Thursday, March 22, 2012

Summary of "Group Minds"

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Doris Lessing’s essay “Group Minds,” talks about the human nature of belonging to groups. Humans, specially those in Western societies do not like to be loners, but rather enjoy being part of a like-minded group. In her essay Lessing talks about the view most people of western society have about their individuality. Lessing says that people have an urge to belong to groups. She also explains how people are put in uncomfortable situations due to that urge. She also talks about the fact that we have lots of information about ourselves, but do not use that information to improve ourselves. In this summary I will discuss these main themes from Lessing’s essay.


Lessing starts her essay by describing the view Western people usually have about themselves. She says that people from the West tend to think of themselves as free people able to do as they please. She says that this type of thinking is a result of the “general atmosphere.”


Lessing then describes humans as “group animals.” Humans want to belong to a group, they even join groups that are not very well defined. She says that most people do not like to be alone, and those who do are made out to be outcasts. She also explains that people want to be around others that think the same way they do.


Even though humans tend to be around those who think similarly, there can be differences that arise between an individuals opinions and the general opinions of the group. She describes how people feel bad when they go against the group. Members of that group even suppress their own beliefs, and say that “black is white” just because the group does.


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Many experiments have proven this, and have revealed lots of information about ourselves. Lessing knows that we have a lot of information on the way we act, but never use it to make ourselves better. She wishes that we could simply tell our kids about this, so they don’t grow up being pressured, and they can maybe improve themselves and society.


Mind that the sample papers like Summary of "Group Minds" presented are to be used for review only. In order to warn you and eliminate any plagiarism writing intentions, it is highly recommended not to use the essays in class. In cases you experience difficulties with essay writing in class and for in class use, order original papers with our expert writers. Cheap custom papers can be written from scratch for each customer that entrusts his or her academic success to our writing team. Order your unique assignment from the best custom writing services cheap and fast!

Wednesday, March 21, 2012

Remember the Titans

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Theres trouble in town when it is announced that the white high school and the black high school are going to be integrated into one school, called T.C. Williams. And its not just the white people who are upset. The colored people are just as upset. And to the football teams from each school, the integration process means not all of them will start. Coach Bill Yoast, the head coach from the white school, assures his players that everything will be fine, but then he discovers that he will not be head coach anymore, which upsets his daughter Sheryl (who is crazy about football) to no end. The new head coach is black, a man by the name of Herman Boone. Because Coach Boone knows what its like to have his job taken away from him, he offers the position of assistant head coach to Coach Yoast. He finally agrees to coach as long as he will be able to coach defensively and his assistant coach from before, Coach Tyrell, is able to coach the special teams.


So off to training camp they go. From the start, there is noticeable tension between the boys. First, the white boys sit on one bus, and the black boys sit on another. Coach Boone quickly solves this problem by dividing the teams by offense and defense. And he makes the boys sit together. Then he announces that they person they are sitting next to will be their roommate. When they get to camp, Julius Campbell, a black player, and Gerry Bertier, the defensive captain, and the only All-American on the team, start things off nicely with a fight over what Julius can put up on his wall. Soon the entire team is fighting.


But this camp is not just about the boys learning to deal with each other, so to speak, it is above all training for the football season. And there is plenty of football going on. Coach Boone, although Coach Yoast objects, pushes the boys to the limit with grueling two-a-days. The boys are certainly learning good football, but they are not getting to know each other at all. Coach Boone tells them that until they get to know a teammate of the opposite race, they will go to three-a-day practices. After a few days of that, the boys begin to talk to each other, even if only to learn the facts. The only person who seems to get along with anybody and everybody is Lewis Lastik, a heavy-set military kid who seems to be color-blind in that aspect. But as the players talk and joke with each other, they begin to bond as a group and become good friends. Ronnie Bass joins the group a little while after camp has started, and, because of his long blond hair and California hippie way of dressing, is dubbed as a fruitcake. Sunshine, as Petey dubs him, doesnt like that and proves that he does have a good arm as a quarterback, and that he isnt any fruitcake.


