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Dear Cousin Charles,
I don’t know if you have heard about the new acts that they have just recently passed, but they are making me very angry. The reason that I am getting angry is because I think that they are passing these acts just to make the colonists angry and also just for something to get colonists into trouble for. I believe that they should just do away with these acts of nonsense and let us live our lives freely. In the following paragraphs I will explain to you the acts that I think are the worst and most intolerable acts.
First of all, the Quartering Act. The reason that I think this is one of the worst acts is because it is just nonsense to allow a British soldier in whom you don’t even know or have even seen before stay in your home. When these soldiers come barging in on their own will, what are you supposed to do? You have to buy extra food and supplies for these people, and they are also sleeping in your home. So they are pretty much ruling your life for the time that they stay in your home. This act will lead to rebellion by making the colonists so mad that they will just throw the soldier out of their home. Well when they do this of course they are going to get into extreme trouble, and I am sure that this would lead to rebellion.
Second of all and finally, The Writs of Assistance Act. The reason that I think that this is a very intolerable act is because allowing someone to just barge in with some piece of paper saying that they are allowed to search your home would make me very angry and I am sure it would make the majority of all of the other people very mad also. This law is pretty much saying that it is not a free place anymore because they can come into your home without permission whenever they get suspicious of something. You may not have even done anything and they will still barge right in and do as they plead.
In conclusion to this letter, I believe that these two acts and also many more are just nonsense and should not even be enforced. I don’t know why they don’t just repeal all of the acts because they are just causing problems to the colonies and also nobody even likes any of them. It would make life so much easier without these acts. It would be very nice of them to just forget about them all. Those are two acts that I think are the worst of all. Thank you for reading this letter and please right back soon and tell me what you think about these pitiful acts.
Your cousin,
anita dick
Mind that the sample papers like Dear cousin charles presented are to be used for review only. In order to warn you and eliminate any plagiarism writing intentions, it is highly recommended not to use the essays in class. In cases you experience difficulties with essay writing in class and for in class use, order original papers with our expert writers. Cheap custom papers can be written from scratch for each customer that entrusts his or her academic success to our writing team. Order your unique assignment from the best custom writing services cheap and fast!
Monday, May 14, 2012
Sunday, May 13, 2012
the impact of globalisation on the world
We are ready to represent the best custom paper writing assistance that can cope with any task like the impact of globalisation on the world even at the eleventh hour. The matter is that we posses the greatest base of expert writers. Our staff of freelance writers includes approximately 300 experienced writers are at your disposal all year round. They are striving to provide the best ever services to the most desperate students that have already lost the hope for academic success. We offer the range of the most widely required, however, not recommended for college use papers. It is advisable to use our examples like the impact of globalisation on the world in learning at public-education level. Get prepared and be smart with our best essay samples cheap and fast! Get in touch and we will write excellent custom coursework or essay especially for you.
In the process of globalisation, the world has not only witnessed improved economic states and greater standards of living and quality of life, but also the coming together of a large world. Globalisation is not merely an economic phenomenon, but also extends to social and cultural aspects. In the past decade, where globalisation has been most prevalent, there has been growing contact and transfer of social and cultural aspects. While those in opposition to globalisation may claim an “Americanisation” of the world, there has been an undeniable impact of other cultures, such as Asian cultures, on society at large.
Globalisation has affected different economies in different ways. It is generally accepted that high income and newly industrialised economies are the winners of the past decade. This is due to fast economic growth, increased trade and increased investment flows.
However, those of lower income economies do not seem to have gained any real benefit from globalisation. Over the past decade globalisation does not appear to have affect economic growth rates. From 10 to 001, economic growth was .7% for the global economy. However, this rate was .% in the previous decade. In fact, all types of economies had an overall decrease in the rate of economic growth from the 180s to the 10s, excluding middle income economies.
With this it appears that instead of producing international convergence, there is divergence occurring, where there are not actual global trends.
With globalisation there has been changes in trade flows over global markets. Firstly, the composition of international trade has changed, with a greater mix of goods and services trade between countries. Further, there has been an increased importance of manufactured goods in trade � in 10 manufactured goods accounted for 74%, while in 001 they accounted for 78%. This was the only increase in the trade of goods. Also, services were once restricted to a closer, domestic market, however, with the advent of greater uses of technology, services now account for 0% of all global trade.
Secondly, there has been a major shift in the direction of trade. While in 10 high income economies has an 81% share of total global trade, in 001 this share fell to 75%. Conversely, fast growing economies such as in East Asia experienced a rise from 4.5% to % over 10 to 001.
With increased trade flows and foreign investment, transnational corporations (TNCs) play an increasingly significant role in the global economy. This is due to their dominating force in international business.
The globalisation of financial markets has meant an increased reliance on foreign sources of finance for investment. Also, some countries have greater access to foreign funds than ever before. There has been greater roles for foreign direct investment (FDI) contributing toward more economic activity. Between 10 and 001, FDI as a proportion of domestic investment rose from 4% to 17.6% for the global economy. However, increased FDI has mainly benefits for only those with already favourable economic prospects, there has been only a mere ‘trickle down’ affect for low income economies.
Globalisation has caused the removal of restriction on foreign ownership and a development in global capital markets has occurred. This has resulted in the world wide growth of TNCs. TNCs now produce one quarter of gross world product, with TNCs dominating the world’s major manufacturing industries.
Foreign exchange markets (FOREX markets) have become an increasing feature of the global economy. In 001 the average daily turnover of global foreign exchange markets was around $US1. trillion. With 5% of all this foreign exchange turnover seeking short term gains, it has meant that small falls in a currency may destabilise an economy. This is because a countries currency can affect its international competitiveness, inflation rates and interest rates.
Globalisation has meant that rapid and large shifts in the value of exchange rates have become a common feature of the global economy. This has resulted in mild impacts on economies.
Individual economies have their own business cycle, which experience periods of growth and downturn caused by changing levels of aggregate demand. Similarly, the world has begun to experience such an ebb and flow of world economic growth called the international business cycle. It is a general trend that for most countries, as global economic growth is strong, so too is the country’s. This idea can be seen from the economic growth of countries such as Australia, Canada, the UK and the US. All of these four countries experienced a downturn in growth in 15-16, which grew to 18-000 but has since declined from 000-00. However, this notion of an international business cycle is simply a trend and is therefore not a concrete rule. One country that has been an exception to global trends is Japan with poor growth over the 10s.
This integration allows countries to develop faster by specialising in certain types of products and trading. This means faster economic growth levels. This further means that individual economies will benefit from an upturn in global economic growth. Conversely, it also means that a downturn in global economic growth will result in a downturn in economic growth for an individual country.
In terms of the environment, there are both positives and negatives of increased globalisation. Globalisation gives increased opportunity for the best protection to the world’s environment. With globalisation the costs for protection may be shared among countries.
However, gloabalisation has several negative affects. Often low income economies may part-take in economic behaviour with negative environmental consequences, hoping to gain short term export revenue. Examples of this include deforestation for paper, unsustainable fishing practices, excessive pollution caused by manufacturing and increased green house gases from power plants. With increased rates of economic development and growth, there will also be higher levels of pollution, decreased supplies of fossil fuels and increased environmental damage.
From an increase in global trade there is also an increase in the consumption of non-renewable fuels.
Globalisation has seen a widening gap between the wealthier and poorer countries of the world. While poorer economies may have experienced better standards of living, the higher income economies have experienced the most benefit. In the 000 Human Development Report, 845 export processing zones were identified, where 7 million people work. In much of these zones basic worker rights were denied and wages were extremely low. This is a negative impact of globalisation where firms may choose the lowest cost option for their operations. This results in decreased wages due to a competitive market, corporate tax cuts and decreased environmental protection and concern. In turn this has meant a decline in the relative share of economic output going to wages and an increase in relative corporate profit. Nonetheless, TNCs tend to pay higher wages to workers than domestic firms of the same industry do.
There is currently a high level of inequality within developing economies. However, there has been sharp falls in the relative inequality in East Asia and the Pacific, as caused by strong economic growth. However, transition economies particularly in Eastern Europe and Central Asia have seen a relative increase in relative inequality.
Globalisation has placed international financial markets at the fore-front of the world economy. With financial markets shifting large volumes of money from one economy to another, a sudden loss in confidence of that economy can be devastating. This was seen from examples such as Mexico in 15, East Asia in 17, Russia in 18, Brazil in 1 and Argentina in 00. In all this examples, the sudden loss of confidence meant a collapse in exchange rates as large amount of that economies currency was dumped. This resulted in a shocked economy with a recession soon following, causing rising unemployment and increased poverty.
This devasting affect of international financial markets has been a result of better and the increased implementation of technology. Technology such as the internet has made the movement of money simple and fast. This results in sudden and mass movements of money, disrupting an economy.
There is no doubt that government policies have become more similar as a result of globalisation. This has been described in the “Washington Consensus”;
· Fiscal discipline.
· Public spending on education, health and infrastructure investment.
· Tax reform.
· Interest rates determined by market forces.
· Competitive exchange rates.
· Trade liberalisation.
· Openness to foreign direct investment.
· Privatisation.
· Deregulation.
· Legal security for property rights.
This outline also includes low inflation, minimising the role of governments and allowing for foreign ownership.
Most countries run their economies consistently with this outline. This is due to the fact that this is the most effective approach and that adopting other policy approaches has negative effects, including the loss of investor confidence and a fall in the value of the currency.
Globalisation has resulted in a reduced extent that governments can control macroeconomic policies independently. Due to large and rapid financial flows, banks are required to change interest rate levels accordingly, otherwise this money will go to other countries with more attractive interest rates. Further, by constraining fiscal policy the confidence in financial markets is conserved and retained.
Mind that the sample papers like the impact of globalisation on the world presented are to be used for review only. In order to warn you and eliminate any plagiarism writing intentions, it is highly recommended not to use the essays in class. In cases you experience difficulties with essay writing in class and for in class use, order original papers with our expert writers. Cheap custom papers can be written from scratch for each customer that entrusts his or her academic success to our writing team. Order your unique assignment from the best custom writing services cheap and fast!
In the process of globalisation, the world has not only witnessed improved economic states and greater standards of living and quality of life, but also the coming together of a large world. Globalisation is not merely an economic phenomenon, but also extends to social and cultural aspects. In the past decade, where globalisation has been most prevalent, there has been growing contact and transfer of social and cultural aspects. While those in opposition to globalisation may claim an “Americanisation” of the world, there has been an undeniable impact of other cultures, such as Asian cultures, on society at large.
Globalisation has affected different economies in different ways. It is generally accepted that high income and newly industrialised economies are the winners of the past decade. This is due to fast economic growth, increased trade and increased investment flows.
However, those of lower income economies do not seem to have gained any real benefit from globalisation. Over the past decade globalisation does not appear to have affect economic growth rates. From 10 to 001, economic growth was .7% for the global economy. However, this rate was .% in the previous decade. In fact, all types of economies had an overall decrease in the rate of economic growth from the 180s to the 10s, excluding middle income economies.
With this it appears that instead of producing international convergence, there is divergence occurring, where there are not actual global trends.
