate any plagiarism writing intentions, it is highly recommended not to use the essays in class. In cases you experience difficulties with essay writing in class and for in class use, order original papers with our expert writers. Cheap custom papers can be written from scratch for each customer that entrusts his or her academic success to our writing team. Order your unique assignment from the best custom writing services cheap and fast!
SCRIPTED COURSEWORK…METAMORPHOSIS
A COMPARATIVE STUDY OF SCENES FROM
A CAUCASIAN CHALK CIRCLE- BERTOLT BRECHT
METAMPORPHOSIS- STEVEN BERKOFF
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TWELTH NIGHT- SHAKESPEARE
Caucasian chalk circle is a play written by Bertolt Brecht in 144. As a class we went to see an A-level production of Caucasian chalk Circle which introduced to us the theme of metamorphosising. Caucasian Chalk Circle featured a metamorphosis of the entire cast from Russian kolchos into the stereotypical fairy like characters of the chalk circle tale. The opening scene involves the discussion of the resolving of the problem of how to constructively divide the post-Nazi destroyed Caucasian landscape. The performers are first clothed in black simple clothing, their faces incomprehensible, their voices stern and serious. The characters are now toying with the idea that their land is
“Not like a cap, not in our country comrade”
The entrance of the singer Arkade Cheide underlines the differentiation in to ancient ale of the chalk circle which they announce
“Has some bearing on our problem.”
The performers demonstrate with emphasism that the production as a whole will be a typical Brechtian Lehrstuck- learning play by transformation on stage from old characters in to new. The singer next announces that he has with him
“The old masks”
Which translates literally to theatrical make-up and here the cast divides in to two social groups.
The first group represents the feudal aristocrats who express grotesque faces and unusual mannerisms. They display one extreme of society. Their costumes consist of the black original clothing this time lined with golden material representing their wealth and hierarchy. The other extreme is represented within the other group who wear hessian rags with scrubbed clean faces. This is where we find Grusha, Simon, the servants and the soldiers. These simple but significant, contrasting costumes combined with expressions, mannerisms and vocal attributes leave the audience with a clear decision on the political messages present.
The audiences view on the metamorphosis was portrayed on stage reminding the audience again of the fairytale nature of the chalk circle - the unbandoned baby, the escape, the romance, the judgement, the happy ending. The story we watched is still a parable, which we must not forget, and is rooted in the reality of the time and place Brecht wrote the play for- post war.
The metamorphosis that takes place on stage involves the audiences forcing them to make an opinion on the concluding outcome of he story. Brecht’s design deliberately included audience participation subconsciously and literally. The common opinions that are made combine the hierarchy assumptions and the fact that rights are more appreciated and rewarding when they are earned rather then inherited.
Now the first scene is well under way we notice a more personalized metamorphosis focusing on Grusha- a simplistic and naive character. When we first see her she is the picture of rural simplicity, she runs in to an encounter with a soldier- a situation she isn’t normally faced with. A soldier toys with her with suggestive comments and innuendoes that Grusha doesn’t understand (implicated by stage directions).
“I’d like to see that goose”
Talking to Grusha who is carrying a goose in her arms- she doesn’t understand.
The soldiers reply informs Grusha that she is very different to all the other women this soldier has met- she is straightforward and honest.
Here Grusha sometimes addresses the audience directly using rhetorical questions to portray her thoughts about worldly insight that she lacks at present but later gains it at the end of her metamorphosis.
One Brechtian belief is that actions are not decided by psychological factors but social ones. This belief dramatically shapes Grusha in this scene. Several events now take place, which rush the proposal of Grusha and Simon. The language used here is simplistic reflecting on their clothes; voices and expressions as Simon must flee. Here the pressure really starts applying and straightforward, to the point lines from other characters add the pressure.
“Bring the child”
“Don’t stand around”
“Make haste”
The movement comes to a halt with only Grusha left on stage holding the baby. No words are spoken reintroducing Brecht’s alienation technique. Only facial expression tells the audience of Grusha’s feelings. The singer is left to take over the commentary.
“Terrible is the decision to do good”
This production has always been shown this way through the use of alienation making the characters talk directly to the audience. The singer having the final word is significant so that we can link the parable to the Kolchos situation.
“That what there is shall belong to those who are good for it”
Although we found out some information by reading about Brecht’s Epic theatre it was the watching of the theatre that provided us with most of the inspiration for our next piece. When watching the performance of the governor’s wife we noticed that the actor had tried to embody very extreme mannerisms form the aristocracy; this is where the political issues came across. These issues almost came across as cartoon characteristics delivering savage and satirical images.
Natella used a very grotesque facial expression and stood on points as seen in ballet. Her face was elongated and her teeth bucked and jerking forward. He face was scrunched but her eyebrows raised stretching her face. Her height was gained by standing on her points and walking in an upright jerky manner, flicking each foot up as it left the ground. Her height meant she could look down at the other social group emphasizing her hierarchy. Her voice was high pitched but strong and annoying to listen to. She spoke very slowly with a strong English accent. It was these extreme physical abilities that made the key link to the inhumane features present in our next play.
Steven Berkoff wrote the play of Metamorphosis in 16. He introduced Total theatre an extension on to Brecht’s Epic theatre. Here Berkoff took the extreme physical theatre and where the audience is expected to engorge themselves in total imagination.
Whereas Brecht focused on social events and how they shaped the characters Berkoff looked at using the abstract and the physical to symbolise the psychological.
To explore Berkoffs theories and thoughts we revolved our explorations on exercises that extended our physical abilities and distorted our body shapes. We altered our focuses from head to chin, from back to chest and from bottom to hips. Using the soundtrack from American Beauty, providing us with a suitable metamorphosis introduction, we gradually distorted in to our new shapes and expressions. We were then in to the position to audition the parts of the Samsa family. In groups of four we made our way o centre stage forming a family tableau picture frame ready to utter the word “cheese”. Going by the casting theme Berkoff used, as a class we decided on the character that suited the person’s movements and expressions. The directions from Berkoffs play was psychological not factual i.e.