The boys return from camp as good friends, but when they begin school, they realize that they are the only ones who have bonded. Racial tension is as high as ever with school starting and there are angry parents and students that fill the neighborhoods and schools. But they remain loyal to their friends as best they can. However, Coach Boone is informed before the first game that if he causes any trouble, such as lose a game, the board will fire him and replace him with Yoast.


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And so the season begins. The team never loses a game and Boone never loses his head coach position. Along the way, Yoast and Boone become friends, as well as their daughters, even though Sheryl is still obsessed with football. But when Coach Tyrell finds out about their friendship, he quits the team and leaves Yoast and Boone to coach.


The rest of the story will come soon....!





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Investment of the heart

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An Investment of the Heart


Dog collars, and more dog collars. Some days Bill Pantin didnt think he could stand the sight of one more dog collar. On days like today he felt as though life had collared him!


For three years hed spent every working day in this factory making dog collars. He had worked his way up all the way to rivet-man. Three long years...and his greatest achievement was putting the right number of rivets in a dog collar!


Big deal. Bill shook his head and stamped another rivet. Something was stirring inside of him. Something in him wanted out. He wanted more out of life. He knew he wasnt particularly bright. Hed figured that out for himself back in high school and during his first venture into college.


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Those experiences proved what his dad had told him all along, Youll never do anything in life. Still, he had worked his way up to rivet-man.


Thud. Another rivet slammed into place. And another. Rhythmically, hypnotically, Bill moved the collars through. He thought about the family who had recently befriended him. They knew about struggling through life too, yet they had given Bill something hed never known - affirmation. He especially received love from the mother, a born-again woman who knew what wonders Jesus could do with a life like his. She talked to him about college. You can do it! Her words tantalized him. Make something of your life! Could he?


On a sunny day in late 17, as he stamped out his final few rivets, Bill dared to answer that question. Walking away from the assembly line, he looked his foreman in the eye and said two words that would change the entire course of his life. I quit.


I grew up behind an eight ball, Bill says. I was raised in a middle-class family in a not-so-nice part of Long Island. I had a real attitude. I didnt know much, but I did know I didnt want to rivet dog collars for the rest of my life.


With the tedium of his job behind him, Bill wasted no time. He immediately arranged for a student loan and enrolled in a state university. Driven by the fear of failure, he pushed himself by taking 1 hours per semester.


Although Bill had accepted his born-again friends advice to go to college...he hadnt accepted her Jesus. So at school, he found himself very much alone.


I didnt know the Lord, Bill explains. Id been raised Catholic, but I had never returned to church after my confirmation at age 1. During those first months at college, a Christian lived across the hall from me. I read his tracts and attended a church service once or twice. It just didnt take.





But a seed was planted. By December 180, Bill was physically and emotionally exhausted. Not knowing where to turn, he prayed.


I said, Lord, I need some help. Suddenly, total love washed over me. I lost the sense of where I was. I didnt know who I was. The love so consumed me that I thought Id die.


The experience only lasted five minutes, but the refreshing lasted much longer. Back at school, he pursued his goal - and he achieved it. In only 1/ years, Bill graduated - with honors.


Still, he wasnt content. Plowing ahead, Bill earned his graduate degree in international affairs, international economics and Latin American studies. The world of rivets and dog collars faded like a bad dream. Bill was finally climbing the ladder of success. And meeting Christina in 185 was another step up.


They were an unlikely pair from the start. Born in Malaysia, Christina was one of five children from a wealthy Chinese family. Unlike Bills no-frills upbringing, Christinas was awash in luxury. She was beautiful, smart - and accustomed to getting her way. She intimidated every man she met. But Bill was a New Yorker. Nothing intimidated him. They married in 187.


Together, their success continued. Christina earned her bachelors degree in journalism and her graduate degree in international affairs. The British news agency Reuters hired her, and she later became its senior stock market reporter. Bill worked for a financial services company. They had it all...careers, money and a plush apartment in a fancy Manhattan high-rise.


They made it on their own. They didnt know God and they didnt need Him. Until 18 when their sweet success was soured by a bad economy.


The downturn literally brought Bill to his knees. There was a layoff, Bill explains, and I lost my job. Every day when Christina left for work, I stayed home combing the want ads. Depression hit hard. All my insecurities flared.