With globalisation there has been changes in trade flows over global markets. Firstly, the composition of international trade has changed, with a greater mix of goods and services trade between countries. Further, there has been an increased importance of manufactured goods in trade � in 10 manufactured goods accounted for 74%, while in 001 they accounted for 78%. This was the only increase in the trade of goods. Also, services were once restricted to a closer, domestic market, however, with the advent of greater uses of technology, services now account for 0% of all global trade.
Secondly, there has been a major shift in the direction of trade. While in 10 high income economies has an 81% share of total global trade, in 001 this share fell to 75%. Conversely, fast growing economies such as in East Asia experienced a rise from 4.5% to % over 10 to 001.
With increased trade flows and foreign investment, transnational corporations (TNCs) play an increasingly significant role in the global economy. This is due to their dominating force in international business.
The globalisation of financial markets has meant an increased reliance on foreign sources of finance for investment. Also, some countries have greater access to foreign funds than ever before. There has been greater roles for foreign direct investment (FDI) contributing toward more economic activity. Between 10 and 001, FDI as a proportion of domestic investment rose from 4% to 17.6% for the global economy. However, increased FDI has mainly benefits for only those with already favourable economic prospects, there has been only a mere ‘trickle down’ affect for low income economies.
Globalisation has caused the removal of restriction on foreign ownership and a development in global capital markets has occurred. This has resulted in the world wide growth of TNCs. TNCs now produce one quarter of gross world product, with TNCs dominating the world’s major manufacturing industries.
Foreign exchange markets (FOREX markets) have become an increasing feature of the global economy. In 001 the average daily turnover of global foreign exchange markets was around $US1. trillion. With 5% of all this foreign exchange turnover seeking short term gains, it has meant that small falls in a currency may destabilise an economy. This is because a countries currency can affect its international competitiveness, inflation rates and interest rates.
Globalisation has meant that rapid and large shifts in the value of exchange rates have become a common feature of the global economy. This has resulted in mild impacts on economies.
Individual economies have their own business cycle, which experience periods of growth and downturn caused by changing levels of aggregate demand. Similarly, the world has begun to experience such an ebb and flow of world economic growth called the international business cycle. It is a general trend that for most countries, as global economic growth is strong, so too is the country’s. This idea can be seen from the economic growth of countries such as Australia, Canada, the UK and the US. All of these four countries experienced a downturn in growth in 15-16, which grew to 18-000 but has since declined from 000-00. However, this notion of an international business cycle is simply a trend and is therefore not a concrete rule. One country that has been an exception to global trends is Japan with poor growth over the 10s.
This integration allows countries to develop faster by specialising in certain types of products and trading. This means faster economic growth levels. This further means that individual economies will benefit from an upturn in global economic growth. Conversely, it also means that a downturn in global economic growth will result in a downturn in economic growth for an individual country.
In terms of the environment, there are both positives and negatives of increased globalisation. Globalisation gives increased opportunity for the best protection to the world’s environment. With globalisation the costs for protection may be shared among countries.
However, gloabalisation has several negative affects. Often low income economies may part-take in economic behaviour with negative environmental consequences, hoping to gain short term export revenue. Examples of this include deforestation for paper, unsustainable fishing practices, excessive pollution caused by manufacturing and increased green house gases from power plants. With increased rates of economic development and growth, there will also be higher levels of pollution, decreased supplies of fossil fuels and increased environmental damage.
From an increase in global trade there is also an increase in the consumption of non-renewable fuels.
Globalisation has seen a widening gap between the wealthier and poorer countries of the world. While poorer economies may have experienced better standards of living, the higher income economies have experienced the most benefit. In the 000 Human Development Report, 845 export processing zones were identified, where 7 million people work. In much of these zones basic worker rights were denied and wages were extremely low. This is a negative impact of globalisation where firms may choose the lowest cost option for their operations. This results in decreased wages due to a competitive market, corporate tax cuts and decreased environmental protection and concern. In turn this has meant a decline in the relative share of economic output going to wages and an increase in relative corporate profit. Nonetheless, TNCs tend to pay higher wages to workers than domestic firms of the same industry do.
There is currently a high level of inequality within developing economies. However, there has been sharp falls in the relative inequality in East Asia and the Pacific, as caused by strong economic growth. However, transition economies particularly in Eastern Europe and Central Asia have seen a relative increase in relative inequality.
Globalisation has placed international financial markets at the fore-front of the world economy. With financial markets shifting large volumes of money from one economy to another, a sudden loss in confidence of that economy can be devastating. This was seen from examples such as Mexico in 15, East Asia in 17, Russia in 18, Brazil in 1 and Argentina in 00. In all this examples, the sudden loss of confidence meant a collapse in exchange rates as large amount of that economies currency was dumped. This resulted in a shocked economy with a recession soon following, causing rising unemployment and increased poverty.
This devasting affect of international financial markets has been a result of better and the increased implementation of technology. Technology such as the internet has made the movement of money simple and fast. This results in sudden and mass movements of money, disrupting an economy.
There is no doubt that government policies have become more similar as a result of globalisation. This has been described in the “Washington Consensus”;
· Fiscal discipline.
· Public spending on education, health and infrastructure investment.
· Tax reform.
· Interest rates determined by market forces.
· Competitive exchange rates.
· Trade liberalisation.
· Openness to foreign direct investment.
· Privatisation.
· Deregulation.
· Legal security for property rights.
This outline also includes low inflation, minimising the role of governments and allowing for foreign ownership.
Most countries run their economies consistently with this outline. This is due to the fact that this is the most effective approach and that adopting other policy approaches has negative effects, including the loss of investor confidence and a fall in the value of the currency.
Globalisation has resulted in a reduced extent that governments can control macroeconomic policies independently. Due to large and rapid financial flows, banks are required to change interest rate levels accordingly, otherwise this money will go to other countries with more attractive interest rates. Further, by constraining fiscal policy the confidence in financial markets is conserved and retained.
Mind that the sample papers like the impact of globalisation on the world presented are to be used for review only. In order to warn you and eliminate any plagiarism writing intentions, it is highly recommended not to use the essays in class. In cases you experience difficulties with essay writing in class and for in class use, order original papers with our expert writers. Cheap custom papers can be written from scratch for each customer that entrusts his or her academic success to our writing team. Order your unique assignment from the best custom writing services cheap and fast!
romeo and juliet coureswork gcse english
We are ready to represent the best custom paper writing assistance that can cope with any task like romeo and juliet coureswork gcse english even at the eleventh hour. The matter is that we posses the greatest base of expert writers. Our staff of freelance writers includes approximately 300 experienced writers are at your disposal all year round. They are striving to provide the best ever services to the most desperate students that have already lost the hope for academic success. We offer the range of the most widely required, however, not recommended for college use papers. It is advisable to use our examples like romeo and juliet coureswork gcse english in learning at public-education level. Get prepared and be smart with our best essay samples cheap and fast! Get in touch and we will write excellent custom coursework or essay especially for you.
Romeo And Juliet Coursework By Elliott Leishman
A brief description of what happens in act scene 1. Mercutio gets in fight with Tybalt Romeo tries to stop it but Mercutio gets hurt and dies. Romeo then goes crazy with anger and kills Tybalt and runs away. The prince who said if people fight justice will be done and lady Capulet wants Romeo dead because he killed Tybalt but the prince knows Romeo wasn’t full to blame so he banish him from Verona instead of killing him.
This scene is important to the rest of the play because Mercutio dies who is Romeo’s bets friend and Tybalt dies who is Romeo’s enemy so Romeo feels guilty because they both died because of him and he is banned from Verona. So he can’t see Juliet and Juliet tries to see him by pretending she is dead but when Romeo gets there he thinks she is dead so he kills himself and Juliet kills herself because of this. This is all because of this scene
The main characters in this scene are Mercutio, Tybalt, Romeo, Benvolio, Prince and lady Capulet. Mercutio personality is that he likes to fight he shows this by having a fight with Tybalt in this scene and the fight could have been avoided but he didn’t want it to be. He is Romeos best friend he provokes people and won’t back down. In this scene he fights with Tybalt and makes Tybalt look like a fool also sticks up for Romeo and he doesnt back down at all in the fight this is like his personality.
Tybalt personality is to cause fights and make people look like a fool and to be stylish by acting like a fight is a game to him in this scene he starts fights and treats them like a game but he can’t make them look like a fool and gets annoyed and then takes the fight serious which isn’t like his personality.
Romeo personality in this is that he is a very calm person and very passionate about things that mean a lot to him. He doesnt like fights and is not wound up easily. In this scene after Mercutio dies he goes crazy and kills Tybalt, which is like him because he cared about Mercutio and he is passionate about things he cares about.
Benvolio personality is that he is easily offended and will argue over silly reasons and gets wound up very easy he doesn’t look for fights but gets in them easy enough in this scene he tries not to get into a fight which is like him.
The Prince’s personality in this is that he is smart and doesn’t usually try to get in peoples business he also makes decisions only when he has to and does it fairly. In this scene he makes a decisions fairly to banish Romeo from Verona, which is like him. Lady Capulet’s personality is that she hates the Montagues and overreacts when they are involved and likes to be in control. In this scene she tries to make the prince make the decision on what she wants which is Romeo dead, which is a overreaction this is all like her.
The setting of this play would be in the heart of London in 00. I would change the setting of the original to make it different and to appeal to more people by having London gangs in it this will also make it so people don’t expect to be exactly like the original. The costumes in this play would try to reflect each characters personality.
Mercutio would be wearing casual clothes to show that he takes life easy and isn’t very serious properly hooded tops and baggy trousers with the hood up to make him look hard because he tries to get into fights.
Benvolio would be wearing causal clothes but not baggy ones more like tight levis jeans and tight t-shirt something like lambretta top to show he gets into fights but doesn’t try to start them this will also make him look uptight because his clothes are perfect quality or he wouldn’t wear them.
Romeo would wear proper clothes like a suit but sometimes something like shorts and t-shirt because he is very calm and relaxed. The suit because he is very passionate about things he cares about and he probably cares about his personal appearance and look sensible because he doesnt think life is a joke.
Tybalt would dress very stylishly because he tries to look better then every one else because he thinks he is better then every one else which makes him so cocky in fights that why he teats them as a game because he thinks no one can hurt him because he is better the everyone.
Prince will dress proper because he is a prince and doesn’t see life as a joke and takes it very seriously probably something like a suite also to show that he is not laid back.
Lady Capulet will dress the same as the prince but not the same clothes she will do this because she takes life seriously and doesn’t like being mucked around with.
The why in which I am going to make the characters act is what I think will make the scene better by adding more emotion. Mercutio when trying to fight Tybalt should have a relaxed body language and have quite cheerful facial expressions, which show that he is not scared of Tybalt. Mercutio shows that he is not scared of Tybalt because he says “by my hell I care not” when he is coming over to show that he thinks he can’t hurt him and there is no reason to be scared of him. Later on he also makes fool of Tybalt by saying “here’s my fiddle stick, here’s that shall make you dance” which makes Tybalt look like a fool because he is dancing for him which makes Mercutio look better which Tybalt doesn’t like because he thinks he is better then everyone else. So this is slowly winding him up so he won’t take the fight like a joke and he will become serious and hurt Mercutio. Tybalt at the start of the fight is taken it like a joke but that changes when he can’t comeback on the insults and starts to look like a fool, which he hates because he is so cocky you should show this in the body language by him being relaxed and then tense in up and show it on his face by him not laughing it off anymore and looking angry at Mercutio. When Romeo comes he leaves Mercutio alone because he knows he is losing the fight and also he hates Romeo more. So when Romeo doesn’t react to Tybalt and doesn’t fight him this annoys him even more and makes him look stupid. So at the start Tybalt is relaxed and he should show this through his body language by being casual but near the end of the fight it turns serious so he should get a gun out and look angry or have clenched fists to show his anger.
