Business

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Employee Benefits Issue

Employee benefits have become vital to the success of a business. A primary goal for Diamond Technologies is to provide a challenging and rewarding career environment for their employees. Their mission is to promote a company culture that embodies excellence, teamwork, and continued professional advancement. As part of this culture, Diamond Technologies provides all employees with comprehensive compensation and benefits. Additional details on the information provided are available upon request. In addition, if anyone has any questions, comments, or suggestions, please let them know.

Salary plus Overtime

Diamond Technologies compensates all employees on a salaried basis. They feel that a salaried environment promotes the proper atmosphere of professionalism in their organization. “In addition, Diamond Technologies recognizes that from time to time, their employees may be called upon to work additional hours. Diamond Technologies has an overtime compensation program that provides its employees with the ability to earn overtime, while providing the professionalism and flexibility of a salaried environment” (O’Connor, 00). For each employee providing billable services to clients, Diamond Technologies tracks monthly and year-to-date totals for Actual Client Hours. Diamond Technologies compensates its employees for year-to-date Actual Client Hours in excess of year-to-date Target Client Hours, calculated at each month end. All employees providing services to clients on time and materials (hourly billing) contracts are eligible for overtime compensation.




Medical Insurance

BlueCross/BlueShield of Delaware is the company that provides major medical and hospitalization insurance to Diamond Technologies. Employees can choose between two options, the Blue Choice PPO and the Blue Care HMO. With the Blue Choice PPO, employee(s) can choose and in-network provider without referrals, with coverage comparable to an HMO style Plan. In addition, with the PPO option, employees can select out of network providers if desired. With the Blue Care HMO, employee(s) select a Primary Care Physician who will direct your care should you need to see a specialist provider. Employees who live in areas not serviced by the BlueCros/BlueShield of Delaware network of providers may access the BlueCross/BlueShield network of providers in their area by selecting the Blue Choice PPO. There will be no eligibility waiting period; benefits will be effective on the date of hire for all employees.

Dental Insurance

Diamond Technologies provides a plan for the reimbursement of dental expenses for its employees and their families. “Diamond Technologies will reimburse its employees for 75% of the cost of dental expenses incurred by its employees and their legal dependents. The total amount of dental expense reimbursement available to an employee family for a calendar year is $100. Employees who join the company during the course of the year are eligible for a pro-rated amount of benefit, based on the number of months (partial months included) of the year the individual is employed by Diamond Technologies. There is no waiting period to be eligible for this benefit” (O’Connor, 00).

Disability Insurance

Diamond Technologies offers its employees short and long-term disability insurance through CNA Financial Corporation. Disability insurance is offered to provide continuation of income in the event an employee is unable to work for an extended period. There is no waiting period, or cost to the employee for this insurance benefit.

Life Insurance

Diamond Technologies offers its employees life insurance through CNA Financial Corporation. The amount of life insurance offered under this plan is 1 times the employee’s annual salary, up to a salary of $50,000. There is no waiting period, or cost to the employee for this insurance benefit.

Stock Credit Plan

Diamond Technologies offers its employees participation in an employee Stock Credit Plan, which provides employees with a means to share in the equity value growth of the Company. “In the event that the company is sold, merged, or its stock becomes publicly traded, the employees Stock Credits will be converted to cash or its equivalent stock value (O’Connor, 00).

Matching 401(k) Plan

Diamond Technologies recognizes the need to provide its employees with a long-term retirement savings plan, and fulfills this need through the implementation of a quality 401(k) plan. The Principal Financial Group manages the plan, which is the industry leader in providing 401(k) plans to business small and large. The plan provides an excellent vehicle for employee(s) long-term savings, and offers the significant benefit of reducing taxable income while building for a financially future. Employees may allocate up to 7% of their income to the 401(k) plan. There is a -month eligibility-waiting period for this benefit.