You cant even support your wife, sneered a silent voice inside Bills mind. Go back to making dog collars.


A few weeks later, Bill was flipping through the television channels when his attention was captured by a man in a sweater talking intently to the television audience. Just as he started to change channels, Bill heard something that stopped him. Something that changed his life. The man on the television screen was Kenneth Copeland. The words he spoke were these You can have what you say.





I watched that program, Bill says, and I was intrigued. Id never heard anything like it. A couple of weeks later I heard Kenneth say each person needed to accept Jesus as Lord and receive the Baptism in the Holy Spirit. In response, Bill Pantin knelt beside the bed and gave his heart to Jesus. It would prove to be the wisest investment he ever made.


A few days later, Bill prayed again, asking the Lord to direct his life. To his surprise, God answered in an audible voice.


I plant a seed so that it will grow to feed My children, He said.


Bill had never read the Bible. Hed never heard the parable of planting and reaping. He whispered the words over and over. God wanted him to plant seeds and feed children? Was he being called into...agriculture? Confused, he shook his head. He could only hope that God would explain Himself more thoroughly as time went along.


Then one day, Bill explains, I opened the New York Times to read the want ads. The Holy Spirit spoke to me and said, There is a job inside just for you.


Searching the newsprint, Bill gasped at what he found. Mitsubishi Bank Ltd. wanted someone with his qualifications. The fourth largest bank in the world! I prayed the prayer of faith, Bill remembers, and called for an interview. The interview went well, but I was told that Japanese banks dont act quickly. It would be weeks before I heard.


At 10 oclock that morning I prayed according to Mark 114 that I would hear a good report that very day.


By 5 oclock, the devil was working overtime to discourage Bill. People have gone home now. You blew it. This faith stuff doesnt work. But as usual, the devil was just bluffing. At 6 oclock the telephone rang. Bill Pantin had landed the job.


Even so, Christina was skeptical about the changes in Bill. I couldnt believe that he was watching Kenneth Copelands broadcast. On Sundays hed sit there glued to the television while I read the newspaper. Then I began to see results. After a few months I couldnt argue anymore. I prayed, making Jesus Lord of my life, and received the Baptism in the Holy Spirit.


Inspired by the Copelands teachings, Bill and Christina began to study the Bible six to seven hours a day. Theyd get up early to pray and read the Bible. On the subway theyd listen to tapes. During the day, they recorded the Copelands program to watch each evening. After supper they prayed and went back to reading the Bible. In bed at night, they read books on faith.


Eagerly, they began to apply what they were learning to every area of their lives. At home and on the job, they began to step out in faith.


I was told, for example, that Mitsubishi wouldnt promote an employee to assistant vice president until hed worked there for five or six years, Bill explains. But Christina and I prayed in agreement that I would receive the promotion in one year.


When Bill received his yearly review he was told he did not have the promotion he desired. Boldly, he wrote one word across the bottom of the review document Unacceptable. At home, he and Christina praised God for the promotion, continuing to stand in faith. Three days later he became assistant vice president at Mitsubishi Bank Ltd.





Faith even invaded Bills daily commute to the office. He recalls one day in particular. He was riding the subway to work - listening to tapes as usual - when a burly construction worker boarded the subway, sat down and began to doze.


Unexpectedly, the Lord spoke to Bill. Tell him that he has delighted in Me, now Ill give him the desires of his heart. Tell him you know he has problems now, but it will all work out.


But, God, You dont understand. You dont tell construction workers things like this on a New York subway.


Tell him.


No, Lord, Bill pleaded. Youre embarrassing me.


Tell him.


Im going to change subways.


Tell him. Bill looked up. The woman who had occupied the seat next to the construction worker had left the subway. Reluctantly, Bill moved to her vacant seat and began, Excuse me, he said, but God told me to tell you.... Finishing the words, Bill looked into the big mans face.


The man grabbed Bills hands and said, Thank you, Brother. My wife has a brain aneurysm. I have four kids Im trying to take care of and Im hardly getting any sleep.