“Leaves a sad heart and angst”
Once everybody’s character was decided on we were in the position to extend our physical attributes even further adjusting to any other suggestions. We could then reform our tableaux’s rearranging characters into places where they fitted in best. This showed some character insight e.g. the shy mother at the back hiding behind the dominant father.
The next crucial stage in the play is the dramatic metamorphosis made by Gregor form man to insect. This is an exaggeration of the inhumane ways Gregor is treated. Berkoff wanted the rest of the family to reflect Gregor’s bug movement.
“They as a group become the dung beetle in reality”
To do this study of real life insects, bugs and spiders was carried out in order to look at leg movement and body shape. Spiders and beetles were taken I to the class in order to do this. The family recreation of the bug movement was founded like this and after continual experiments this idea for the prologue became rooted. The movements were synchronized with one family member in front of each other making up the set of various limbs. Their voices also synchronized but in their different voices.
The script showed each character saying their lines over the top of each other’s but in practice our group experimented with different ways of using the lines. In the end we had the lines read out once and then in crescendo the lines were repeated. At the climax Gregor, the character I played, ended up lying in a muddled heap on the floor. The power from the voices in a way pushed Gregor down the steps on to the floor. Gregor now speaks for the first time, a significant moment. Speaking directly to the audience Gregor asks
“What has happened to me?”
This line of only 5 words sets the scene for the rest of the performance physically demonstrating the out casting of Gregor and the dehumanization he is put through. The abstract voice, the strange mannerisms and the physical attributes added to the sound and lighting effects really reflect on Berkoffs Total theatre demonstrated through his play. As we continued to compare and look at Metamorphosis against Caucasian chalk circle we began to notice the strong contrasts in language. In Caucasian Chalk Circle we see the different characters speaking according to their group but after continual study we noticed that in Metamorphosis we see rhythmic patterns and cryptic language within speeches. In many cases this rhythmic, repetitive language provided us to include actions or mime sometimes between each word. E.g.
GRETA “Gregor”
MR.SAMSA “Cash”
GRETA “Gregor”
MR.SAMSA “Shoes”
GRETA “Gregor”
MR.SAMSA “Cigars”
At this moment we placed the family members in a triangle with Greta at a higher level. As she called out Gregor he would start running up the stairs only to be interrupted by his father calling him to collect something as the demands went on Gregor started to get tired and the music slowed down and so did the flashing lights. This we did to get the sense of time across. The demands sped up again and soon they were overlapping and getting increasingly louder, at the same time the family was getting closer to Gregor circling him and then moving round him repeatedly chanting their demands. Finally Gregor screams out a cry of plead, the lights drop and the music comes to an abrupt halt. I think this really emphasised the ups and downs Gregor’s life held and the reliability on Gregor’s shoulders. Other moments too used this method where we attempted to comply with Berkoff’s stage directions for the family to become
“Like animated marionettes”
During the end speeches made by Gregor we see Berkoff draw insight in to the horror present whereas Brecht used alienation. During his last speech Gregor was placed in a cage, this sucked all the humanity left in Gregor for his last goodbye to his family.
In our group we thought the staging was very important and so we spent a lot of time experimenting with different staging methods and chose the one that made the clear divide between Gregor and his family. Our staging was quite simple. We had a tier central piece. On stage left was a cube with the cage inside it. This gave an enclosed, lonely feeling. The staging then divided emphasising the distance between Gregor and his family. On stage right was a tiered set of steps. This way Gregor was always at a low and lonely point. The family could change levels to suit the atmosphere. At the beginning of the scene Greta starts at the bottom level, then on the second the mother and the top is the father. This represents the hierarchy and authority present within the family. When Gregor came out of his cage the family back up to the top level where the father protects his family from this insect. This staging made the authority and out casting strong and clear.
In Metamorphosis Gregor ends the metamorphosis theme himself speaking to his family this contrasts to Caucasian Chalk Circle where the singer is the one who concludes the metamorphosis. Berkoff did this to portray more feeling and to gain the audiences sympathy.
Some staging aspects were similar though including the lack of props used on stage. Also Caucasian Chalk Circle placed their performers within the audience when they were not on stage, this reminded the audience about the importance of audience participation and the decision the audience made in general. For our production of Metamorphosis we wanted to immerse the audience in to our play making them part of it. To do this we surrounded the audience so they were sitting on the floor in the clearing in the centre of all the acting.
The main difference between the two is the lighting used. Caucasian Chalk Circle used traditional Berliner ensemble where a constant cool white light is used on all parts of the staging. In Metamorphosis we see light differentiating Gregor from his family and sometimes blackouts, for example when Gregor dies the light comes on to his family showing that they are now the focus. As a group we decided that we would have equal light on both the family and Gregor but we used a red filter for Gregor to indicate death. As Gregor died his light faded and the families light got brighter and stronger this also reflects on the thoughts they have on a bright and sunny future without Gregor.
The light fading represents the future, strong bright and lasting. The darkness Gregor is left in is the past, dark and lonely.
Our next link was to Shakespeare’s ‘Twelfth Night’ written in 160. After looking at the metamorphosis in the other two plays we continued to look at the metamorphosis of Malvolio, a key character. Malvolio’s transformation went from a puritanical killjoy to a flamboyant romantic and finally to an embittered prisoner vowing revenge. We also noticed that Shakespeare probably had political messages involved with creating this character e.g. He was reflecting a very real anti Puritanical mood in 17th century England. This script was the first to introduce comedy as an overriding mood whereas Caucasian Chalk Circle made numerous comical points between various characters. Shakespeare’s main objective was to make the audience laugh.