Tuition Reimbursement

“Diamond Technologies feels that an individual with the desire to continue their education, in addition to performing their full-time job, shows a serious commitment to improving themselves and their position within the company” (O’Connor, 00). Full-time employees who continue their education in a related field are entitled to reimbursement of all or part of the tuition costs, depending upon grade. Requirement is that you must have at least six months of service with Diamond Technologies before you can be pre-approved for tuition reimbursement.

Technical & Professional Training

In order to maintain a competitive edge and maximize business and career opportunities, continued technical and professional training is essential to all members of Diamond Technologies. Diamond Technologies has a formal process for its employees to receive continued technical and professional training. An individualized training plan is outlined with each employee annually. This plan takes into consideration the long and short-term career goals of the individual, the needs of the current client engagement, and the long-term goals of Diamond Technologies. Based on these factors, a schedule and set of goals is established to ensure that the individual’s professional training needs are regularly addressed.

Client Bonus Matching

In the event that your client awards you a bonus for your performance, Diamond Technologies will match that bonus to a maximum of $1000.

Paid Vacation/Paid Holidays

Diamond Technologies provides paid vacation to all employees, based upon years of service with the company. Vacation time is earned monthly.

Years of Service Paid Vacation

Up to 5 years 10 days

5 to 10 years 15 days

10+ years 0 days

As a salaried professional, they are provided paid holidays. “When working at a client site, employees follow the holiday schedule of the client. When working at the Diamond Technologies office, employees follow the holiday schedule of Diamond Technologies (10 per year)” (O’Connor, 00). Any other holidays you wish to observe must be taken as either vacation or personal time.

Reference

O’Connor, Robert (00) Employee Benefits / Diamond Technologies Ensuring the

Right Fit. New York, New York.

www.diamondtechnologiestoday.com



Mind that the sample papers like Business presented are to be used for review only. In order to warn you and eliminate any plagiarism writing intentions, it is highly recommended not to use the essays in class. In cases you experience difficulties with essay writing in class and for in class use, order original papers with our expert writers. Cheap custom papers can be written from scratch for each customer that entrusts his or her academic success to our writing team. Order your unique assignment from the best custom writing services cheap and fast!

Pat Parker Case Study

We are ready to represent the best custom paper writing assistance that can cope with any task like Pat Parker Case Study even at the eleventh hour. The matter is that we posses the greatest base of expert writers. Our staff of freelance writers includes approximately 300 experienced writers are at your disposal all year round. They are striving to provide the best ever services to the most desperate students that have already lost the hope for academic success. We offer the range of the most widely required, however, not recommended for college use papers. It is advisable to use our examples like Pat Parker Case Study in learning at public-education level. Get prepared and be smart with our best essay samples cheap and fast! Get in touch and we will write excellent custom coursework or essay especially for you.

1. Abstract

Pat Parker was a law school graduate who started a consulting firm that specialized in conducting opposition research and writing reports for political candidates, primarily for the Democratic Party. This specific case is about how Pat Parker developed a research report for Democratic nominee, Dale Jackson for the statewide Attorney General position. Two years later, representatives of the State Academy of Trial Lawyers wanted to buy the same research document on the Republican Attorney General, Terry Paine in what Parker believed to be an effort to inoculate their candidate during an upcoming election. Parker wasn’t sure how to proceed. There was the potential to be arrested for reselling the information, plus it could jeopardize the political party’s candidate.

There are several legal issues to be concerned with in this case. Would Pat Parker violate either contract or federal copyright laws by selling the research or the associated postcards to the State Academy of Trial Lawyers or anyone else who desired to purchase them? Could Parker sell the research to the State Academy of Trial Lawyers without violating the $500 maximum funding limit under the Florida Campaign Finance Statute? Would Parker be violating the Florida Voluntary Code of Fair Campaign Practices if he sold a report generated for one party to the other party? Also, if the items were resold to a third party, would Parker & Associates be violating any particular codes of ethics?

