Reconstruction of the South After The Civil War

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In the South, during this period of time many people suffered from the great amount of property damage done to such things as farms, factories, railroads and several other things that citizens depended on to keep their economy strong. Some of these economic hardships included destruction of the credit system and worthless Confederate money. Though statistics in the South were vague the historian E.B. Long, a careful student of war strengths suggests “perhaps 750,000 individuals would be reasonably a close” as an estimate of Southern enrollments in the armies and navy.


In the South Reconstruction meant rebuilding the economy, establishing


new state and local governments and establishing a new social structure between whites and blacks. During the war Lincoln had expanded his presidency. With his power he hoped to set up loyal governments in the Southern states that were under Union control. Lincoln appointed new temporary governors and instructed each to call a convention to create a new state government as soon as a group of the states citizen totaling 10 percent of the voters in the 1860 presidential election had signed oaths of loyalty to the Union. Under this plan new governments were formed in Louisiana, Tennessee and Arkansas but the Congress refused to recognize them. Republicans in Congress did not want a quick restoration, for the reason that it would bring Democratic representatives and senators to Washington, and in 1864 Congress passed the Wade-Davis Reconstruction Bill. This bill would have delayed the process of rejoining the Union until 50 percent of the people took an oath of loyalty but Lincoln pocket vetoed the bill. Abraham Lincoln was assassinated just as the South surrendered in April 1865, and then Andrew Johnson inherited the problem of Reconstruction.


Johnson was a southern democrat who believed in the union, however, he did not believe in black equality. Johnson believed that the planter class in the south had led their section of the country to ruin. As far as blacks were concerned, they were an inferior race to be held in some sort of subjugation to the dominant white population of the south. His attitude ran into a head on collision with that of the radical republicans in congress led by Thaddeus Stevens.


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President Johnson tried to enforce Lincolns Ten Percent Plan. That as soon as ten percent of the population of any southern state took an oath of loyalty to the union and adopted a constitution that abolished slavery they would be readmitted to the union. The radical republicans in congress totally disagreed with Johnson. Many of the southern states in 1865 under presidential reconstruction adopted what was known as black codes. These codes restricted blacks from any participation in the rights of citizenship. Blacks were confined to an inferior position, they were not legally slaves anymore, but they had no rights of citizenship.


During the summer of 1865, Johnson proceeded in carrying out Lincolns Reconstruction plan, with only minor changes. These modifications included, appointing a governor for each state that had seceeded and restoring political rights to a majority of southern citizens through pardons. Conventions were held in each of the former Confederate states to repeal the ordinances of secession, discuss the war debt, and draw up new state constitutions. In time, the citizens of each state were able to elect their own governor and state legislature. When the


legislature of state ratified the thirteenth amendment, which stated No slavery or involuntary servitude except for punishment, the new sate government would then be recognized and the state would then be admitted back into the Union.


The process, with only a few exceptions, had almost been completed at the end of 1865. However, the states that had seceded were not yet completely as they had been before the war, because Congress still refused to seat their Senators and Representatives.


It was inevitable that blacks would stay at the bottom of southern society. Just because they were free didnt mean that their lives experienced a complete turnaround. The fact that they had no base on which to start their new lives made it even harder.


There was much political, economic, and social reforms introduced in the South between 1864 and 1877. After 1877, many of the changes stayed with the exception of Civil Rights. In 1865, the Freedmen’s Bureau was introduced in Congress. It was formed because the government realized that it could not longer meet the needs of Southerners.





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