Our first evidence of this was the discovery of Illyria, a country of merry occasions, high morale’s, mischief and illusion. All creating the comedy atmosphere. This piece relied on completely different things in order for it to connect with the audience. In Caucasian Chalk Circle the audience’s interaction was over learning and decision making. In Metamorphosis the audience interacts and is completely involved in the imaginative surrealism of Gregor’s mind. Here in Twelfth Night we see the audience participate in the mischief making. This becomes evident in Act Scene 5 when Malvolio falls for the letter plot. In this scene the staging needed to enable the audience to see over Malvolio into the garden, so that the audience had full view of the reactions of Sir Toby, Sir Andrew and Feste. At this point the full comic irony of the situation became apparent
As a group, the first thing that we wanted to achieve was full viewing of the background as well as the background. To do this the actors in the background, Natasha Adam, and myself disguised ourselves as structures in the garden. For example, Sir Toby acted as a statue. We also had to portray our actor’s personalities, so that the audience could relate to us. At one point Sir Andrew, an unintelligent, flamboyant man, attempted to disguise himself as a twig. This emphasised the dramatic irony present, with the audience knowing what the actors were up to behind Malvolio but Malvolio not noticing them.
When performing Metamorphosis, we discovered that the role of the other actors was often used to demonstrate Gregor’s discrimination and rejection from his family.
“Gregor…Cash!”
Here our reaction involved the family depending on Gregor. Another reaction we used was very physical.
“Get back! Get back! Get back!”
This reaction added to the horror of Gregor’s situation.
In contrast to this Twelfth Night’s supporting actors were there to add to the comedy using gestures and reactions. Gregor’s engagement of the sympathy from the audience earned the audiences love giving a bad name to the family. In Twelfth Night the audience relish and delight alongside of the supporting actors.
The reaction we used for a moment in the garden scene, where Malvolio is reading the letter was portrayed at the start. After they have double-checked there plan together Sir Toby, Sir Andrew and Feste rush to get in to their places before Malvolio comes. They all have difficulty to disguise themselves here especially Sir Toby who I overweight and does not succeed to hide behind a thin tree, and Sir Andrew who is very unintelligent and disguises himself as a step. When Malvolio enters the timing must be immaculate. As Malvolio steps down the first step Sir Andrew at the same time lies down in order for Malvolio not to see him. The second step Malvolio makes is when Feste gains his statue pose. The third step is Sir Toby dropping down in to a bench position; this is the only place he can go without Malvolio seeing him. A look to the audience shows this. The last step is on Sir Andrew (the fourth step) where he lets out a huge cry in relief when the weight of Malvolio is off his back. Feste and Sir Toby both raise their heads, ‘shh’ Sir Andrew and both drop their heads in synchronicity. By this time Malvolio has turned his head only to see a bench, a statue and a set of steps.
This reaction really worked well not only to create comedy but to add to the suspense too.
One of the other main contrasts was the prop use and the demands the comic reaction placed on the props in each play. Caucasian Chalk Circle and Metamorphosis both used minimal props but in Twelfth Night we came to a conclusion that without any props the audiences attention would be taken from the comedy issues and reactions to imagination of what the non-existence props could be. To create this garden scene we wanted to portray a very bust garden so that when the supporting actors were hiding and camouflaging in it became more realistic and convincing. This way visual comedy came naturally without imagination of props. One idea we, as a group came up with was linked during the last moments in the hiding stages. Sir Andrew, Sir Toby and Feste were all lined up legs in urns and head covered by a plant pot. After each sentence we moved a step forward in order to hear Malvolio. The props made us look more like part of the garden, camouflaging ourselves. Also with the props the audience can start believing that we are part of the garden. Comedy was created with Malvolio turning straight after the synchronised jump form the three behind him. As Malvolio turned around the movement had stopped completely.
With the horror of Gregor revolving around the physical changes in Metamorphosis and the comedy revolving around the physical changes of Malvolio in Twelfth Night we remind ourselves of the main link. In Metamorphosis Gregor’s mental state is very important and here in Twelfth Night Malvolio’s mental state also deteriorates as he changes to suit what he thinks is Olivia wants; yellow stockings and smiling a great deal.
The only reason this metamorphosis works so effectively is because of the character Malvolio started off as; physically repressed and serious. Because the audience gets to know this vie of Malvolio when he enters after reading the letter the change is very dramatic creating comedy. In our group Lucy played Malvolio, we experimented with many different portrayals of Malvolio. In the end we decided on a very exclusive look. A stern slow walk was comprised with a raised head and turned up nose. These characteristics really made Malvolio stand out giving him height and authority. Lucy’s voice we decided next and this was similar to they way he walked; slow, stern but serious. This way Malvolio really contrasted with the other characters mischievous, loud, shrieking voices and their flamboyant ways.
Gregor’s character demanded many physical abilities stretching to the extremes of physical drama whereas Malvolio’s demands were mainly in the amount of text. In many parts of the play we see huge speeches to be made. These all must not only be made with his pompous attitude and characteristics but with thoughts and actions in between some phrases and sentences. We used this idea for the sentence
“Calling my officers about me, in my branched velvet gown, having come from a day bed where I have left Olivia.”
For this we had Malvolio strolling the stage area, surrounding Olivia. Each legs spread on each step showing the yellow stockings. On the line ‘branched velvet gown’ we had Malvolio twirling like a ballerina and then stopping in a proposal position in front of Olivia. At this point he slowly makes his way up from the floor, his eyes following up her body until they meet her eyes. Where he stares, still smiling then continues with his speech.
It is the physical build-ups like these that prepare us for Act Scene 4. In these moments costume became very important and necessary. Unlike in Caucasian Chalk Circle and Metamorphosis where the costumes were simplistic and continuous costumes in Twelfth Night portrayed the Metamorphosis. In our group Lucy wore the yellow knee high socks with black crossed ribbon all the way up. Her trousers were black drawing attention to the socks and only started at the knee. She wore a fancy white shirt and over that a white robe that gave the audience a clue of what was to come- the white looked clinical which links to the locking up of Malvolio later. this was such a contrast to what Malvolio wore at the beginning that the audience immediately found it funny in conjunction to his new smile that appeared very fixed and fake and his strange mannerisms.
Mind that the sample papers like Caucasion chalk circle, metamorphosis and twlth night scripted coursework presented are to be used for review only. In order to warn you and eliminate any plagiarism writing intentions, it is highly recommended not to use the essays in class. In cases you experience difficulties with essay writing in class and for in class use, order original papers with our expert writers. Cheap custom papers can be written from scratch for each customer that entrusts his or her academic success to our writing team. Order your unique assignment from the best custom writing services cheap and fast!