. Legal Analysis




The first legal issue to be analyzed is whether Parker would have violated contract law if all or any portion of the research document had been sold to the State Academy of Trial Lawyers? To determine if Parker would be violating the contract, a valid contract must first exist. Three elements of a valid contract must be proven, including competent parties, consideration, and mutual assent or meeting of the minds.

· Element 1 Competent Parties. For a valid contract, each side must have the capacity to enter into it. This case provides that Parker is a competent individual who willfully accepted an offer to conduct research for the Democratic nominee, also a competent party. We can conclude that both parties had the capacity to enter into a binding contract and element one is satisfied.

· Element Consideration. In order to hold both parties to the contract, each must give something in exchange. Money is the most common form of compensation. The Democratic nominee agreed to pay Parker $5,000 plus expenses to research their opponent, and Parker agreed to provide a report in return. The exchange of a completed report for money satisfies the second element of consideration.

· Element Meeting of the Minds, or Mutual Assent. This means that both sides must fully understand the details, rights, and obligations of the contract. Exhibit 8 of the case study, the agreement between Parker and the Democratic Party, provides clear, concise details as to what each party was required to do to satisfy their part of the contract. Therefore, a mutual assent or meeting of the minds clearly occurred when both parties signed the agreement, and the third element was satisfied.

Since all valid contract elements were satisfied, it can be concluded that the contract between Parker and the Democratic nominee was valid.

The original agreement, Exhibit 8, with the Democratic Party candidate specifically stated the “use of reports” which essentially said that the research and the publications used in the research shall not be used “for any other purpose, campaign, or person” and that the research was to be used “during the present campaign cycle only.” This type of bilateral contract basically promised that the two parties would maintain the terms of the contract between them only. If the research had been sold to another party during the campaign in addition to who it was originally created for, then Parker would have been in breech of contract and the Democratic Party would have every right to sue for damages.

However, the report that the State Academy of Trial Lawyers wanted to purchase from Parker was for an upcoming election that would be occurring during a different campaign cycle. The original agreement outlined that Parkers obligation would expire upon the determination of the last election in which the Campaign had qualified its candidate. It did not state that Parker & Associates could not use the research later, only that the campaign couldn’t. Therefore, it would not be a violation of the original agreement terms if Parker decided to sell the original report to the State Academy of Trial Lawyers or to whomever their firm chose to.

The second legal issue is whether Parker could sell the research to the State Academy of Trial Lawyers or other interested parties without violating federal copyright law. A copyright offers protection for original works of authorship. Copyright protection affords the author of copyrighted work with specific rights that the authors can give or sell to others or keep for themselves.

Possible copyright problems stem from two different items. The fact that the Democratic nominee contracted the work makes it possible that they hold the copyright on the research report. Additionally, when the State Academy of Trial Lawyers heard about the postcards developed by another consultant that were based on the research done by Parker’s firm, they wanted to purchase copies of those also.

According to the Copyright law, a holder has the right to control the material covered by the copyright. Copyright law also states that for research to be copyrightable, the material must

· Exist in a fixed, tangible form that can be reproduced

· Be an original creative effort

· Not already exist in the public domain

The information that Parker researched existed solely in the public domain. The consolidation of this information is still public domain, but the assumptions added to the publicly gained information established the report developed by Parker & Associates as unique. Therefore, the elements of copyrightable material have been satisfied.

The initial issue of who owns the work and therefore the copyright is confusing at first. The general rule is that the author of the work is the owner and therefore the copyright holder. Although the person who creates a unique piece of work is the author of that work and normally, the owner, there is an exception to that principle. Copyright law defines a category of work called works made for hire. For a “work made for hire, the purchaser or employer is considered the author, not the employee. Thus, the employer owns the copyright and possesses 5 exclusive rights granted in the copyrighted work.

1. Reproduction rights

. Modification rights

. Distribution or sale rights

4. Public performance rights, and

5. Public display rights

In 18 the Supreme Court ruled, that to determine whether a work is made for hire, it must first be determined if an employee or an independent contractor prepared the work.