Romeo would act as if he where really happy and act peace with himself because of Juliet so he should show this through his body language by being calm and take his time. This would change when Mercutio has died he will be very scared and confused also upset because he was his best friend. This is why he becomes angry and kills Tybalt after he kills Tybalt he calm down and realise what he has down so he will try to stay to explain but Benvolio takes him away because he knows he will get in trouble. So his body language will show regret for both of the deaths so he could be on his knees crying so his face will show sadness.
Benvolio would act nervous and show this by keep looking for Tybalt because he doesn’t want to fight. When they start the fight he will be worried for Mercutio and try to get him out of the fight but Mercutio will stay in the fight. He will not take the fight as a joke and will be very jumpy when they are fighting.
Lady Capulet she will be very upset over Tybalt so she will probably be holding the body in her hands on the floor trying to cradle him crying. So this will show her sadness.
The prince will have a very annoyed body language because two people died and he doesn’t want them to fight. He will probably try to show his annoyance because is a prince and not suppose to show his weakness so it will be hardly anything just like something like angry facial expression and disgusted one to.
Benvolio the phrases he uses in this scene try to put Mercutio of a fight by saying things like “we shall not’ scape a brawl” and another thing like “mad blood stirring”
This shows he thinks it will be a serious fight and that they will lose. To emphasis these phrases you would say them like a plea to Mercutio because he is trying to persuade them the “mad blood stirring” he would say scared because he is scared of a fight.
Mercutio the best phrase that shows his behaviour is “by my hell, I care not” showing he doesn’t care which means he not scared of a fight. He would emphasise this phrase by saying it in a cheerful way as it is a joke that shows he’s relaxed and not scared.
Tybalt best phrase to show that he doesn’t care about Mercutio at the start of the fight and only Romeo he cares about is “Mercutio, thou consortest with Romeo” because this is a joke because there friendship is so close it is like they are in a relationship together. This insults them both and if he were scared of Mercutio he wouldn’t insult him. This makes him look better then him which Tybalt prises him self on. Another phrase which shows his mood has changed to a serious one is “boy, this shall not excuse the injuries that thou has done me, therefore turn and draw” this shows he has enough of being a fool and takes it as insult that he won’t be hurt from his insult so he is going to fight him instead. So to emphasis this by saying it angrily and his facial expressions would be showing hatred to him his body language would be aggressive to provoke him.
The overall purpose of my directions is to make this scene more dramatic and make it not predictable and show what I think is the best way to act out this scene by showing the emotions of the characters which shows there personality so you go through their emotions with them.
This scene will set the tone of a serious hatred between the two families and regret of the deaths making everyone blame everyone else set Romeo and Juliet instead of blaming very one else they will blame themselves which brings them closer to killing themselves which in the end will bring the families together.
Mind that the sample papers like romeo and juliet coureswork gcse english presented are to be used for review only. In order to warn you and eliminate any plagiarism writing intentions, it is highly recommended not to use the essays in class. In cases you experience difficulties with essay writing in class and for in class use, order original papers with our expert writers. Cheap custom papers can be written from scratch for each customer that entrusts his or her academic success to our writing team. Order your unique assignment from the best custom writing services cheap and fast!
Romeo And Juliet Coursework By Elliott Leishman
A brief description of what happens in act scene 1. Mercutio gets in fight with Tybalt Romeo tries to stop it but Mercutio gets hurt and dies. Romeo then goes crazy with anger and kills Tybalt and runs away. The prince who said if people fight justice will be done and lady Capulet wants Romeo dead because he killed Tybalt but the prince knows Romeo wasn’t full to blame so he banish him from Verona instead of killing him.
This scene is important to the rest of the play because Mercutio dies who is Romeo’s bets friend and Tybalt dies who is Romeo’s enemy so Romeo feels guilty because they both died because of him and he is banned from Verona. So he can’t see Juliet and Juliet tries to see him by pretending she is dead but when Romeo gets there he thinks she is dead so he kills himself and Juliet kills herself because of this. This is all because of this scene
The main characters in this scene are Mercutio, Tybalt, Romeo, Benvolio, Prince and lady Capulet. Mercutio personality is that he likes to fight he shows this by having a fight with Tybalt in this scene and the fight could have been avoided but he didn’t want it to be. He is Romeos best friend he provokes people and won’t back down. In this scene he fights with Tybalt and makes Tybalt look like a fool also sticks up for Romeo and he doesnt back down at all in the fight this is like his personality.
Tybalt personality is to cause fights and make people look like a fool and to be stylish by acting like a fight is a game to him in this scene he starts fights and treats them like a game but he can’t make them look like a fool and gets annoyed and then takes the fight serious which isn’t like his personality.
Romeo personality in this is that he is a very calm person and very passionate about things that mean a lot to him. He doesnt like fights and is not wound up easily. In this scene after Mercutio dies he goes crazy and kills Tybalt, which is like him because he cared about Mercutio and he is passionate about things he cares about.
Benvolio personality is that he is easily offended and will argue over silly reasons and gets wound up very easy he doesn’t look for fights but gets in them easy enough in this scene he tries not to get into a fight which is like him.
The Prince’s personality in this is that he is smart and doesn’t usually try to get in peoples business he also makes decisions only when he has to and does it fairly. In this scene he makes a decisions fairly to banish Romeo from Verona, which is like him. Lady Capulet’s personality is that she hates the Montagues and overreacts when they are involved and likes to be in control. In this scene she tries to make the prince make the decision on what she wants which is Romeo dead, which is a overreaction this is all like her.
The setting of this play would be in the heart of London in 00. I would change the setting of the original to make it different and to appeal to more people by having London gangs in it this will also make it so people don’t expect to be exactly like the original. The costumes in this play would try to reflect each characters personality.
Mercutio would be wearing casual clothes to show that he takes life easy and isn’t very serious properly hooded tops and baggy trousers with the hood up to make him look hard because he tries to get into fights.
Benvolio would be wearing causal clothes but not baggy ones more like tight levis jeans and tight t-shirt something like lambretta top to show he gets into fights but doesn’t try to start them this will also make him look uptight because his clothes are perfect quality or he wouldn’t wear them.
Romeo would wear proper clothes like a suit but sometimes something like shorts and t-shirt because he is very calm and relaxed. The suit because he is very passionate about things he cares about and he probably cares about his personal appearance and look sensible because he doesnt think life is a joke.
Tybalt would dress very stylishly because he tries to look better then every one else because he thinks he is better then every one else which makes him so cocky in fights that why he teats them as a game because he thinks no one can hurt him because he is better the everyone.
Prince will dress proper because he is a prince and doesn’t see life as a joke and takes it very seriously probably something like a suite also to show that he is not laid back.
Lady Capulet will dress the same as the prince but not the same clothes she will do this because she takes life seriously and doesn’t like being mucked around with.
The why in which I am going to make the characters act is what I think will make the scene better by adding more emotion. Mercutio when trying to fight Tybalt should have a relaxed body language and have quite cheerful facial expressions, which show that he is not scared of Tybalt. Mercutio shows that he is not scared of Tybalt because he says “by my hell I care not” when he is coming over to show that he thinks he can’t hurt him and there is no reason to be scared of him. Later on he also makes fool of Tybalt by saying “here’s my fiddle stick, here’s that shall make you dance” which makes Tybalt look like a fool because he is dancing for him which makes Mercutio look better which Tybalt doesn’t like because he thinks he is better then everyone else. So this is slowly winding him up so he won’t take the fight like a joke and he will become serious and hurt Mercutio. Tybalt at the start of the fight is taken it like a joke but that changes when he can’t comeback on the insults and starts to look like a fool, which he hates because he is so cocky you should show this in the body language by him being relaxed and then tense in up and show it on his face by him not laughing it off anymore and looking angry at Mercutio. When Romeo comes he leaves Mercutio alone because he knows he is losing the fight and also he hates Romeo more. So when Romeo doesn’t react to Tybalt and doesn’t fight him this annoys him even more and makes him look stupid. So at the start Tybalt is relaxed and he should show this through his body language by being casual but near the end of the fight it turns serious so he should get a gun out and look angry or have clenched fists to show his anger.
Romeo would act as if he where really happy and act peace with himself because of Juliet so he should show this through his body language by being calm and take his time. This would change when Mercutio has died he will be very scared and confused also upset because he was his best friend. This is why he becomes angry and kills Tybalt after he kills Tybalt he calm down and realise what he has down so he will try to stay to explain but Benvolio takes him away because he knows he will get in trouble. So his body language will show regret for both of the deaths so he could be on his knees crying so his face will show sadness.
Benvolio would act nervous and show this by keep looking for Tybalt because he doesn’t want to fight. When they start the fight he will be worried for Mercutio and try to get him out of the fight but Mercutio will stay in the fight. He will not take the fight as a joke and will be very jumpy when they are fighting.
Lady Capulet she will be very upset over Tybalt so she will probably be holding the body in her hands on the floor trying to cradle him crying. So this will show her sadness.
The prince will have a very annoyed body language because two people died and he doesn’t want them to fight. He will probably try to show his annoyance because is a prince and not suppose to show his weakness so it will be hardly anything just like something like angry facial expression and disgusted one to.
Benvolio the phrases he uses in this scene try to put Mercutio of a fight by saying things like “we shall not’ scape a brawl” and another thing like “mad blood stirring”
This shows he thinks it will be a serious fight and that they will lose. To emphasis these phrases you would say them like a plea to Mercutio because he is trying to persuade them the “mad blood stirring” he would say scared because he is scared of a fight.
Mercutio the best phrase that shows his behaviour is “by my hell, I care not” showing he doesn’t care which means he not scared of a fight. He would emphasise this phrase by saying it in a cheerful way as it is a joke that shows he’s relaxed and not scared.
Tybalt best phrase to show that he doesn’t care about Mercutio at the start of the fight and only Romeo he cares about is “Mercutio, thou consortest with Romeo” because this is a joke because there friendship is so close it is like they are in a relationship together. This insults them both and if he were scared of Mercutio he wouldn’t insult him. This makes him look better then him which Tybalt prises him self on. Another phrase which shows his mood has changed to a serious one is “boy, this shall not excuse the injuries that thou has done me, therefore turn and draw” this shows he has enough of being a fool and takes it as insult that he won’t be hurt from his insult so he is going to fight him instead. So to emphasis this by saying it angrily and his facial expressions would be showing hatred to him his body language would be aggressive to provoke him.
The overall purpose of my directions is to make this scene more dramatic and make it not predictable and show what I think is the best way to act out this scene by showing the emotions of the characters which shows there personality so you go through their emotions with them.