Thursday, April 26, 2012
Decision Making and Critical Thinking
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Decision-Making Techniques
There are a myriad of decision-making techniques, models, tools, and methods that companies and individuals utilize to come to a decision about a problem. Whatever decision-making technique is chosen, there are some basic steps and guidelines that should be taken by all, when faced with a problem. These guidelines include
1. Define the problem.
. Look at potential causes for the problem.
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. Identify alternatives for approaches to resolve the problem.
4. Select an approach to solve the problem.
5. Plan the implementation of the best alternative.
6. Monitor implementation of the plan.
7. Verify if the problem has been resolved or not.
The focus of this paper will be to select an approach to solve the problem. One of the problems that a company may face is that of change. Proposed changes are necessary in business to ensure that the company evolves with changes in the business climate and does not become stagnant. There are various forces that act for and against a proposed change, and a method must be used for listing, discussing, and evaluating these forces to come to a decision on the outcome of the proposal. One method used to accomplish this is called Force Field Analysis.
Force Field Analysis
Force Field Analysis, developed by Kurt Lewin, a pioneer in the field of social sciences, is a management technique for diagnosing business situations. It has proven to be a particularly useful method for looking at all the forces for and against a decision. It can also be seen as a focused way to weigh pros and cons of a situation. By using Force Field Analysis, a manager will get a better understanding of the contending forces that increase or decrease the likelihood of successful implementation of a change. These competing can be seen as “Forces for Change” and “Forces Against Change”, or “Driving Forces” and Restraining Forces”.
Driving Forces are those forces affecting a situation that are pushing in a particular direction; they tend to initiate a change and keep it going. In terms of improving productivity in a workgroup, pressure from a supervisor, pay incentives, and competition may be examples of driving forces.
Restraining Forces are forces acting to restrain or decrease the driving forces. Apathy, antagonism, and poor maintenance of equipment may be examples of restraining forces against increased production. Equilibrium is reached when the sum of the driving forces equals the sum of the restraining forces. An example is shown in Fig. 1.
Figure 1
In the above example, equilibrium represents the present level of productivity. The present level of productivity, or equilibrium, can be raised or lowered by changes in the relationship between the driving forces and restraining forces. As an example, we can use the predicament of a new manager taking over a workgroup in a company. The workgroup has a high level of productivity, but the human resources are drained because the outgoing manager pushed the envelope on the driving forces, thus upsetting the equilibrium. The outgoing manager did this by being overly autocratic and keeping continual pressure on his subordinates. The resulting increase in output is only a short-term gain.
By overloading the driving forces, the manager inadvertently developed some new restraining forces to compensate. Because the workers were being overloaded with tasks to keep up the output level, there was hostility amongst the workers. This results in a high turnover rate of workers and increased absenteeism, which ends up lowering the productivity in the long run. The new manager has the challenge of either decreasing the restraining forces or increasing the driving forces to find equilibrium. In this case, however, it would probably be a wiser decision to decrease the restraining forces, since driving forces that were too strong initially caused the problem of overwork. To decrease the restraining forces, the manager could schedule more training time, which would not only decrease the stress of the workers (because they would know their job better), but also increase production in the long run. The production may drop off initially, but because the workers will be more technically proficient and less stressed, the production will increase over time.
How to use Force Field Analysis to make a Decision
There are some basic steps involved with using the Force Field Analysis tool to effectively and intelligently come up with important decisions. These steps are
1. Start with a well-defined goal or change to be implemented.
. Draw a Force Field diagram
At the top of a large sheet of paper write the goal or change to be implemented. Divide the sheet into two columns. Write “Driving Forces” on the top of the first column and “Restraining Forces” on the top of the second column.
Brainstorm and come up with a list of driving forces and restraining forces list them in their respective column. List all driving forces (forces for change) in the first column and all restraining forces (forces against change) in the second column. Draw a line down the middle of the two columns.
. Assign a score to each force, from 1 (weak) to 5 (strong).
When you have placed all the forces in their respective columns and assigned a score to each, you just add the totals from each column. If you come up with a score of 10 for the driving forces, and a score of 11 for the restraining forces, you should initially question whether or not the change should be made. If a decision has already been made to carry out a project, and you have no choice, you can use force field analysis to determine how you can change the status of equilibrium for the better. For example, you can reduce the strength of the restraining forces or increase the forces driving the project.
Types of Forces to Consider
Some of the types of forces to consider include Available resources, traditions, self interests, organizational structures, personal and professional relationships, attitudes of people, regulations, personal or group needs, present or past practices, policies, costs, desires, and values. There are numerous forces that can act as forces in decision-making.
Applying Force Field Analysis
For an example, I will apply Force Field Analysis to a problem at my workplace to try and come up with a decision about solving the problem. The decision I have to make is regarding to whether or not the Electronics Fundamentals Training Section at the Marine Corps Communications Electronics School will make the upgrade to the new LabVolt computer based trainer software and GradePoint 00 Classroom Management System.
Let’s begin
1. Proposed change Upgrade LabVolt course software and classroom management software to newest version.
. Force Field Diagram
Driving Forces Restraining Forces
• Newer course software is written in C++ Programming language, which is more stable than previous software. (4)
• GradePoint 00 Classroom Management System offers many options that the older WinMan software does not. ()
• Must keep the school at the leading edge of technology. ()
• Will be able to run on newer Operating Systems. The present system will not run on Windows 000 or newer Operating Systems running the NTFS 5.0 file system. (4)
• Will be able to establish student-level computer security without rd party software such as Fortress. NTFS 5.0 permissions and policies will take care of this. (4)
• The Marine Corps is already purchasing new hardware in conjunction with the Navy Marine Corps Intranet cutover. (5)
• Present hardware configurations do not meet minimum requirements of new software. ()
• Added cost due to purchase of new hardware. ()
• Staff will require additional training on new software. (4)
• Will take time to implement, because new classes cannot be fielded before old class graduates. ()
• Added maintenance time required maintaining both the old and new equipment during fielding. ()
• Additional costs due new Operating System installation. ()
• It will take time to iron out the glitches of the first release of the new software. (4)
0
By evaluating the totals from each column, I can determine that the project proposal is feasible, and should be implemented.