When Bill changed to his next subway, he wept. For the first time in his life he knew for certain that hed been created for something more important than making dog collars.


And he understood that faith is the seed that, when planted, will grow and feed Gods children.





As that faith kept on growing, the Pantins lives changed dramatically. But one thing stayed the same. God continued to use their partnership with Kenneth Copeland Ministries to bring Gods blessing and direction to their lives.


For a long time we didnt have a church, Christina explains. Wed moved out of Manhattan into a very nice Jewish neighborhood. There werent any faith churches around. Bill had heard about a church in Long Island where Jerry Savelle spoke. It was called Faith of Gods Word Ministry and was pastored by Dan and Janet Cotrone. We prayed for guidance regarding the church and decided to contact them as soon as we returned from KCMs Southwest Believers Convention in Fort Worth.


As it turned out, they didnt have to wait that long.


During the convention, Bill and Christina found themselves seated next to a young couple who were also from New York. Their name? COTRONE. The son and daughter-in-law of Dan and Janet Cotrone, the couple attended Faith of Gods Word Ministry. Thanking God for His guidance, Bill and Christina found their church home.


Today, Bill and Christina Pantin are enjoying a supernatural success thats sweeter than theyve ever known. And as the economy continues to pitch and roll, they simply keep on prospering. The reason, says Bill, is simple.


One of the first things we learned was to tithe and give. And God has proven Himself faithful. When the writers union was without an agreement with management, all the writers at Christinas company went without raises or promotions for over a year.


All, that is, except Christina. During that time she received two promotions and one merit raise. When the new contract was negotiated she received a 1 1/ percent increase - retroactive.


Thinking back to his dog collar days, Bill smiles at how far hes come. And the advice that dear Christian lady gave him more than 1 years ago still echoes in his ears. Make something of your life. Yeah, he says. Give it to Jesus. Youll be amazed what He can do.





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impact of IT on information services, with special reference to india

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Impact of IT on information services, with special reference to India





~ By Ms. Neeraj Karandikar


Information is a vital resource & serves as an essential input to the effective pursuit of national policies on economic, scientific, technological & social development. It is a perennial resource, unlike natural & industrial resources & is characterized by its inherent potential for perpetual growth. The last few decades have witnessed incredible advances in information & communication technology (ICT) � which is the potent combination of computers in which information can be stored & processed & telecommunications by which information can be transmitted to anybody, anywhere in the world.


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We are living in an information-intense society, in which the quality of life as well as prospects for social change & economic development depends increasingly on information & its exploitation. Living standards, patterns of work & leisure, education systems & market place are all influenced prominently by advances in information & knowledge. To be in a position to exploit information, society will have to shift its perception & abilities related to information formats. Individuals will have to acquire a new bundle of information skills necessary to function in society.


In practice, they will have to expand the traditional skills of literacy. This new level of literacy has to do with understanding the role & power of information in society, its use & misuse in society & most importantly understanding the systems/intermediaries involved in organizing & disseminating information, namely � libraries & information centers. As a fast growing & changing technology, IT is all-pervasive & has impacted the functioning of libraries in various ways. Implicit in this process of modernization is an increase in efficiency, effectiveness & reduction in cost per unit of library services.


Traditionally dominated by print, libraries have been vast warehouses of published knowledge, storing publications “just in case” users might need them. But now with the evolution of the Internet, electronic databases, CD-ROM technologies, libraries are becoming access points to knowledge, which is not in print form & not held in the library itself. Distributed access of electronic information sources creates a scenario in which ownership of publications becomes less critical then acquiring access rights. The librarian may acquire access rights freely, at a fee or a mix of both. While some information is completely free, a lot of it is commercially priced. Free information sources include electronic newsletters & discussion groups, some electronic journals, reports & library catalogues.