This scene will set the tone of a serious hatred between the two families and regret of the deaths making everyone blame everyone else set Romeo and Juliet instead of blaming very one else they will blame themselves which brings them closer to killing themselves which in the end will bring the families together.
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Saturday, May 12, 2012
ones country
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Dear Jacqueline, You have asked to describe you New Zealand. And well, here. There are three islands iland of North, lîle of the South and île of Stewart. They are in the south-west of lOc�an of the Pacific. We have a rather soft climate. In lîle of North, where habite, it never makes very cold, even not in winter. But in my area of Waikato, it rather often rains. I n?aime not much rain but is well for the farms. In Waikato one sees fields of cows everywhere and close to our town of Hamilton we have a large butter and cheese factory. In winter here there is also no badly fog the morning, surtour on the lake and the river. New Zealand is a very beautiful country with much of beaches and mountains. One is never very far from the coast, even in the medium of île of North. In summer everyone leaves for two weeks to the beach. it is a tradition to celebrate New Years day at the seaside. The beaches on the East coast are more popular than those of the West coast which have black sand. They are also more dangerous but the young people who make surfing prefer them. In l?île of the South there is a splendid chain of high mountains which cover the Alps of the South They call are covered with snow in winter and one can ski there. Close to Christchurch there are a ski resort, MT Hutt, where one can see the sea. Odd isnt it. The capital of New Zealand east Wellington. It is in the south of l?île North. It is not as large as Auckland but I find it prettier because the buildings are more interesting there. The old houses drink some (to two or three stages) are perched the ones behind the others on the hills. Sometimes it is necessary to climb long to arrive at l?entr�e. There is even which has an elevator! Of course, they have a beautiful sight on the port below them. In the medium of île of North there is a volcanic area with a large lake formed by an explosion two thousand years ago. Not far d?ici the town of Rotorua is the center of the Maori culture. Maoris came to New Zealand a long time before Europeans who arrived there is less than two hundred years. Population of our country is not very large. One has less than four million people. There is much animals than people, especially of the sheep which are very significant with our economy because of their wool and their meat. As you see the life in our country n?est not at all unpleasant. Very quiet it is (even too much sometimes!) and the landscape is really beautiful. When you come to see us, the turn of the country will be made. One can follow a pretty tourist way around the two islands. If you can, it is to better come in March, in autumn. it is drier than spring. it is my preferred season. i forgot not to bring your camera, impermeable and a bathing suit (one will visit a beach owl where l?eau hot leaves sand). Can Oh yes, you bring me a can of the Orangina? It here is not found. i have hasten to see you. Write to me quickly. Perched Amiti�s Lucy
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Dear Jacqueline, You have asked to describe you New Zealand. And well, here. There are three islands iland of North, lîle of the South and île of Stewart. They are in the south-west of lOc�an of the Pacific. We have a rather soft climate. In lîle of North, where habite, it never makes very cold, even not in winter. But in my area of Waikato, it rather often rains. I n?aime not much rain but is well for the farms. In Waikato one sees fields of cows everywhere and close to our town of Hamilton we have a large butter and cheese factory. In winter here there is also no badly fog the morning, surtour on the lake and the river. New Zealand is a very beautiful country with much of beaches and mountains. One is never very far from the coast, even in the medium of île of North. In summer everyone leaves for two weeks to the beach. it is a tradition to celebrate New Years day at the seaside. The beaches on the East coast are more popular than those of the West coast which have black sand. They are also more dangerous but the young people who make surfing prefer them. In l?île of the South there is a splendid chain of high mountains which cover the Alps of the South They call are covered with snow in winter and one can ski there. Close to Christchurch there are a ski resort, MT Hutt, where one can see the sea. Odd isnt it. The capital of New Zealand east Wellington. It is in the south of l?île North. It is not as large as Auckland but I find it prettier because the buildings are more interesting there. The old houses drink some (to two or three stages) are perched the ones behind the others on the hills. Sometimes it is necessary to climb long to arrive at l?entr�e. There is even which has an elevator! Of course, they have a beautiful sight on the port below them. In the medium of île of North there is a volcanic area with a large lake formed by an explosion two thousand years ago. Not far d?ici the town of Rotorua is the center of the Maori culture. Maoris came to New Zealand a long time before Europeans who arrived there is less than two hundred years. Population of our country is not very large. One has less than four million people. There is much animals than people, especially of the sheep which are very significant with our economy because of their wool and their meat. As you see the life in our country n?est not at all unpleasant. Very quiet it is (even too much sometimes!) and the landscape is really beautiful. When you come to see us, the turn of the country will be made. One can follow a pretty tourist way around the two islands. If you can, it is to better come in March, in autumn. it is drier than spring. it is my preferred season. i forgot not to bring your camera, impermeable and a bathing suit (one will visit a beach owl where l?eau hot leaves sand). Can Oh yes, you bring me a can of the Orangina? It here is not found. i have hasten to see you. Write to me quickly. Perched Amiti�s Lucy
Mind that the sample papers like ones country presented are to be used for review only. In order to warn you and eliminate any plagiarism writing intentions, it is highly recommended not to use the essays in class. In cases you experience difficulties with essay writing in class and for in class use, order original papers with our expert writers. Cheap custom papers can be written from scratch for each customer that entrusts his or her academic success to our writing team. Order your unique assignment from the best custom writing services cheap and fast!
MAssster
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GINGERBREAD PRODUCTIONS PRELIMANARY PAGEANT
GET READY TO JOIN OUR FUN AND FAMILY!! Gingerbread
Productions of Washington, Oregon, Idaho and California is on a
mission!
WE WANT YOU!!
Date Oct 8th, , 001
Place Everett Inn, Everett WA
TIME 10 AM REGISTRATION, 11 AM PAGEANT STARTS
Competition will consist of Partywear, Sportswear OR COSTUME, photogenic, portfolio and talent.
Titles awarded will be
Grand Supreme entering everything except talent
Overall Photogenic and Overall Portfolio
Divisional Supreme King/Queen partywear, sportswear/costume and photogenic.
We will crown alternates in each age division and award divisional talent and portfolio.
AWARDS WE WILL AWARD BANNER AND TIARA TO THE GRAND SUPREME, OVERALLS AND DIVISIONAL WINNERS and A NICE GIFT. ALL OPTIONAL AWARDS AND ALTERNATES WILL RECEIVE A GIFT BAG.
Age divisions girls 0-11 months, 1- months, -, 4-6, 7-, 10-1, 1-15, 16-0, 1 and over married or single.
Boys 0-4, 5-10, 11-15, 16-0 and 1 and over married or single
Attire Pageant dresses should be age appropriate. They CAN be glitzy or not. Sportswear is a nice outfit of your choice or for the holiday you may wear a costume. Talent outfits are your choice.
Modeling in Partywear is STEP STEP TURN ONLY. Sportswear is FREESTYLE. You can do vogue modeling if you want but IT IS NOT REQUIRED. If you only do straight T modeling that is fine.
Photogenic pictures should be good quality head shots. Portfolio should not consist of more than 0 pictures, but have a good variety of full body and head shots.
NOTE GINGERBREAD JUDGES ON NATURAL BEAUTY AND PERSONALITY FIRST, THEN TAKES INTO CONSIDERATION YOUR ATTIRE AND HOW YOU MODEL IT AND HOW IT LOOKS ON YOU.
Talent minute time limit
Come and join us for a relaxing day of good competition and fun. Please call Barb at 60-871-7 or Cindy at 60-568-106 or email Barb at HYPERLINK mailtobarbgpa@aol.com barbgpa@aol.com with any questions.
ALL FEES MUST BE IN CASH OR MONEY ORDER ONLY. NO CHECKS WILL BE EXCPETED.
MAIL TO CINDY SLIND 511 1TH ST SNOHOMISH WA 80
YOU CAN PAY CASH AT THE DOOR, BUT PLEASE CALL US IF YOU PLAN ON ATTENDING AND ENTERING AT THE DOOR. You may also paypal your entry fees. The account name is Gingerbread Productions, email address HYPERLINK mailtogingerbabies@aol.com gingerbabies@aol.com . Contact name Barbara Bontrager, then email your entry form.
ENTRY FORM
NAME_________________________________ AGE___________
BIRTHDATE__________________
SPONSORS____________________________________________
AMBITION____________________________________________
FEES PARTYWEAR, SPORTSWEAR/COSTUME, PHOTOGENIC $0.00
OPTIONAL PORTFOLIO $10.00 TALENT $10.00
GRAND SUPREME AWARDED FROM PARTYWEAR, SPORTSWEAR/COSTUME, PHOTOGENIC AND PORTFOLIO
DIVISIONAL TITLES AWARDED FROM PARTYWEAR, SPORTSWEAR/COSTUME AND PHOTOGENIC
ENTERING PARTYWEAR__ SPORTSWEAR/COSTUME__
PHOTOGENIC__ PORTFOLIO__ TALENT___
NAME_________________________EMAIL_______________
ADDRESS____________________________________________
PHONE__________________________
GOOD LUCK AND HOPE TO SEE YOU ALL SOON!
NOTE THIS IS OUR HALLOWEEN PRELIM!!!! BECAUSE OF SOME PEOPLES BELIEFS, WE HAVE DECIDED TO DO EITHER SPORTSWEAR OR COSTUME. IT IS YOUR CHOICE. YOU WILL NOT BE DISCOUNTED POINTS IF YOU DO NOT WEAR A COSTUME.
BECAUSE WE DO HAVE SMALL CHILDREN ATTENDING THE PAGEANT, PLEASE DO NOT WEAR EXTREMELY SCARY COSTUMES.
PLEASE REMEMBER GOOD SPORTSMANSHIP AND MOST OF ALL HAVE FUN.
SEE YOU ALL SOON.
CALL IF YOU HAVE QUESTIONS
BARB 60-871-7
Mind that the sample papers like MAssster presented are to be used for review only. In order to warn you and eliminate any plagiarism writing intentions, it is highly recommended not to use the essays in class. In cases you experience difficulties with essay writing in class and for in class use, order original papers with our expert writers. Cheap custom papers can be written from scratch for each customer that entrusts his or her academic success to our writing team. Order your unique assignment from the best custom writing services cheap and fast!
GINGERBREAD PRODUCTIONS PRELIMANARY PAGEANT
GET READY TO JOIN OUR FUN AND FAMILY!! Gingerbread
Productions of Washington, Oregon, Idaho and California is on a
mission!
WE WANT YOU!!
Date Oct 8th, , 001
Place Everett Inn, Everett WA
TIME 10 AM REGISTRATION, 11 AM PAGEANT STARTS
Competition will consist of Partywear, Sportswear OR COSTUME, photogenic, portfolio and talent.
Titles awarded will be
Grand Supreme entering everything except talent
Overall Photogenic and Overall Portfolio
Divisional Supreme King/Queen partywear, sportswear/costume and photogenic.
We will crown alternates in each age division and award divisional talent and portfolio.
AWARDS WE WILL AWARD BANNER AND TIARA TO THE GRAND SUPREME, OVERALLS AND DIVISIONAL WINNERS and A NICE GIFT. ALL OPTIONAL AWARDS AND ALTERNATES WILL RECEIVE A GIFT BAG.