Possible Limitations
I really do not see any limitations or situations in which Force Field Analysis could not be utilized. It is a rather straightforward method of coming to a conclusion or decision about a problem or proposal. It is a useful technique for looking at all the forces for and against a plan. It is a systematic method to assist the manager in the identification of changes that could help to improve the plan. It helps the manager or decision-maker to weigh the importance of these factors and forces and decide whether a plan is worth implementing.
References
Accel Team.com. (00) Change Management, Force Field Analysis.
Available http//www.accel-team.com/techniques/force_field_analysis.html
(00, February 8).
Iowa State University Extension. (00) Extension to Communities, Force Field
Analysis.
Available http//www.extension.iastate.edu/communities/tools/forcefield.html
(00, February 8).
Mind Tools. (Feb 00). Essential Skills for an Excellent Career, Force Field Analysis
Understanding The Pressures For and Against Change.
Available http//www.mindtools.com/pages/article/newTED_06.htm
(00, February ).
Mind that the sample papers like Decision Making and Critical Thinking presented are to be used for review only. In order to warn you and eliminate any plagiarism writing intentions, it is highly recommended not to use the essays in class. In cases you experience difficulties with essay writing in class and for in class use, order original papers with our expert writers. Cheap custom papers can be written from scratch for each customer that entrusts his or her academic success to our writing team. Order your unique assignment from the best custom writing services cheap and fast!
Decision-Making Techniques
There are a myriad of decision-making techniques, models, tools, and methods that companies and individuals utilize to come to a decision about a problem. Whatever decision-making technique is chosen, there are some basic steps and guidelines that should be taken by all, when faced with a problem. These guidelines include
1. Define the problem.
. Look at potential causes for the problem.
Write my paper for me!!!
. Identify alternatives for approaches to resolve the problem.
4. Select an approach to solve the problem.
5. Plan the implementation of the best alternative.
6. Monitor implementation of the plan.
7. Verify if the problem has been resolved or not.
The focus of this paper will be to select an approach to solve the problem. One of the problems that a company may face is that of change. Proposed changes are necessary in business to ensure that the company evolves with changes in the business climate and does not become stagnant. There are various forces that act for and against a proposed change, and a method must be used for listing, discussing, and evaluating these forces to come to a decision on the outcome of the proposal. One method used to accomplish this is called Force Field Analysis.
Force Field Analysis
Force Field Analysis, developed by Kurt Lewin, a pioneer in the field of social sciences, is a management technique for diagnosing business situations. It has proven to be a particularly useful method for looking at all the forces for and against a decision. It can also be seen as a focused way to weigh pros and cons of a situation. By using Force Field Analysis, a manager will get a better understanding of the contending forces that increase or decrease the likelihood of successful implementation of a change. These competing can be seen as “Forces for Change” and “Forces Against Change”, or “Driving Forces” and Restraining Forces”.
Driving Forces are those forces affecting a situation that are pushing in a particular direction; they tend to initiate a change and keep it going. In terms of improving productivity in a workgroup, pressure from a supervisor, pay incentives, and competition may be examples of driving forces.
Restraining Forces are forces acting to restrain or decrease the driving forces. Apathy, antagonism, and poor maintenance of equipment may be examples of restraining forces against increased production. Equilibrium is reached when the sum of the driving forces equals the sum of the restraining forces. An example is shown in Fig. 1.
Figure 1
In the above example, equilibrium represents the present level of productivity. The present level of productivity, or equilibrium, can be raised or lowered by changes in the relationship between the driving forces and restraining forces. As an example, we can use the predicament of a new manager taking over a workgroup in a company. The workgroup has a high level of productivity, but the human resources are drained because the outgoing manager pushed the envelope on the driving forces, thus upsetting the equilibrium. The outgoing manager did this by being overly autocratic and keeping continual pressure on his subordinates. The resulting increase in output is only a short-term gain.
By overloading the driving forces, the manager inadvertently developed some new restraining forces to compensate. Because the workers were being overloaded with tasks to keep up the output level, there was hostility amongst the workers. This results in a high turnover rate of workers and increased absenteeism, which ends up lowering the productivity in the long run. The new manager has the challenge of either decreasing the restraining forces or increasing the driving forces to find equilibrium. In this case, however, it would probably be a wiser decision to decrease the restraining forces, since driving forces that were too strong initially caused the problem of overwork. To decrease the restraining forces, the manager could schedule more training time, which would not only decrease the stress of the workers (because they would know their job better), but also increase production in the long run. The production may drop off initially, but because the workers will be more technically proficient and less stressed, the production will increase over time.
How to use Force Field Analysis to make a Decision
There are some basic steps involved with using the Force Field Analysis tool to effectively and intelligently come up with important decisions. These steps are
1. Start with a well-defined goal or change to be implemented.
. Draw a Force Field diagram
At the top of a large sheet of paper write the goal or change to be implemented. Divide the sheet into two columns. Write “Driving Forces” on the top of the first column and “Restraining Forces” on the top of the second column.
Brainstorm and come up with a list of driving forces and restraining forces list them in their respective column. List all driving forces (forces for change) in the first column and all restraining forces (forces against change) in the second column. Draw a line down the middle of the two columns.
. Assign a score to each force, from 1 (weak) to 5 (strong).
When you have placed all the forces in their respective columns and assigned a score to each, you just add the totals from each column. If you come up with a score of 10 for the driving forces, and a score of 11 for the restraining forces, you should initially question whether or not the change should be made. If a decision has already been made to carry out a project, and you have no choice, you can use force field analysis to determine how you can change the status of equilibrium for the better. For example, you can reduce the strength of the restraining forces or increase the forces driving the project.