The key item in this case is that Parker was an independent contractor, not a campaign employee. If an employee creates the work, generally the work would be considered a “work made for hire”. In this case, the Campaign was considered the purchaser of Parkers’ services. If a work is created by an independent contractor, such as Parker, then the work is a specially ordered or commissioned work, and it is only owned by the commissioner if the work is one of the types as follows,

· A part of a larger literary work,

· Part of a motion picture or other audiovisual work,

· A translation, or

· A supplementary work such as a chart, an introduction, an atlas, a test or answer material for a test, or an instructional text.

The parties must also expressly state in their contract that the work is “work made for hire”. This was not accomplished in Parker’s case. Nowhere in the contractual agreement does this statement appear. Since the research Parker conducted technically did not fall into any of the above categories and the “work made for hire” statement is missing, it can be said that Parker, as the original author of the work also holds the copyright.

There is also the agreement that both Pat Parker and the Democratic campaign manager signed. In Section 11 of the original agreement, it states that the Democratic Campaign can only use the research during the election year and not use it “for any other purpose, campaign, or person.” Between this, and the fact that Parker is the owner of the copyright, Parker & Associates, not the Democratic Party, has full authority to sell the research to whomever they choose.

The issue of the un-mailed postcards is different from the research itself because they were not actually written by Parker & Associates. Parker’s research was provided to an outside consultant that used the research data to create the postcards. However, Parker & Associates was asked to verify that the research they provided was sufficient to support the postcards’ claims.

For Parker to have a copyright claim to the postcards, there would have had to be a joint authorship of the work considered. If at the time the postcards were created both authors had intended their works to be part of an inseparable whole, this would be considered a joint work. However, from the interview provided in the case, Parker and the other consultant did not have such an understanding regarding the postcards; therefore the postcards cannot be considered a joint work, but rather a collective work.

In a collective work, each author owns the copyright for only the material they added to the finished product. Since both Parker and the other consultant have claims to copyright in the postcards, it would take the express permission of the other party before either could sell them. As before, the Democratic Party appears to have no claim to the postcards.

The agreement does not preclude the sale of the postcards with regards to the Democratic Party. If the other consultant had not been involved and Parker’s firm had made the postcards, the postcards would be under Parker & Associates copyright. However, since the postcards are a collective work, it would preclude Parker from being able to sell them to the State Academy of Trial Lawyers. From a legal standpoint, it seems that Parker & Associates have all the backing they need to sell the research, but not the postcards.

The next issue that Parker was concerned with was violating the campaign statute (though not provided in the case), specified that it would be illegal to give, and for a campaign to accept, an “in-kind” contribution in excess of the legal limit of $500, “through or in the name of another, directly or indirectly.” Any business that violated the campaign financing statutes could be fined or even dissolved. Anyone who aids, abets, or advises in violation of the statute could also be found guilty of a misdemeanor.

Parker knew that the research report was worth substantially more than the legal limit of $500, but was not aware of how the State Academy of Trial Lawyers intended to utilize it. If the State Academy of Trial Lawyers attempted to channel the report to the Republican candidate through a loophole in campaign financing laws, then Parker & Associates might not be guilty of violating the statutes. However, if the State Academy of Trial Lawyers were to give the entire report as an “in kind” donation to the Republican Attorney Generals campaign, then both the campaign and Parker, since Parker & Associates was represented in the report, would be in violation of campaign financing statutes. In this case, Parker would probably violate the Florida Campaign Financing Statute by having contributed more than $500 to a campaign indirectly through the State Academy of Trial Lawyers and would result in a misdemeanor offense. Parker could argue that the firm was unaware that the State Academy of Trial Lawyers intended to provide the report to the campaign for free or under the $500 donation limit.

The final issue of concern for Pat Parker was whether Parker & Associates would be violating the Florida State Voluntary Code of Fair Campaign Practices if they sold the research report to the State Academy of Trial Lawyers. The Florida State Voluntary Code of Fair Campaign Practices applies to potential candidates, but Parker was not a candidate running for any political position in the State of Florida. Therefore, Pat Parker could not violate this Florida Statute by selling the research report since the data presented in the research does not appear to violate the criteria established in Exhibit of the case study.