Age divisions girls 0-11 months, 1- months, -, 4-6, 7-, 10-1, 1-15, 16-0, 1 and over married or single.
Boys 0-4, 5-10, 11-15, 16-0 and 1 and over married or single
Attire Pageant dresses should be age appropriate. They CAN be glitzy or not. Sportswear is a nice outfit of your choice or for the holiday you may wear a costume. Talent outfits are your choice.
Modeling in Partywear is STEP STEP TURN ONLY. Sportswear is FREESTYLE. You can do vogue modeling if you want but IT IS NOT REQUIRED. If you only do straight T modeling that is fine.
Photogenic pictures should be good quality head shots. Portfolio should not consist of more than 0 pictures, but have a good variety of full body and head shots.
NOTE GINGERBREAD JUDGES ON NATURAL BEAUTY AND PERSONALITY FIRST, THEN TAKES INTO CONSIDERATION YOUR ATTIRE AND HOW YOU MODEL IT AND HOW IT LOOKS ON YOU.
Talent minute time limit
Come and join us for a relaxing day of good competition and fun. Please call Barb at 60-871-7 or Cindy at 60-568-106 or email Barb at HYPERLINK mailtobarbgpa@aol.com barbgpa@aol.com with any questions.
ALL FEES MUST BE IN CASH OR MONEY ORDER ONLY. NO CHECKS WILL BE EXCPETED.
MAIL TO CINDY SLIND 511 1TH ST SNOHOMISH WA 80
YOU CAN PAY CASH AT THE DOOR, BUT PLEASE CALL US IF YOU PLAN ON ATTENDING AND ENTERING AT THE DOOR. You may also paypal your entry fees. The account name is Gingerbread Productions, email address HYPERLINK mailtogingerbabies@aol.com gingerbabies@aol.com . Contact name Barbara Bontrager, then email your entry form.
ENTRY FORM
NAME_________________________________ AGE___________
BIRTHDATE__________________
SPONSORS____________________________________________
AMBITION____________________________________________
FEES PARTYWEAR, SPORTSWEAR/COSTUME, PHOTOGENIC $0.00
OPTIONAL PORTFOLIO $10.00 TALENT $10.00
GRAND SUPREME AWARDED FROM PARTYWEAR, SPORTSWEAR/COSTUME, PHOTOGENIC AND PORTFOLIO
DIVISIONAL TITLES AWARDED FROM PARTYWEAR, SPORTSWEAR/COSTUME AND PHOTOGENIC
ENTERING PARTYWEAR__ SPORTSWEAR/COSTUME__
PHOTOGENIC__ PORTFOLIO__ TALENT___
NAME_________________________EMAIL_______________
ADDRESS____________________________________________
PHONE__________________________
GOOD LUCK AND HOPE TO SEE YOU ALL SOON!
NOTE THIS IS OUR HALLOWEEN PRELIM!!!! BECAUSE OF SOME PEOPLES BELIEFS, WE HAVE DECIDED TO DO EITHER SPORTSWEAR OR COSTUME. IT IS YOUR CHOICE. YOU WILL NOT BE DISCOUNTED POINTS IF YOU DO NOT WEAR A COSTUME.
BECAUSE WE DO HAVE SMALL CHILDREN ATTENDING THE PAGEANT, PLEASE DO NOT WEAR EXTREMELY SCARY COSTUMES.
PLEASE REMEMBER GOOD SPORTSMANSHIP AND MOST OF ALL HAVE FUN.
SEE YOU ALL SOON.
CALL IF YOU HAVE QUESTIONS
BARB 60-871-7
Mind that the sample papers like MAssster presented are to be used for review only. In order to warn you and eliminate any plagiarism writing intentions, it is highly recommended not to use the essays in class. In cases you experience difficulties with essay writing in class and for in class use, order original papers with our expert writers. Cheap custom papers can be written from scratch for each customer that entrusts his or her academic success to our writing team. Order your unique assignment from the best custom writing services cheap and fast!
Friday, May 11, 2012
english hsc- speeches study notes
We are ready to represent the best custom paper writing assistance that can cope with any task like english hsc- speeches study notes even at the eleventh hour. The matter is that we posses the greatest base of expert writers. Our staff of freelance writers includes approximately 300 experienced writers are at your disposal all year round. They are striving to provide the best ever services to the most desperate students that have already lost the hope for academic success. We offer the range of the most widely required, however, not recommended for college use papers. It is advisable to use our examples like english hsc- speeches study notes in learning at public-education level. Get prepared and be smart with our best essay samples cheap and fast! Get in touch and we will write excellent custom coursework or essay especially for you.
Study Notes- English
Socrates- “No evil can happen”
Purpose
Socrates’ actual purpose is to defend freedom of conscience.
His ostensible purpose is to be acquitted.
Audience
501 judges of Athens in BC.
Context
Athens was a burgeoning democracy and has just been through the ‘glory days’ of Pericles (440BC). They have just fought the Peloponnesian war against Sparta and its democracy is under threat.
Techniques
• He writes in first person, as he is defending himself.
• Uses a morality statement to begin
“Thou doest wrong to think that a man of any use at all is to weigh the risk of life and death, and not to consider one thing only, whether when he acts he does the right thing or the wrong, performs the deeds of a good man or bad…”
• He uses an active voice to accuse the jury of their misjudgment of him
“Thou doest wrong…”
• He uses conceits
“If I should be found to be wiser than the multitude, it would be in this, that having no adequate knowledge of the beyond, I do not presume that I have it.”
“So God bids, and I consider that never has a greater good been done to you, than through my ministry in the city.”
• Socrates takes the higher moral ground, as a means of criticising Anytus and those who accuse him. This can be seen in his use of conceits.
• He is on the offensive, (by offending the jury,) as opposed to the defensive, (which would be him defending himself.)
• He answers the charges that he is impious and that he corrupts the youth. He does these both in paragraph three, (“the perfection of the soul”.) This statement is also a conceit, (his way of “the soul” is perfect.)
• He refuses to change (“I shall not alter my canduct, no, not if I have to die a score of deaths.”)
• Socrates was an idealist, Anytus was a pragmatist
• Socrates uses polarised positions as seen when he calls Anytus impious; “I am pious in a way that Anytus isn’t because I believe in the gods truly and in human conscience, whereas Anytus is using a religious charge, pragmatically, to get rid of me.”
• He uses a humourous metaphor; “a kind of gadfly to a big generous horse, rather slow because of its very bigness and in need of being waked up”
Mind that the sample papers like english hsc- speeches study notes presented are to be used for review only. In order to warn you and eliminate any plagiarism writing intentions, it is highly recommended not to use the essays in class. In cases you experience difficulties with essay writing in class and for in class use, order original papers with our expert writers. Cheap custom papers can be written from scratch for each customer that entrusts his or her academic success to our writing team. Order your unique assignment from the best custom writing services cheap and fast!
Study Notes- English
Socrates- “No evil can happen”
Purpose
Socrates’ actual purpose is to defend freedom of conscience.
His ostensible purpose is to be acquitted.
Audience
501 judges of Athens in BC.
Context
Athens was a burgeoning democracy and has just been through the ‘glory days’ of Pericles (440BC). They have just fought the Peloponnesian war against Sparta and its democracy is under threat.
Techniques
• He writes in first person, as he is defending himself.
• Uses a morality statement to begin
“Thou doest wrong to think that a man of any use at all is to weigh the risk of life and death, and not to consider one thing only, whether when he acts he does the right thing or the wrong, performs the deeds of a good man or bad…”
• He uses an active voice to accuse the jury of their misjudgment of him
“Thou doest wrong…”
• He uses conceits
“If I should be found to be wiser than the multitude, it would be in this, that having no adequate knowledge of the beyond, I do not presume that I have it.”
“So God bids, and I consider that never has a greater good been done to you, than through my ministry in the city.”
• Socrates takes the higher moral ground, as a means of criticising Anytus and those who accuse him. This can be seen in his use of conceits.
• He is on the offensive, (by offending the jury,) as opposed to the defensive, (which would be him defending himself.)
• He answers the charges that he is impious and that he corrupts the youth. He does these both in paragraph three, (“the perfection of the soul”.) This statement is also a conceit, (his way of “the soul” is perfect.)
• He refuses to change (“I shall not alter my canduct, no, not if I have to die a score of deaths.”)
• Socrates was an idealist, Anytus was a pragmatist
• Socrates uses polarised positions as seen when he calls Anytus impious; “I am pious in a way that Anytus isn’t because I believe in the gods truly and in human conscience, whereas Anytus is using a religious charge, pragmatically, to get rid of me.”
• He uses a humourous metaphor; “a kind of gadfly to a big generous horse, rather slow because of its very bigness and in need of being waked up”
Mind that the sample papers like english hsc- speeches study notes presented are to be used for review only. In order to warn you and eliminate any plagiarism writing intentions, it is highly recommended not to use the essays in class. In cases you experience difficulties with essay writing in class and for in class use, order original papers with our expert writers. Cheap custom papers can be written from scratch for each customer that entrusts his or her academic success to our writing team. Order your unique assignment from the best custom writing services cheap and fast!
Determinants of the Location of Foreign Direct Investment in China
We are ready to represent the best custom paper writing assistance that can cope with any task like Determinants of the Location of Foreign Direct Investment in China even at the eleventh hour. The matter is that we posses the greatest base of expert writers. Our staff of freelance writers includes approximately 300 experienced writers are at your disposal all year round. They are striving to provide the best ever services to the most desperate students that have already lost the hope for academic success. We offer the range of the most widely required, however, not recommended for college use papers. It is advisable to use our examples like Determinants of the Location of Foreign Direct Investment in China in learning at public-education level. Get prepared and be smart with our best essay samples cheap and fast! Get in touch and we will write excellent custom coursework or essay especially for you.
Determinants of the Location of Foreign Direct Investment in China.
Dingshan WAN
CCER 01 101607
1
¢ñ.INTRODUCTION
Undoubtedly large inflow of foreign direct investment (FDI) has greatly contributed to the rapid economic growth in China since 180¡¯s. From the advent of reform in 178 to 15 China has received 18.1 billion U.S. dollars in FDI. Recent FDI inflows to China account for 40 percent of such flows to all developing countries combined. In fact, China emerged as the largest recipient of FDI among developing countries beginning in 1, and has been the second largest recipient in the world since 1.
While the gross volume of FDI is much impressive, however, potential problems exist. The pattern of FDI in China is highly geographically concentrated. Of the total amount of FDI that China has received since 18, the coastal areas¡¯ share has been over 0 percent. In contrast, the inland provinces, which are considerably less developed and poorer, and in greater need of capital investment, have not played host to FDI to any significant degree. These huge differences in regional distribution of FDI, in return, might be partly responsible for the increasing gap in economic performance among various areas in China. Consequently, it will make sense to find out those significant determinants of regional distribution of FDI in China. This is what the current paper is exactly aimed to.