Highlighting the change in emphasis from collection to organizing, Kenneth Arnold refers to the librarian as a verb. “[This] is a useful image, I think, because it implies movement. In the past the librarian, unlike most professionals, has been associated with a place, the library, a building. In the future, the librarian will be a vector, searching for & establishing connections. The library in which this librarian works is more a state of mind than a location. It is a set of neural connectors. And that is why the place called library is not the sentence in which the electronic librarian dwells.”1


Digital technology incorporates multimedia & hypertext capabilities that allow the fluid combination of text, still & moving pictures, speech & musical sounds. As the medium of recording thoughts & the packaging of ideas changes, the roles of the intermediaries involved in the scholarly communication process, are getting merged. Traditionally, publishers saw that books & journals were manufactured & physically delivered, while libraries catalogued & archived books & journals from many publishers & made them available to one user at a time.


With the Internet it has become easier for individuals “to make public” what they wish to, without the help of a publisher. Publishers are no longer restricted to using only paper, but can also publish on-line, on CD-ROM, on film, on interactive laser discs. Publishers of electronic information offer search facilities & access to specific sections in their publications, maintain databases of their own publications on the Internet, thereby entering the zones of dissemination, archiving & preservation which has so far been among the responsibilities of the librarians.


Libraries on the other hand, no longer restricted to having bibliographic data of their own collection have mounted other electronic sources on their servers - first acquired indexes, abstracts, followed by full text-journals, textbooks & still later, in-house prepared bibliographies, compilations etc. In a sense with this “publishing” the libraries are moving into the zone of the publishers.


However, it may be added that the new does not necessarily replace the old, but can co-exist with the old. Technology should always be seen from the perspective of organizational purpose. Modernised library services should be as far as possible logical extensions of traditional services taking into account the receptivity of the overall system of which the library is a part. This is especially true in the case of a developing country like India.


India today has states & 6 centrally administered union territories & the pattern of library development & history varies from one state to another. An overall scenario of library development provides an uneven & rather dismal picture. 10 states have already enacted Public Library Legislation. Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, Kerala, Tamil Nadu, Maharashtra, West Bengal have made commendable development in the field of public libraries. Most other states are lagging behind pathetically.


Surprisingly, certain states such as Haryana, Punjab that have progressed well economically have not paid due attention to the development of libraries in their respective regions. Other states, particularly Bihar, Madhya Pradesh, Rajasthan, Uttar Pradesh, which are highly populated & are spread over a large geographical area have yet to start the basic infrastructure in this field.


The process of modernization of libraries in India has been sketchy during the last 50 years. The national efforts for modernization of libraries after independence can be traced to the 158 Scientific Policy Resolution, which emphasized the fostering of scientific temper in people. It was adopted at the instance of Pandit Jawaharlal Nehru. In pursuance of this agenda, several committees & commissions were appointed to look into specific issues & come up with necessary recommendations, i.e. The Sinha Committee’s report (15), Ranganathan Committee Report (165) which has served as a Bible for University & College Libraries till this day, Peter Lazar Report & V.A. Kamath Report (17). The 18 Technology Policy Statement emphasized the need for a technology information base. In July 184, the Working Group of the Planning Commission headed by Dr. N Seshagiri recommended to the government the need for modernization of library services & informatics during the Seventh Five Year Plan of 185-10.4


The National Policy on Library & Information System submitted in 188 recommended using information technology on a national level. In subsequent years various networks were established, prominent amongst those, being DELNET in Delhi (188) & INFLIBNET (188). The Working Group of the Planning Commission on Libraries & Informatics for the Ninth Five-Year Plan, 17-00, under the chairmanship of B. P. Singh (Department of Culture) made important recommendations for the modernization & networking of libraries.


Among other things, it laid stress on the integrated cohesive development of libraries at the national level. “All the components of the national library system have developed in isolation so far, thereby contributing to its non-effectiveness. It is recommended that there should be a National Library System (NLM) comprising the National Library, Calcutta, the national depository libraries in Delhi, Mumbai and Chennai, the national subject libraries such as National Science Library, National Medical Library & national documentation centers like INSDOC (Indian National Scientific Documentation Centre), NASSDOC (National Social Science Documentation Centre) etc. & such libraries of national importance.”


It remains to be seen as to how many of these recommendations will be finally considered for financial assistance by the Government.


The World Information Report of the UNESCO, 17-8 had made the following observations about India, Pakistan, Indonesia & Philippines5


· Bulk of the population in not information-dependent in day-to-day work & living.