Types of Forces to Consider
Some of the types of forces to consider include Available resources, traditions, self interests, organizational structures, personal and professional relationships, attitudes of people, regulations, personal or group needs, present or past practices, policies, costs, desires, and values. There are numerous forces that can act as forces in decision-making.
Applying Force Field Analysis
For an example, I will apply Force Field Analysis to a problem at my workplace to try and come up with a decision about solving the problem. The decision I have to make is regarding to whether or not the Electronics Fundamentals Training Section at the Marine Corps Communications Electronics School will make the upgrade to the new LabVolt computer based trainer software and GradePoint 00 Classroom Management System.
Let’s begin
1. Proposed change Upgrade LabVolt course software and classroom management software to newest version.
. Force Field Diagram
Driving Forces Restraining Forces
• Newer course software is written in C++ Programming language, which is more stable than previous software. (4)
• GradePoint 00 Classroom Management System offers many options that the older WinMan software does not. ()
• Must keep the school at the leading edge of technology. ()
• Will be able to run on newer Operating Systems. The present system will not run on Windows 000 or newer Operating Systems running the NTFS 5.0 file system. (4)
• Will be able to establish student-level computer security without rd party software such as Fortress. NTFS 5.0 permissions and policies will take care of this. (4)
• The Marine Corps is already purchasing new hardware in conjunction with the Navy Marine Corps Intranet cutover. (5)
• Present hardware configurations do not meet minimum requirements of new software. ()
• Added cost due to purchase of new hardware. ()
• Staff will require additional training on new software. (4)
• Will take time to implement, because new classes cannot be fielded before old class graduates. ()
• Added maintenance time required maintaining both the old and new equipment during fielding. ()
• Additional costs due new Operating System installation. ()
• It will take time to iron out the glitches of the first release of the new software. (4)
0
By evaluating the totals from each column, I can determine that the project proposal is feasible, and should be implemented.
Possible Limitations
I really do not see any limitations or situations in which Force Field Analysis could not be utilized. It is a rather straightforward method of coming to a conclusion or decision about a problem or proposal. It is a useful technique for looking at all the forces for and against a plan. It is a systematic method to assist the manager in the identification of changes that could help to improve the plan. It helps the manager or decision-maker to weigh the importance of these factors and forces and decide whether a plan is worth implementing.
References
Accel Team.com. (00) Change Management, Force Field Analysis.
Available http//www.accel-team.com/techniques/force_field_analysis.html
(00, February 8).
Iowa State University Extension. (00) Extension to Communities, Force Field
Analysis.
Available http//www.extension.iastate.edu/communities/tools/forcefield.html
(00, February 8).
Mind Tools. (Feb 00). Essential Skills for an Excellent Career, Force Field Analysis
Understanding The Pressures For and Against Change.
Available http//www.mindtools.com/pages/article/newTED_06.htm
(00, February ).
Mind that the sample papers like Decision Making and Critical Thinking presented are to be used for review only. In order to warn you and eliminate any plagiarism writing intentions, it is highly recommended not to use the essays in class. In cases you experience difficulties with essay writing in class and for in class use, order original papers with our expert writers. Cheap custom papers can be written from scratch for each customer that entrusts his or her academic success to our writing team. Order your unique assignment from the best custom writing services cheap and fast!
Critical Analysis of Joshua Quittner’s “Invasion of Privacy”
We are ready to represent the best custom paper writing assistance that can cope with any task like Critical Analysis of Joshua Quittner’s “Invasion of Privacy” even at the eleventh hour. The matter is that we posses the greatest base of expert writers. Our staff of freelance writers includes approximately 300 experienced writers are at your disposal all year round. They are striving to provide the best ever services to the most desperate students that have already lost the hope for academic success. We offer the range of the most widely required, however, not recommended for college use papers. It is advisable to use our examples like Critical Analysis of Joshua Quittner’s “Invasion of Privacy” in learning at public-education level. Get prepared and be smart with our best essay samples cheap and fast! Get in touch and we will write excellent custom coursework or essay especially for you.
Critical Analysis of Joshua Quittner’s “Invasion of Privacy”
Senay Boran
ENGL15Z
Do my coursework
By Vince Goff
7 October, 00
Goff 1
Critical Analysis of Joshua Quittner’s “Invasion of Privacy”
Joshua Quittner, in his Aug 5th, 17 Time Magazine article entitled, “Invasion of Privacy”, attempts to get us to “lighten up” on being overly concerned about our privacy. Quittner, a journalist, frequent contributor to Newsday and Wired, and news director for Pathfinder.com, admits to willingly giving up some privacy in the name of security, convenience and improved service; and he believes that we are just as “ambivalent” about it as he is. Quittner is not entirely successful in his attempt to get us to lighten up. In fact, he probably has the opposite of the desired effect in many readers. Quittner increases awareness, and frightens with examples, inadvertently making readers even more paranoid about their privacy.
Mr. Quittner states that at first he, “couldn’t get worked up about privacy” (p 4), citing two instances in which his privacy was violated. They were both taken care of, and no real harm was done in the end. Then, he relates how he did get worked up when his phone was hacked repeatedly. The authorities could not do anything about it. All said, he diffused the anxiety created by this experience with humor. These experiences helped him to realize that we don’t lose our privacy all at once. Rather, we constantly give away little bits of it. Quittner claims he doesn’t mind giving up a little privacy in the name of convenience, and believes we feel the same way.
Quittner’s credibility does not support his thesis. Before Quittner gets too far into convincing us that we ought to give up some privacy in the name of convenience, he concedes to actively tracking users’ activities on his own web site (p40). While his honesty is commendable, how can the reader remain unsuspicious of a person who has a vested interest in information gathering, trying to convince him that giving away his personal information really isn’t all that bad?
Further, Quittner’s arguments and logic are not sufficiently convincing. He states that what people really want is to know more about who knows what about them (p 7). Quittner purports that we don’t really want privacy, citing the popularity of tell-all talk shows as examples. This comparison is fallacious, unfair and unrepresentative to say the least. Surely it represents bad taste in television programming and nothing regarding privacy.