¢ò. LITERATURE REVIEW
There has been large literature on determinants of geographical distribution of FDI overseas, especially on inter-country distribution. In contrast, research in determinants
of regional distribution of FDI in one certain country is rather less. As to this topic in China, there is even much less literature. Moreover, the majority of previous research is qualitative but not quantitative. According to my knowledge, Broadman&Sun (17), Head&Ries (16), Chen (16), Kwan&Cheng (000) overseas, and Lu (17) and Sun (001) domestically, have discussed this problem.
Broadman and Sun (17) empirically analyzed the geographic determinants of FDI in China. Their econometric model is much simple. The dependent variable employed is the accumulated stock of FDI in each province at year-end 1. The explanatory variables are gross national product, labor costs, human capital, infrastructure, and geographical location. All data are cross-sectional at year-end 1, no matter stock or flow. All the reported coefficient estimates bear the expected sign and are statistically significant at the 10 percent or above confidence level (except the intercept). However, such analysis using cross-sectional data might be problematic in some way, considering that province-specific effects unobserved will create correlation between explanatory variables and disturbances, since we can¡¯t eliminate them by difference.
According to Head and Ries (16), Chinas Open Door policy has created a natural experiment for studying agglomeration externalities and the role of incentives designed to attract foreign direct investment. They built a model that predicts that foreign firms will prefer cities where other foreign firms are located. They estimate the model using data on 1 foreign ventures. They then use simulations to explore the effect policies favoring particular cities had on the distribution of investment.
They find that attractive cities-those with good infrastructure and an established industrial base-gained most and that agglomeration effects greatly magnified the direct impact of policy.
Chen (16) examines how the locational choice of foreign direct investment (FDI) is influenced by regional characteristics in Mainland China, such as the potential for market share extension, labor cost differences, allocative efficiency, transportation infrastructure, and research and development capability. The conditional logit model using pooled cross-section and time-series data conducts empirical testing. Empirical findings for the 187-11 period indicate that the variable for market share extension potential only affects FDI in the middle region. Surprisingly, labor cost differences do not affect the location of FDI. Interregional railroad connections are found to be positively related to the choice of location of FDI, but FDI may not necessarily locate near innovative Chinese industries.
Contrast to the above, Kwan and Cheng (000)¡¯s method is much different. They first built a partial stock adjustment model, which naturally reduced to a dynamic econometric model. Then they estimated this model using panel data from 185 to 15. In their model, the stock of FDI in region j at time t is dependent variable. This is different from the current paper. They find that large regional market, good infrastructure, and preferential policy had a positive effect but wage cost had a negative effect on FDI. The effect of education was positive but not statistically significant. In addition, there was also a strong self-reinforcing effect of FDI on itself. There was no convergence in the equilibrium FDI stocks of the regions between 185
4
and 15, but there was convergence in the deviations from the equilibrium FDI stocks.
Lu (17) made research on this topic too. Different from all the other authors, Lu substituted relative wage rate for wage rate level as an explanatory variable, since he had come to the same unexpected conclusion as others by using wage rate level. He then found that relative wage rate is negatively related to FDI and the result is significant statistically. This is what¡¯s new in Lu¡¯s paper.
Sun (001)¡¯s analysis also used panel data, from 185 to 1. But his econometric model is much simple than Kwan and Cheng¡¯s, since he didn¡¯t take the dynamic effect into account. He first conducted a Hausman¡¯s test to decide which model should be adopted, fixed effects or random effects. Then he estimated the fixed effects model by LSDV methods. He also made a Chow-test to check if there are structural changes before and after 1. The result is statistically insignificant. According to Sun¡¯s analysis, there is clear evidence that factors as government policy, industrial structure, openness and the level of marketization have played important roles to affect the location of FDI in China. The effect of government¡¯s preferential policy has been very strong all the time, but industrial structure has also been playing an increasingly significant role.
From the above, we can see that most of previous studies have arrived at the same conclusion on the effects of some factors, such as market size, preferential policy from government, etc. Though there is difference between various studies, all these estimates are consistent with economic theory in direction. On the other way, on the
5
effects of some factors, disagreement is more popular than agreement, such as wage rate, human capital, etc. The huge divergence might be attributed to varied data, model, and methods.
¢ó. ECONOMIC THEORY AND ECONOMETRIC MODEL
According to economic theory, expected net income of investment in varied areas decides the regional choice made by one certain investor, which can be divided into two parts, expected benefits and costs. Expected benefits from one certain investment are correlated to such factors as market size, etc. Costs are mainly from inputs, such as labor, and energy, etc., and from transactions, such as transportation and communication, etc. Also, institutional factors as development of service industry and market have influence on transaction costs.
In addition, I suppose there might be self-enhancing effects in FDI, which should probably be the case for some reasons. First, foreign corporations usually geographically concentrated in some areas in one province. In these areas foreigners are more densely distributed than other areas. Cultural considerations might be a determinant when a new foreign investor makes a decision. Second, due to uncertainty about the political environments in China, potential foreign investors may hesitate on their decision. Increasing FDI itself will be a good signal for those hesitating.
So, our analysis will point to the importance of seven sets of variables. Conceptually, they are market size, wage costs, human capital, development of service industry,
6
availability and quality of infrastructure, development of market and economies of agglomeration. In view of the difficulty of measurement, some proxy variables have been used. GDP and per capita GDP have been supposed to express market size alternatively. Average annual wage of employers denotes wage costs. Illiteracy rate is used as proxy for human capital. Development of service industry could be denoted by the weight of the third industry in the whole national economy. Measurement for infrastructure is rather difficulty since there are so many kinds of infrastructure, including transportation and communication. As a result, to accurately denote the whole scope of infrastructure in one single variable is nearly impossible and can never bring unanimity. For convenience, we have selected three variables as proxies for infrastructure. They are railway in operation, road and high-grade roads, averaged by corresponding geographical area of that region. Development of market exists only conceptually. So a proxy is necessary. We suppose the development of private economy is an appropriate substitute for it in a transition economy like China. We have calculated the weight of private components of the whole economy for each region in each year.
Let be the stock of FDI in region at time t and itYiiy¦�be the flow of FDI in region at time i¦�. Then,
1titiYy¦�¦�==¡Æ (1.1)
Collecting the above-mentioned explanatory variables in a vector , we postulate a panel formulation for , itXity
1itititiityXYu¦Â¦Ã¦ÁW=+++ (1.)
7
where ¦Â is a vector of parameters; ¦Ã is parameter for 1itYW. i¦Á is unobserved, region-specific effects; and is a random disturbance. That is, itui¦Á captures time-invariant, regional effects such as geographic location and culture. Equation (1.1) is a dynamic model. For such model, we can¡¯t estimate it by OLS or other methods directly for the unobservability of i¦Á. So, we should first transform the original equation into the first-differenced version. It is,
111()(ititititititityyXXyuu¦Â¦ÃWWWW=W++W1)W (1.)
to estimate the above equation, an instrumental variable is needed to ensure the consistency of the estimate, since 1ityWityWW is correlated to the differenced residual . According to related literature, what are usually utilized as instrument for in such models are or 1itituuWW1ityWityWityW, e.g., y lagged two periods or the first difference of y lagged two periods and y lagged three periods. Compared with the later, the former demands one-period information less than the later.1 So we will use the former as instruments here. Under the assumption of serially uncorrelated level residual, values of y lagged two periods qualify as instruments in the first-differenced system, since
,1()itititCovyuuWWW=01,()itityyWW¡Ù Cov0 (1.4)
However, there remain potential methodological problems. The IV estimates based on (1.4) may be highly inefficient since it has omitted much useful information. To solve this problem, more instrument variables should be found out and then we can use
1 For a comparison of asymptotic efficiency of the two instruments, see Anderson and Hsiao (181). Also refer to Hsiao (186, Chapter 4).
8
GMM method. But we will not take this efficiency problem into account here.
¢�. DATA AND ESTIMATION PROCEDURE
DATA
We use panel data for 8 provinces, administrated municipals or self-governed districts from 186 to 001, except for Hainan, Chongqing, Xizang (Tibet). All data are from the Chinese Statistical Yearbook, Chinese Labor Statistical Yearbook and Chinese Foreign Trade Statistical Yearbook for relevant years.
As to the data, we have much thing to clarify that may create problems in an unknowable way. There are some typical kinds of problems. First, some variables in the yearbooks are not conceptually consistent. For example, there are no records for GDP before 10. The substitute is national income. Before 10 the records for production value of the third industry is also absent. We have to use the sum of architecture, transportation and business as its substitute. Second, some variables are absent for most of the whole periods. In China, the illiteracy rate is not recorder annually. The census is conducted every ten years or even longer. Except that, only sampling data is reported in each single year. Even though this data is not reported in every year during the period of our interest. We only get reported data of the forth census in 10 and the fifth census in 000. Also we have get two years data from sampling, e.g., the one percentage sampling survey of population in 187 and 15 respectively. For the other years, we have get the corresponding values for illiteracy
For detailed exposition, refer to Holtz-Eakin et al. (188), Arellano and Bond (11), Ahn an Schmidt (15,17), Arellano and Bover (15),and more recently, Blundell and Bond(18).
rate in each year by interpolation.For further illustration for all explanatory variables, please refer to appendix A.
When conducting estimation, considering that IV is consistent with the two-stage OLS method, we have first regressed 1ityW on ityW. Then we used the predicted value for as substitutes for 1ityW1ityW to regress.
¢õ. ESTIMATION RESULTS
Six sets of regression results using different sets of explanatory variables have been reported in Table1. Much to our surprise, most of the explanatory variables are not statistically significant, and part of estimates doesn¡¯t have the expected sign.
As can be seen in Table 1, the coefficient for lagged FDI stock is significant at five-percentage level when GDP is adopted to be explanatory variable, however its sign is contrary to our intuition. The three coefficients are much approximate to each other, indicating that an increase of one thousand U.S.D in a region¡¯s lagged would tend to reduce its FDI by about thirty-three U.S.D. Moreover, the coefficient assumes opposite sign when per capita GDP is instead taken as explanatory variable, but none of the three is statistically significant at ten-percentage level or lower.
As to the coefficient for average annul wage rate, the case is reversed. In case of regression with per capita GDP the coefficients are positive and statistically significant at five-percentage level. The estimates all indicate about an increase of more than sixty thousand U.S.D in FDI if there is an increase of one Yuan in wage
The formulation is1111()iktiktikiktxxxxttt¦�¦�W=+WW.
10
costs. However, when GDP proxies for market size the coefficient for it takes negative sign and statistically insignificant at ten-percentage level or lower.
Table 1 Estimation results4
(1) () () (4) (5) (6) Lagged FDI stock -0.075 (-.6) -0.06 (-.5) -0.075 (-.6) 0.016
(1.6) 0.016
(1.45) 0.0178
(1.) Wage -1.651
(-0.70) -.7110
(-0.7) -1.651
(-0.70) 6.140 (.56) 6.1
(.1) 6.0
(.0) Service industry 41.076
(0.8) 45.054
(0.8) 41.076
(0.8) 6.8568
(1.1) 61.6878
(1.11) 6.667
(0.6) Illiterate rate 75.685
(0.1) 76.6
(0.1) 75.685
(0.1) 57.540
(0.1) 4.0786
(0.10) -10.8577
(-0.0) GDP 66.51
(7.0) 65.46
(7.17) 66.51
(7.0) Per capita GDP 0.45
(1.1) 0.001
(1.1) 0.85
(1.0) Railway 7.8571
(1.0) 65.6
(0.65) Roads 5.00
(0.8) 84.6044
(1.) High-grade road 7.8571
(1.0) 7.65
(1.6) Private sector 58.48 (.) 601.8774 (.40) 58.48 (.) 78.66 (4.1) 77.81841 (4.0) 74.5415
(4.0)
All regression results denote that FDI is highly positively related to the development of service industry, indicating that foreign investors might pay much importance to this factor when making a investment decision. Unfortunately, all the six estimates are statistically insignificant at ten-percentage level or lower.