· A large proportion of the population cannot consume information, especially if it is delivered in written form.


· Vast majority of the population does not have the means to access information


· People in general are not accustomed to pay, cannot pay or are unwilling to pay for information. In fact information does not even figure in their lists of wants.


· The existing pattern of economic activities does not favor a growth in information consumption


· The country does not have sufficient capacity to invest in infrastructural development


However, the findings of this report have to be viewed against the fact that India’s population, according to the 001 Census is1,07,015,47 (www.censusindia.net)


Almost three-fourth of this teeming population resides in over 575,000 villages. Planning for such a vast, linguistically & culturally diverse country is by no means a simple task. The government of India has taken various initiatives for infrastructure development in the country, with special emphasis on telecommunications. This is now universally acknowledged as one of the prime movers of the modern day economy, hence its vital importance for a developing country like India.


The National Telecom Policy (NTP) 14 had envisaged the objective of having a Public Call Office (PCO) for every 500 persons in the urban areas. As on Oct.1, 000 there were 740,000 PCO’s in the country. According to the New Telecom Policy, 1 the government has opened the National Long Distance Service to private operators without any restriction on the no. of operators, with effect from Aug.1, 000. categories of infrastructure providers have been allowed, viz Category I - to provide dark fiber, right of way, towers, duct space & Category II - to provide end-to-end bandwidth.6


Two service providing departments of the Telecom Sector have been corporatised viz. Department of Telecom Services (DTS) & Department of Telecom Operations (DTO). Public Sector Co. “Bharat Sanchar Nigam Ltd.” has now taken up all service providing functions of these two departments with effect from Oct.1, 000. This initiative is expected to provide a level playing field in all areas of telecom services between government operators & private operators. Telecommunication network of the public sector (BSNL & MTNL) is one of the largest telecom networks in Asia. There were 5 million lines & 8.4 million working connections comprising 8,6 telephone exchanges in the country as On Oct.1, 000


Termination of monopoly of VSNL for international (ILD) services has been preponed to Mar.1, 00 from Mar.1, 004. Fixed service providers have been given limited mobility in the form of Wireless in Local Loop (WILL). Other initiatives include customs duty reduction to boost infotech, telecom industries & other knowledge-based industries.


Information technology is highly dynamic & new developments become quickly obsolete. However, in conclusion it may be added that the growth in the use of IT has some in-built paradoxes.7 On the one hand, access to information & communication is becoming easier & computers are better, faster & cheaper. These factors may be considered as a global trend in democratization. On the other hand, the development of technology, software & data processing requires more & more capital investment, & this is leading to global monopolies among producers & vendors.


Another paradox stemming from the enhanced access to IT is the emergence of a new type of illiterates � those who have not grown up with the technology and are therefore at a disadvantage in the employment market. From this point of view the use of a PC (personal computer) may be compared with the mastery of a foreign language, which requires regular practice. Libraries can play an important role in fighting this form of illiteracy by giving all users access to PC’s and to the networks. In some Western European countries, there is an ongoing discussion about whether public libraries should give all users free access to the Internet.


The development of IT has taken principally in the capitalist world & within the framework of capitalist economies. In this context, one driving force is the substitution of relatively expensive labor by machines leading to reductions in the costs of production & services. However developments are so rapid that there is a general lack of qualified personnel. This gives qualified groups of professionals opportunities for very good salaries & working conditions. As IT spreads to other parts of the world, such as Eastern Europe & developing countries, there will also be a lack of professionals in these regions. Market forces will continue to tempt qualified personnel from developing countries to move to Western Europe & North America. The situation arising in these countries due to the “brain-drain” is going to get only worse.


1 Arnold, Kenneth The Electronic Librarian is a Verb the Electronic Library is not a Sentence. A lecture


delivered at the New York Public Library, The Gilbert A Cam Memorial Lecture Series, Oct.14


Sridhar, M.S. Modernising of library service using IT potential & trends (Herald of Library Science.