The opposing views and examples cited by Quittner send the reader in the opposite direction. He references a child rapist rifling through medical records to find new victims, bankers cross-referencing medical records to find cancer patients and deny them loans, and large corporations, “testing our DNA for possible imperfections,” in order to deny jobs (p 8). These examples are too striking not to stand out as extreme causes for concern. In addition, they can not be discounted as fallacious or invented, as they are quite real.
Fundamentally, I agree that I want to know more about who has my personal data and what they are doing with it. However, that knowledge is not enough for me. Quittner opposes new laws or agencies to regulate privacy. I think they are both warranted. Like Quittner, I too was not able to get worked up about privacy at first. Now, thanks to Quittner and other articles, I am a bit worked up about it!
A man in his position has to take the stance that giving up some privacy is alright, since his business thrives on people’s data. Most of his arguments end up appearing less than logical and less than convincing. The examples given as opposition tend to hook themselves in the reader’s mind with more grappling power than any of his other arguments or examples. Quittner leaves readers more worried about privacy than when the began, inadvertently reinforcing the opposing view. Readers will scarcely be lightening up about privacy because of this article.
Work Cited
Quittner, Joshua. “Invasion of Privacy.” Time 5 Aug. 178+. Rpt in Writing in the Disciplines, 4th ed. By Mary Lynch Kennedy, William J. Kennedy and Hadley M. Smith. Upper Saddle River, NJ. Prentice Hall, 000. 4-4.
Mind that the sample papers like Critical Analysis of Joshua Quittner’s “Invasion of Privacy” presented are to be used for review only. In order to warn you and eliminate any plagiarism writing intentions, it is highly recommended not to use the essays in class. In cases you experience difficulties with essay writing in class and for in class use, order original papers with our expert writers. Cheap custom papers can be written from scratch for each customer that entrusts his or her academic success to our writing team. Order your unique assignment from the best custom writing services cheap and fast!
Critical Analysis of Joshua Quittner’s “Invasion of Privacy”
Senay Boran
ENGL15Z
Do my coursework
By Vince Goff
7 October, 00
Goff 1
Critical Analysis of Joshua Quittner’s “Invasion of Privacy”
Joshua Quittner, in his Aug 5th, 17 Time Magazine article entitled, “Invasion of Privacy”, attempts to get us to “lighten up” on being overly concerned about our privacy. Quittner, a journalist, frequent contributor to Newsday and Wired, and news director for Pathfinder.com, admits to willingly giving up some privacy in the name of security, convenience and improved service; and he believes that we are just as “ambivalent” about it as he is. Quittner is not entirely successful in his attempt to get us to lighten up. In fact, he probably has the opposite of the desired effect in many readers. Quittner increases awareness, and frightens with examples, inadvertently making readers even more paranoid about their privacy.
Mr. Quittner states that at first he, “couldn’t get worked up about privacy” (p 4), citing two instances in which his privacy was violated. They were both taken care of, and no real harm was done in the end. Then, he relates how he did get worked up when his phone was hacked repeatedly. The authorities could not do anything about it. All said, he diffused the anxiety created by this experience with humor. These experiences helped him to realize that we don’t lose our privacy all at once. Rather, we constantly give away little bits of it. Quittner claims he doesn’t mind giving up a little privacy in the name of convenience, and believes we feel the same way.
Quittner’s credibility does not support his thesis. Before Quittner gets too far into convincing us that we ought to give up some privacy in the name of convenience, he concedes to actively tracking users’ activities on his own web site (p40). While his honesty is commendable, how can the reader remain unsuspicious of a person who has a vested interest in information gathering, trying to convince him that giving away his personal information really isn’t all that bad?
Further, Quittner’s arguments and logic are not sufficiently convincing. He states that what people really want is to know more about who knows what about them (p 7). Quittner purports that we don’t really want privacy, citing the popularity of tell-all talk shows as examples. This comparison is fallacious, unfair and unrepresentative to say the least. Surely it represents bad taste in television programming and nothing regarding privacy.
The opposing views and examples cited by Quittner send the reader in the opposite direction. He references a child rapist rifling through medical records to find new victims, bankers cross-referencing medical records to find cancer patients and deny them loans, and large corporations, “testing our DNA for possible imperfections,” in order to deny jobs (p 8). These examples are too striking not to stand out as extreme causes for concern. In addition, they can not be discounted as fallacious or invented, as they are quite real.
Fundamentally, I agree that I want to know more about who has my personal data and what they are doing with it. However, that knowledge is not enough for me. Quittner opposes new laws or agencies to regulate privacy. I think they are both warranted. Like Quittner, I too was not able to get worked up about privacy at first. Now, thanks to Quittner and other articles, I am a bit worked up about it!
A man in his position has to take the stance that giving up some privacy is alright, since his business thrives on people’s data. Most of his arguments end up appearing less than logical and less than convincing. The examples given as opposition tend to hook themselves in the reader’s mind with more grappling power than any of his other arguments or examples. Quittner leaves readers more worried about privacy than when the began, inadvertently reinforcing the opposing view. Readers will scarcely be lightening up about privacy because of this article.
Work Cited
Quittner, Joshua. “Invasion of Privacy.” Time 5 Aug. 178+. Rpt in Writing in the Disciplines, 4th ed. By Mary Lynch Kennedy, William J. Kennedy and Hadley M. Smith. Upper Saddle River, NJ. Prentice Hall, 000. 4-4.
Mind that the sample papers like Critical Analysis of Joshua Quittner’s “Invasion of Privacy” presented are to be used for review only. In order to warn you and eliminate any plagiarism writing intentions, it is highly recommended not to use the essays in class. In cases you experience difficulties with essay writing in class and for in class use, order original papers with our expert writers. Cheap custom papers can be written from scratch for each customer that entrusts his or her academic success to our writing team. Order your unique assignment from the best custom writing services cheap and fast!