4 t-statistics in parentheses. and denote statistically significant at one-percentage level and five-percentage level, respectively.
11
Five of the six coefficients for illiteracy rate are positive, varied from forty to seventy or more, and indicate that FDI will greatly increase if illiteracy is higher. This is much contrary to our expectation too. We suppose that foreign investors might have paid little attention to the quality of human capital in most of the past periods, since the majority of foreign investments until now has concentrated on those labor-intensive and export-oriented industries, such as weaving, shoes and the appliances, etc. All estimates are statistically insignificant at ten-percentage level or lower.
In contrast, all the coefficients for FDI are positive and statistically significant at one-percentage level. When GDP increases by one billion Yuan FDI will increase by more than six hundred thousand U.S.D. Keep in mind this is a very strong effect. So foreign investor have attached great importance to market size of one region. When makes a locational decision he is aimed to take possession of the regional market. However, the coefficients for per capita GDP are not statistically significant at ten-percentage level or lower, indicating that GDP as a whole has more attractions for foreign investors than per capita GDP.
Using the density of railway in operation, all roads and high-grade as proxies for infrastructure respectively, the reported coefficients are not statistically significant, though the sign is consistent with our intuition.
According to Table 1, the development of market in a region is highly positively correlated to FDI in that region. All estimates are statically significant at one-percentage level, though the exact value has many variations.
1
¢ö. CONCLUDING REMARKS
By taking FDI stock lagged one year into account, we have build a dynamic econometric model on decision of FDI in one region. To estimate such a model, we first difference the original model and try to estimate it by IV. The IV we have employed is dependent variable lagged two years, which is supposed to satisfy the two necessary conditions for IV under the assumption of serially uncorrelated level residuals. There have some potential problems with our estimation method, however. The estimates should be inefficient because IV has omitted much useful information. To solve this problem, we should found out more instruments and then we can use GMM method, which is supposed to be more efficient.
Due to cause of method and data, our estimation results is contrary to our intuition or expectation to much extent. Only small part of the coefficients of explanatory variable is statistically significant. According to six sets of regression results, lagged FDI stock and GDP are significant explanatory variables at five-percentage or one-percentage level while FDI enters into regression equation. However, the coefficient for the former doesn¡¯t assume expected sign. On the other hand, the coefficient for the former doesn¡¯t consistent with estimation result when per capita GDP as a substitute for GDP. The coefficient for development of market, weight of private sector as a proxy, is always positive and statistically significant at one-percentage level. Then, what we can conclude is that when making a locational decision, a foreign investor will pay much attention to the development of market. In areas where private sector has assumed important role in economic activities, FDI seems to increase at more rapid
1
rate. For foreign investors, excellent performance in marketization may be a rather instructive signal for more efficient government, more transparent policies and looser business environment, etc.
There is much to improve on this current paper, especially methodologically.
14
References
Broadman, Harry G. and Xiaolun Sun, ¡°The distribution of foreign investment in China,¡± World Bank, Policy Research Working Paper 170, 17.
Chen, Chien-Hsun, 16, ¡°Regional determinants of foreign direct investment in Mainland China,¡± Journal of Economic Studies, vol. , no. , pp. 18-0.
Greene, William H., Economic Analysis, Third edition, Prentice-Hall, 17.
Head, Keith and John Ries, ¡°Inter-City Competition for Foreign Investment Static and Dynamic Effects of Chinas Incentive Areas,¡± Journal of Urban Economics, 16, vol. 40, pp. 8-60.
Hsiao, Cheng, Analysis of Panel Data, New York Cambridge University Press, 186.
Kwan, Yum K. and Leonard K. Cheng, ¡°What are the determinants of the location of foreign direct investment? The Chinese experience,¡± Journal of International Economics, 000, vol. 51, pp. 7-400.
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Appendix A. Definition of variables
1. FDI Inflow of FDI in one year, measured by ten thousand nominal U.S.D . GDP /Per capita GDP Nominal GDP or per capita GDP for one region in one year. . Wage Average nominal annual wage of employer. 4. Service industry The ratio of the third industry to the whole economy. 5. Illiteracy rate Percentage of population with no schooling years 6. Railway Length of railway in operation averaged by geographical area of one region () /mkm
7. All roads Length of all roads averaged by geographical area of one region (). /mkm
8. High-grade road. Length of high-grade road averaged by geographical area of one region (). /mkm
. Private sector Percentage of the economy that is owned by private.
15
16
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Determinants of the Location of Foreign Direct Investment in China.
Dingshan WAN
CCER 01 101607
1
¢ñ.INTRODUCTION
Undoubtedly large inflow of foreign direct investment (FDI) has greatly contributed to the rapid economic growth in China since 180¡¯s. From the advent of reform in 178 to 15 China has received 18.1 billion U.S. dollars in FDI. Recent FDI inflows to China account for 40 percent of such flows to all developing countries combined. In fact, China emerged as the largest recipient of FDI among developing countries beginning in 1, and has been the second largest recipient in the world since 1.
While the gross volume of FDI is much impressive, however, potential problems exist. The pattern of FDI in China is highly geographically concentrated. Of the total amount of FDI that China has received since 18, the coastal areas¡¯ share has been over 0 percent. In contrast, the inland provinces, which are considerably less developed and poorer, and in greater need of capital investment, have not played host to FDI to any significant degree. These huge differences in regional distribution of FDI, in return, might be partly responsible for the increasing gap in economic performance among various areas in China. Consequently, it will make sense to find out those significant determinants of regional distribution of FDI in China. This is what the current paper is exactly aimed to.
¢ò. LITERATURE REVIEW
There has been large literature on determinants of geographical distribution of FDI overseas, especially on inter-country distribution. In contrast, research in determinants
of regional distribution of FDI in one certain country is rather less. As to this topic in China, there is even much less literature. Moreover, the majority of previous research is qualitative but not quantitative. According to my knowledge, Broadman&Sun (17), Head&Ries (16), Chen (16), Kwan&Cheng (000) overseas, and Lu (17) and Sun (001) domestically, have discussed this problem.
Broadman and Sun (17) empirically analyzed the geographic determinants of FDI in China. Their econometric model is much simple. The dependent variable employed is the accumulated stock of FDI in each province at year-end 1. The explanatory variables are gross national product, labor costs, human capital, infrastructure, and geographical location. All data are cross-sectional at year-end 1, no matter stock or flow. All the reported coefficient estimates bear the expected sign and are statistically significant at the 10 percent or above confidence level (except the intercept). However, such analysis using cross-sectional data might be problematic in some way, considering that province-specific effects unobserved will create correlation between explanatory variables and disturbances, since we can¡¯t eliminate them by difference.
According to Head and Ries (16), Chinas Open Door policy has created a natural experiment for studying agglomeration externalities and the role of incentives designed to attract foreign direct investment. They built a model that predicts that foreign firms will prefer cities where other foreign firms are located. They estimate the model using data on 1 foreign ventures. They then use simulations to explore the effect policies favoring particular cities had on the distribution of investment.
They find that attractive cities-those with good infrastructure and an established industrial base-gained most and that agglomeration effects greatly magnified the direct impact of policy.
Chen (16) examines how the locational choice of foreign direct investment (FDI) is influenced by regional characteristics in Mainland China, such as the potential for market share extension, labor cost differences, allocative efficiency, transportation infrastructure, and research and development capability. The conditional logit model using pooled cross-section and time-series data conducts empirical testing. Empirical findings for the 187-11 period indicate that the variable for market share extension potential only affects FDI in the middle region. Surprisingly, labor cost differences do not affect the location of FDI. Interregional railroad connections are found to be positively related to the choice of location of FDI, but FDI may not necessarily locate near innovative Chinese industries.
Contrast to the above, Kwan and Cheng (000)¡¯s method is much different. They first built a partial stock adjustment model, which naturally reduced to a dynamic econometric model. Then they estimated this model using panel data from 185 to 15. In their model, the stock of FDI in region j at time t is dependent variable. This is different from the current paper. They find that large regional market, good infrastructure, and preferential policy had a positive effect but wage cost had a negative effect on FDI. The effect of education was positive but not statistically significant. In addition, there was also a strong self-reinforcing effect of FDI on itself. There was no convergence in the equilibrium FDI stocks of the regions between 185
4
and 15, but there was convergence in the deviations from the equilibrium FDI stocks.
Lu (17) made research on this topic too. Different from all the other authors, Lu substituted relative wage rate for wage rate level as an explanatory variable, since he had come to the same unexpected conclusion as others by using wage rate level. He then found that relative wage rate is negatively related to FDI and the result is significant statistically. This is what¡¯s new in Lu¡¯s paper.
Sun (001)¡¯s analysis also used panel data, from 185 to 1. But his econometric model is much simple than Kwan and Cheng¡¯s, since he didn¡¯t take the dynamic effect into account. He first conducted a Hausman¡¯s test to decide which model should be adopted, fixed effects or random effects. Then he estimated the fixed effects model by LSDV methods. He also made a Chow-test to check if there are structural changes before and after 1. The result is statistically insignificant. According to Sun¡¯s analysis, there is clear evidence that factors as government policy, industrial structure, openness and the level of marketization have played important roles to affect the location of FDI in China. The effect of government¡¯s preferential policy has been very strong all the time, but industrial structure has also been playing an increasingly significant role.
From the above, we can see that most of previous studies have arrived at the same conclusion on the effects of some factors, such as market size, preferential policy from government, etc. Though there is difference between various studies, all these estimates are consistent with economic theory in direction. On the other way, on the
5
effects of some factors, disagreement is more popular than agreement, such as wage rate, human capital, etc. The huge divergence might be attributed to varied data, model, and methods.
¢ó. ECONOMIC THEORY AND ECONOMETRIC MODEL
According to economic theory, expected net income of investment in varied areas decides the regional choice made by one certain investor, which can be divided into two parts, expected benefits and costs. Expected benefits from one certain investment are correlated to such factors as market size, etc. Costs are mainly from inputs, such as labor, and energy, etc., and from transactions, such as transportation and communication, etc. Also, institutional factors as development of service industry and market have influence on transaction costs.
In addition, I suppose there might be self-enhancing effects in FDI, which should probably be the case for some reasons. First, foreign corporations usually geographically concentrated in some areas in one province. In these areas foreigners are more densely distributed than other areas. Cultural considerations might be a determinant when a new foreign investor makes a decision. Second, due to uncertainty about the political environments in China, potential foreign investors may hesitate on their decision. Increasing FDI itself will be a good signal for those hesitating.