Vol., Nos.1-, Jan-April000; p.0)


Mangla, P.B.; Kala, D.R.; Jagannathan, Neela (eds) Library & information services in India states &


Union territories. 001. Shipra Publications, Delhi, p.xiv


4 Kaul, H.K. Resource sharing in Indian libraries the emerging laws, the growing agenda & DELNET


experience [in Kaul, H.K (ed.) Library &information networking, NACLIN 8, proceedings.


1.DELNET, New Delhi, p.5]


5 UNESCO World Information Report, 17/8. 17.UNESCO, Paris, p.5


6 Ministry of Finance, Govt. of India Economic Survey, 000-001; p.178


7 UNESCO World Communication & Information Report, 1/000 �


http//www.unesco.org/webworld/wcir/en/report.html


The author is associated with the Jawaharlal Nehru Library, University of Mumbai





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Cramming More Components onto Integrated Circuits

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The article talks about the advancements in technology during the earlier years, specifically Integrated Electronics. According to Moore, the future of integrated electronics is the future of electronics itself. But before discussing the breakthroughs that this technology offers, let us define what Integrated Electronics means.


Integrated Electronics aims to miniaturize electronics equipment to include increasingly complex electronic functions in limited space with minimum weight. This means that machines may grow smaller, but its functions will not change, instead, it may improve. As discussed in the article, several approaches has evolved to reach this objective. This includes the microassembly techniques for individual components, thin-film structures, and semiconductor integrated circuits. The approaches mentioned evolved rapidly and converged, which means that they borrowed techniques from one another. Combination of techniques is how the researchers perceived technology would be because through this, technology would be further enhanced.


Now, why is Integrated Electronics the future of electronics? The article presents several reasons why integrated electronics is an important breakthrough in technology.


Cost. Machines employing integrated electronics costs less and performs better than the machines which uses conventional electronics. Also, integrated electronics cuts the costs of both manufacture and design. This is the reason why integrated electronics is so attractive. So, if you are an owner of a firm producing a certain kind of machine, then integrated electronics would be the obvious choice. Not only does it improve your products, it also cuts the cost of production. Improved products with the a price not far from the previous product would definitely attract consumers.


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Reliability. Integrated Electronics has demonstrated high reliability. It offers reduced systems cost with improved performance. According to the article, semiconductor integrated circuits will be utilized for most applications. This device is the reasonable candidate for the active elements of integrated circuits. Another device called Passive semiconductor elements are also attractive but they can only be used with too much precision. However, Silicon will remain as the basic material because of the technology that has evolved around it. Also, silicon is abundant and inexpensive as a starting material.


Size. As technology becomes more complex and advanced, they become smaller in size. Ironic, but this is how they saw technology would become. We can imply that this is the result of the convergence of different techniques which, usually, results to a better product. These improvements opens the door to infinite possibilities and further decreases the problems to be worried about. One main problem is the heat problem. As technology improves, sizes of chips gets smaller and the components that comprises it grows in number. These components generates heat that could destroy the chip. But integrated electronic structures are two dimensional, they have a surface available for cooling close to each center of heat generation. Now why make the structure smaller if you know that it might get destroyed from heat? Well, shrinking dimensions on an integrated structure makes it possible to operate the structure at higher speed for the same power needed.


Well, these are the reasons presented by Moore on why he thought Integrated Electronics would really make a difference, and it did. I guess, that is the most surprising thing about this article. How someone can predict the possibilities that a breakthrough in technology can do. And also, how Integrated Electronics led to so many things that some even exceeded the predictions of Moore 5 years ago. In the first few paragraphs of the article, stated there are the predictions of Moore. The following predictions are home computers, terminals connected to a central computer, automatic controls for automobiles, personal portable communications equipment, larger processing units, and more powerful computers.


We all know that personal computer nowadays is becoming a household necessity. Thus, realizing Moore’ first prediction. As for the terminals connected to a central computer, networking realized this and it even grew to a bigger thing called the Internet. With the development of AI (Artificial Intelligence), not only automobiles are capable of operating by itself, also airplanes, space shuttles, and others. As for the fourth prediction, there are many personal portable communications equipment out there. The fifth and sixth are related and there’s no need to give examples of their realization because computers today are becoming more and more powerful.