Wednesday, April 25, 2012
Baroque Art
We are ready to represent the best custom paper writing assistance that can cope with any task like Baroque Art even at the eleventh hour. The matter is that we posses the greatest base of expert writers. Our staff of freelance writers includes approximately 300 experienced writers are at your disposal all year round. They are striving to provide the best ever services to the most desperate students that have already lost the hope for academic success. We offer the range of the most widely required, however, not recommended for college use papers. It is advisable to use our examples like Baroque Art in learning at public-education level. Get prepared and be smart with our best essay samples cheap and fast! Get in touch and we will write excellent custom coursework or essay especially for you.
Baroque art and architecture, is the art and architecture of Europe and its Latin American colonies in the 17th and the first half of the 18th centuries. This style is associated, above all, with Peter Paul Rubens and Giovanni Lorenzo Bernini.
Baroque was first applied to the art of this period in the late 18th century, when the style itself had gone out of fashion. Eventually, however, as the classical rules lost their hold in the next hundred years and art historians began to look more objectively at the art of the past, baroque lost its critical significance. By the early 0th century, first specialists and later a wider art-loving public saw that baroque artists and architects had made a positive and original contribution to European art.
For all its vigor, the baroque style was not absolutely new, in the sense that Gothic art or cubism were new. Formally, it owed much to Renaissance art and architecture and the intervening phase, Mannerism; it was also influenced by the antique Greek and Roman art and architecture. The classical orders of architecture and the idealized human figure are as much features of baroque art as they are of those earlier styles.
The development of the baroque style began in Italy around 1600, when a group of painters, of whom the most important were Michelangelo da Caravaggio and Annibale Carracci, brought about a revival of art in Rome following the breakdown of Mannerism.
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The main center of the baroque in the first three-quarters of the 17th century, however, was Rome, where a greater number of important works of art were created, and far more artists were active, than in all the rest of Europe. The dominant personalities were the sculptor and architect Bernini, the architect Francesco Borromini, and the architect and painter Pietro da Cortona.
Outside Italy and Flanders, the baroque was mainly a late 17th- and 18th-century phenomenon, although signs of it appeared earlier. Each region interpreted the style in a different way. In Spain and Portugal and their American colonies, the interpretation was more pious and popular, as can be seen in Bartolom Murillos painting of the Immaculate Conception or in the facade of Santiago de Compostela Cathedral (finished 1750), the plain surface of which is encrusted with carved forms partly of traditional Spanish origin. The art of Rembrandt was affected by the style (The Night Watch, 164).
In the early 18th century the baroque gave way in France and Germany to the rococo style, and in the second half of the century both styles were outdated by neoclassicism.
We pride ourselves with our value-added services, including art prints framing and mounting, provide customers with the option to enhance the appearance of their poster/print. Our framing services allows customers to choose from a variety of frames, mats, and glass. Our unique mounting service, exclusive to (our affiliated friends) AllPosters.com, permanently bonds prints to a sturdy hardboard backing. Both services produce high-quality, attractive finished products at a reasonable price.
Mind that the sample papers like Baroque Art presented are to be used for review only. In order to warn you and eliminate any plagiarism writing intentions, it is highly recommended not to use the essays in class. In cases you experience difficulties with essay writing in class and for in class use, order original papers with our expert writers. Cheap custom papers can be written from scratch for each customer that entrusts his or her academic success to our writing team. Order your unique assignment from the best custom writing services cheap and fast!
Baroque art and architecture, is the art and architecture of Europe and its Latin American colonies in the 17th and the first half of the 18th centuries. This style is associated, above all, with Peter Paul Rubens and Giovanni Lorenzo Bernini.
Baroque was first applied to the art of this period in the late 18th century, when the style itself had gone out of fashion. Eventually, however, as the classical rules lost their hold in the next hundred years and art historians began to look more objectively at the art of the past, baroque lost its critical significance. By the early 0th century, first specialists and later a wider art-loving public saw that baroque artists and architects had made a positive and original contribution to European art.
For all its vigor, the baroque style was not absolutely new, in the sense that Gothic art or cubism were new. Formally, it owed much to Renaissance art and architecture and the intervening phase, Mannerism; it was also influenced by the antique Greek and Roman art and architecture. The classical orders of architecture and the idealized human figure are as much features of baroque art as they are of those earlier styles.
The development of the baroque style began in Italy around 1600, when a group of painters, of whom the most important were Michelangelo da Caravaggio and Annibale Carracci, brought about a revival of art in Rome following the breakdown of Mannerism.
Do my coursework
The main center of the baroque in the first three-quarters of the 17th century, however, was Rome, where a greater number of important works of art were created, and far more artists were active, than in all the rest of Europe. The dominant personalities were the sculptor and architect Bernini, the architect Francesco Borromini, and the architect and painter Pietro da Cortona.
Outside Italy and Flanders, the baroque was mainly a late 17th- and 18th-century phenomenon, although signs of it appeared earlier. Each region interpreted the style in a different way. In Spain and Portugal and their American colonies, the interpretation was more pious and popular, as can be seen in Bartolom Murillos painting of the Immaculate Conception or in the facade of Santiago de Compostela Cathedral (finished 1750), the plain surface of which is encrusted with carved forms partly of traditional Spanish origin. The art of Rembrandt was affected by the style (The Night Watch, 164).
In the early 18th century the baroque gave way in France and Germany to the rococo style, and in the second half of the century both styles were outdated by neoclassicism.
We pride ourselves with our value-added services, including art prints framing and mounting, provide customers with the option to enhance the appearance of their poster/print. Our framing services allows customers to choose from a variety of frames, mats, and glass. Our unique mounting service, exclusive to (our affiliated friends) AllPosters.com, permanently bonds prints to a sturdy hardboard backing. Both services produce high-quality, attractive finished products at a reasonable price.
Mind that the sample papers like Baroque Art presented are to be used for review only. In order to warn you and eliminate any plagiarism writing intentions, it is highly recommended not to use the essays in class. In cases you experience difficulties with essay writing in class and for in class use, order original papers with our expert writers. Cheap custom papers can be written from scratch for each customer that entrusts his or her academic success to our writing team. Order your unique assignment from the best custom writing services cheap and fast!
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