So, our analysis will point to the importance of seven sets of variables. Conceptually, they are market size, wage costs, human capital, development of service industry,
6
availability and quality of infrastructure, development of market and economies of agglomeration. In view of the difficulty of measurement, some proxy variables have been used. GDP and per capita GDP have been supposed to express market size alternatively. Average annual wage of employers denotes wage costs. Illiteracy rate is used as proxy for human capital. Development of service industry could be denoted by the weight of the third industry in the whole national economy. Measurement for infrastructure is rather difficulty since there are so many kinds of infrastructure, including transportation and communication. As a result, to accurately denote the whole scope of infrastructure in one single variable is nearly impossible and can never bring unanimity. For convenience, we have selected three variables as proxies for infrastructure. They are railway in operation, road and high-grade roads, averaged by corresponding geographical area of that region. Development of market exists only conceptually. So a proxy is necessary. We suppose the development of private economy is an appropriate substitute for it in a transition economy like China. We have calculated the weight of private components of the whole economy for each region in each year.
Let be the stock of FDI in region at time t and itYiiy¦�be the flow of FDI in region at time i¦�. Then,
1titiYy¦�¦�==¡Æ (1.1)
Collecting the above-mentioned explanatory variables in a vector , we postulate a panel formulation for , itXity
1itititiityXYu¦Â¦Ã¦ÁW=+++ (1.)
7
where ¦Â is a vector of parameters; ¦Ã is parameter for 1itYW. i¦Á is unobserved, region-specific effects; and is a random disturbance. That is, itui¦Á captures time-invariant, regional effects such as geographic location and culture. Equation (1.1) is a dynamic model. For such model, we can¡¯t estimate it by OLS or other methods directly for the unobservability of i¦Á. So, we should first transform the original equation into the first-differenced version. It is,
111()(ititititititityyXXyuu¦Â¦ÃWWWW=W++W1)W (1.)
to estimate the above equation, an instrumental variable is needed to ensure the consistency of the estimate, since 1ityWityWW is correlated to the differenced residual . According to related literature, what are usually utilized as instrument for in such models are or 1itituuWW1ityWityWityW, e.g., y lagged two periods or the first difference of y lagged two periods and y lagged three periods. Compared with the later, the former demands one-period information less than the later.1 So we will use the former as instruments here. Under the assumption of serially uncorrelated level residual, values of y lagged two periods qualify as instruments in the first-differenced system, since
,1()itititCovyuuWWW=01,()itityyWW¡Ù Cov0 (1.4)
However, there remain potential methodological problems. The IV estimates based on (1.4) may be highly inefficient since it has omitted much useful information. To solve this problem, more instrument variables should be found out and then we can use
1 For a comparison of asymptotic efficiency of the two instruments, see Anderson and Hsiao (181). Also refer to Hsiao (186, Chapter 4).
8
GMM method. But we will not take this efficiency problem into account here.
¢�. DATA AND ESTIMATION PROCEDURE
DATA
We use panel data for 8 provinces, administrated municipals or self-governed districts from 186 to 001, except for Hainan, Chongqing, Xizang (Tibet). All data are from the Chinese Statistical Yearbook, Chinese Labor Statistical Yearbook and Chinese Foreign Trade Statistical Yearbook for relevant years.
As to the data, we have much thing to clarify that may create problems in an unknowable way. There are some typical kinds of problems. First, some variables in the yearbooks are not conceptually consistent. For example, there are no records for GDP before 10. The substitute is national income. Before 10 the records for production value of the third industry is also absent. We have to use the sum of architecture, transportation and business as its substitute. Second, some variables are absent for most of the whole periods. In China, the illiteracy rate is not recorder annually. The census is conducted every ten years or even longer. Except that, only sampling data is reported in each single year. Even though this data is not reported in every year during the period of our interest. We only get reported data of the forth census in 10 and the fifth census in 000. Also we have get two years data from sampling, e.g., the one percentage sampling survey of population in 187 and 15 respectively. For the other years, we have get the corresponding values for illiteracy
For detailed exposition, refer to Holtz-Eakin et al. (188), Arellano and Bond (11), Ahn an Schmidt (15,17), Arellano and Bover (15),and more recently, Blundell and Bond(18).
rate in each year by interpolation.For further illustration for all explanatory variables, please refer to appendix A.
When conducting estimation, considering that IV is consistent with the two-stage OLS method, we have first regressed 1ityW on ityW. Then we used the predicted value for as substitutes for 1ityW1ityW to regress.
¢õ. ESTIMATION RESULTS
Six sets of regression results using different sets of explanatory variables have been reported in Table1. Much to our surprise, most of the explanatory variables are not statistically significant, and part of estimates doesn¡¯t have the expected sign.
As can be seen in Table 1, the coefficient for lagged FDI stock is significant at five-percentage level when GDP is adopted to be explanatory variable, however its sign is contrary to our intuition. The three coefficients are much approximate to each other, indicating that an increase of one thousand U.S.D in a region¡¯s lagged would tend to reduce its FDI by about thirty-three U.S.D. Moreover, the coefficient assumes opposite sign when per capita GDP is instead taken as explanatory variable, but none of the three is statistically significant at ten-percentage level or lower.
As to the coefficient for average annul wage rate, the case is reversed. In case of regression with per capita GDP the coefficients are positive and statistically significant at five-percentage level. The estimates all indicate about an increase of more than sixty thousand U.S.D in FDI if there is an increase of one Yuan in wage
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costs. However, when GDP proxies for market size the coefficient for it takes negative sign and statistically insignificant at ten-percentage level or lower.
Table 1 Estimation results4
(1) () () (4) (5) (6) Lagged FDI stock -0.075 (-.6) -0.06 (-.5) -0.075 (-.6) 0.016
(1.6) 0.016
(1.45) 0.0178
(1.) Wage -1.651
(-0.70) -.7110
(-0.7) -1.651
(-0.70) 6.140 (.56) 6.1
(.1) 6.0
(.0) Service industry 41.076
(0.8) 45.054
(0.8) 41.076
(0.8) 6.8568
(1.1) 61.6878
(1.11) 6.667
(0.6) Illiterate rate 75.685
(0.1) 76.6
(0.1) 75.685
(0.1) 57.540
(0.1) 4.0786
(0.10) -10.8577
(-0.0) GDP 66.51
(7.0) 65.46
(7.17) 66.51
(7.0) Per capita GDP 0.45
(1.1) 0.001
(1.1) 0.85
(1.0) Railway 7.8571
(1.0) 65.6
(0.65) Roads 5.00
(0.8) 84.6044
(1.) High-grade road 7.8571
(1.0) 7.65
(1.6) Private sector 58.48 (.) 601.8774 (.40) 58.48 (.) 78.66 (4.1) 77.81841 (4.0) 74.5415
(4.0)
All regression results denote that FDI is highly positively related to the development of service industry, indicating that foreign investors might pay much importance to this factor when making a investment decision. Unfortunately, all the six estimates are statistically insignificant at ten-percentage level or lower.
4 t-statistics in parentheses. and denote statistically significant at one-percentage level and five-percentage level, respectively.
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Five of the six coefficients for illiteracy rate are positive, varied from forty to seventy or more, and indicate that FDI will greatly increase if illiteracy is higher. This is much contrary to our expectation too. We suppose that foreign investors might have paid little attention to the quality of human capital in most of the past periods, since the majority of foreign investments until now has concentrated on those labor-intensive and export-oriented industries, such as weaving, shoes and the appliances, etc. All estimates are statistically insignificant at ten-percentage level or lower.
In contrast, all the coefficients for FDI are positive and statistically significant at one-percentage level. When GDP increases by one billion Yuan FDI will increase by more than six hundred thousand U.S.D. Keep in mind this is a very strong effect. So foreign investor have attached great importance to market size of one region. When makes a locational decision he is aimed to take possession of the regional market. However, the coefficients for per capita GDP are not statistically significant at ten-percentage level or lower, indicating that GDP as a whole has more attractions for foreign investors than per capita GDP.
Using the density of railway in operation, all roads and high-grade as proxies for infrastructure respectively, the reported coefficients are not statistically significant, though the sign is consistent with our intuition.
According to Table 1, the development of market in a region is highly positively correlated to FDI in that region. All estimates are statically significant at one-percentage level, though the exact value has many variations.
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¢ö. CONCLUDING REMARKS
By taking FDI stock lagged one year into account, we have build a dynamic econometric model on decision of FDI in one region. To estimate such a model, we first difference the original model and try to estimate it by IV. The IV we have employed is dependent variable lagged two years, which is supposed to satisfy the two necessary conditions for IV under the assumption of serially uncorrelated level residuals. There have some potential problems with our estimation method, however. The estimates should be inefficient because IV has omitted much useful information. To solve this problem, we should found out more instruments and then we can use GMM method, which is supposed to be more efficient.
Due to cause of method and data, our estimation results is contrary to our intuition or expectation to much extent. Only small part of the coefficients of explanatory variable is statistically significant. According to six sets of regression results, lagged FDI stock and GDP are significant explanatory variables at five-percentage or one-percentage level while FDI enters into regression equation. However, the coefficient for the former doesn¡¯t assume expected sign. On the other hand, the coefficient for the former doesn¡¯t consistent with estimation result when per capita GDP as a substitute for GDP. The coefficient for development of market, weight of private sector as a proxy, is always positive and statistically significant at one-percentage level. Then, what we can conclude is that when making a locational decision, a foreign investor will pay much attention to the development of market. In areas where private sector has assumed important role in economic activities, FDI seems to increase at more rapid
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rate. For foreign investors, excellent performance in marketization may be a rather instructive signal for more efficient government, more transparent policies and looser business environment, etc.
There is much to improve on this current paper, especially methodologically.
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References
Broadman, Harry G. and Xiaolun Sun, ¡°The distribution of foreign investment in China,¡± World Bank, Policy Research Working Paper 170, 17.
Chen, Chien-Hsun, 16, ¡°Regional determinants of foreign direct investment in Mainland China,¡± Journal of Economic Studies, vol. , no. , pp. 18-0.
Greene, William H., Economic Analysis, Third edition, Prentice-Hall, 17.
Head, Keith and John Ries, ¡°Inter-City Competition for Foreign Investment Static and Dynamic Effects of Chinas Incentive Areas,¡± Journal of Urban Economics, 16, vol. 40, pp. 8-60.
Hsiao, Cheng, Analysis of Panel Data, New York Cambridge University Press, 186.
Kwan, Yum K. and Leonard K. Cheng, ¡°What are the determinants of the location of foreign direct investment? The Chinese experience,¡± Journal of International Economics, 000, vol. 51, pp. 7-400.
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Appendix A. Definition of variables
1. FDI Inflow of FDI in one year, measured by ten thousand nominal U.S.D . GDP /Per capita GDP Nominal GDP or per capita GDP for one region in one year. . Wage Average nominal annual wage of employer. 4. Service industry The ratio of the third industry to the whole economy. 5. Illiteracy rate Percentage of population with no schooling years 6. Railway Length of railway in operation averaged by geographical area of one region () /mkm
7. All roads Length of all roads averaged by geographical area of one region (). /mkm
8. High-grade road. Length of high-grade road averaged by geographical area of one region (). /mkm
. Private sector Percentage of the economy that is owned by private.
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