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Analysis of Im wunderschonen Monat Mai and Chopin – Prelude 4 in E Minor

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Im wunderschonen Monat Mai


The leider � a German song. It is a love song in which the singer professes his love to a woman and is hopeful that she may accept him.


Phrasing, typical of music of the Romantic era (185-100), is irregular. The piece is strophic as we hear the same melody twice over two verses. The rhythm of both verses is also identical, but dynamic phrasing does vary slightly.


The piano accompaniment compliments the words strongly � each chord helps to redefine what words are being sung. For example, the very last chord, C#7, shows that the piece end inconclusively as the singer asks his desire as to whether she will accept his love or not (Translation “Then I confessed to her, My longing and desire”). This chord is also abrupt and ends the piece as though it were ending with a question mark as it differs from the tonic, A Major, which is the key a piece typically begins and concludes with.


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Another example would be the accompaniments emphasis on emotional words and scenes of natural beauty, such as the words ‘In the lovely month of May’. On the word May, the chord in the left hand is an A Major Chord with a suspended D that resolves to a euphonic C#; a beautiful Major sound.


The accompaniment is mostly arpeggiated and makes use of the pedal throughout in order to hold the wide chords; another typical feature of romantic music.


The melody is simplistic with few touches of chromatism whilst the piano accompaniment may be seen as complex as it involves many chromatic changes in comparison.


Chopin � Prelude 4 in E Minor


Phrasing is irregular, a feature typical of music of the Romantic era (185-100). The melody mostly consists of a descending sequence of upper and lower auxiliary notes, with touches of chromatism.


The accompaniment in the left hand is very chordal, consisting of frequent chromatic touches. It is an almost constant flow of quaver chords, which help to support the tonality of melody, whilst also helping it not to drag. The phrasing is also in frequently contrast to the melody, beginning and ending in different places, making the piece very expressive.


The piece begins and ends on tonic chords, making it sound like a ‘complete’ work within itself.


Mind that the sample papers like Analysis of Im wunderschonen Monat Mai and Chopin – Prelude 4 in E Minor presented are to be used for review only. In order to warn you and eliminate any plagiarism writing intentions, it is highly recommended not to use the essays in class. In cases you experience difficulties with essay writing in class and for in class use, order original papers with our expert writers. Cheap custom papers can be written from scratch for each customer that entrusts his or her academic success to our writing team. Order your unique assignment from the best custom writing services cheap and fast!

Tuesday, March 20, 2012

medieval

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the fall of the western empire with the sack of rome in 476 a.c.e. is traditional landmark date for the beginning of the middle ages and the decline in civilization. as with most attempts to date historical periods some of the elements of decline began several centuries before and aspects of roman civilization would last throughout the so called middle ages and revive in the early moden period of history.


in general we can say that in comparison to earlier centuries, literacy, cities,extensive trade, monumental architecture, and an enlgihtened legal system had all largely dissapeared. western europe was divided into numerous germanic kingdoms, with only christian church as the only universal european institution and the only significant survivor of romes legacy.


Untill the eigth century the west seemed to be in adark age. then came the carolingian renaissance dominated by the famous charlemagne king of franks who was crowned emperor in 800 a.c.e . the carolingians had come to prominence when charlemagnes grandfather charles martel had turned back the moslem armies at the battle of tours in 7 a.c.e. the moorish armies were sent back across the pyranees and europe remained christian instead od turning moslem.


the catholic church has claimed its temporal authority from two sources. the first was biblical in which they claimed the pope peter was given both the spiritual and temporal keys to rule in both realms. the second source was from a document called the donation of constantine which was purpotally given by the roman emperor constantine to the pope in the 4th centurt giving the church political rule in the western half of the now dicided roman empire .


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Mind that the sample papers like medieval presented are to be used for review only. In order to warn you and eliminate any plagiarism writing intentions, it is highly recommended not to use the essays in class. In cases you experience difficulties with essay writing in class and for in class use, order original papers with our expert writers. Cheap custom papers can be written from scratch for each customer that entrusts his or her academic success to our writing team. Order your unique assignment from the best custom writing services cheap and fast!