. Ethical Analysis

Would the reselling of a research project originally created by Pat Parker & Associates constitute an unethical action? Could that action be potentially damaging to either Parker & Associates or the Democratic Party? The evidence presented in this case is concerned with ownership and control of research created by one party for use by another.

As was proven by the legal analysis, Parker & Associates was the owner of the copyright for the research report that they created, and could therefore choose to sell it to another party if they so desired. There was an assumption that Parker had an ethical obligation to maintain loyalty to the Democratic Party since the firm had never done research for any other party, and would not sell their research to the Republican Party.

An ethical alternative would have been for Parker to not sell the research report to the State Academy of Trial Lawyers or any other interested party, thus fending off any potential damages to their reputation or to the Democratic Party.

Pat Parker had to address personal opinions and beliefs before a decision about the research report could be made. Pat Parker seemed hesitant to sell the case to the State Academy of Trial Lawyers for two reasons.

1. Pat Parker wasn’t sure about the legal ramifications

. The desire to continue working for Democratic candidates only

Parker & Associates was a successful business without doing research for any Republican candidates. The need for Parker to feel satisfied with a job well done was evident. Many times during the interview with Leslie Kent, Parker mentioned a feeling of pleasure when the candidates Parker & Associates had provided research to won their elections. That feeling transferred to job satisfaction and satisfaction of personal goals.

This case deals with an issue of whether it is ethical for Pat Parker to sell a research report developed for a Democratic candidate to a third party, with the possibility of the Republican candidate whom it was written about receiving it. Pat Parker had a feeling that it would be unethical to resell the research to the opposition party. Given that Pat Parker was a campaign research consultant, it can be assumed that Parker operated with a specific Code of Ethics. It can also be rationalized that Parker would live up to those principles in order to stay credible amongst the Democratic Party, whom Parker & Associates had conducted all of its business.

A Code of Ethics usually contains a list of principles that professional organizations wish their members to abide by. Yet Parker & Associates was one of only a few firms that specialized in opposition research. There was no established organization, and there was no established Code of Ethics either. It was essentially up to Pat Parker to decide the ethical stand that Parker & Associates would take. However, the Pat Parkers and Parker & Associates reputations were at stake if the wrong decision was made.

In this case, Pat Parker did not want to lose credibility amongst peers or current and future clients. Humans by nature require justification. They have a need to know why they should do something and for what reasons. Humans need specific criteria for judging what decisions are right and what decisions are wrong. It is usually not enough to simply list appropriate actions without an explanation.

Pat Parker in this case is trying to determine the right decision from the wrong decision. Ethical theories can be used to justify such decisions. Consequentialism probably has the best approach in this case. The theory believes that one can distinguish right actions from wrong actions by the fact that right actions will have better consequences. That the right actions will lead to the maximization of overall happiness. This basic form of Consequentialism is known as Utilitarianism. Therefore, if the final decision were to not sell the research to the State Academy of Trial Lawyers, Parker would have made the right decision that would afford better consequences. This obviously would proclaim Parker loyal to the Democratic Party and boost the credibility of Parker & Associates amongst current and future clients.

In trying to clarify what the right action to take is, codes of conduct are often a combination of both Deontological and Utilitarian approaches. In substance, codes of conduct are an expression of the deontological approach. They say, Here are the principles that should be followed. Whether professionals follow a more deontological scheme when formulating ethical codes of conduct or a utilitarian one, both are similar since they clarify the specific duties a profession is obligated to carry out.

From a Virtue Theory perspective, Parker needed to evaluate certain things. If a decision were made not to sell the research, would Parker & Associates still be considered a competent entity in the business? Using the Virtue Theory, the selling of the research would not satisfy any of Pat Parker’s internal or external goals. The sale would throw Pat Parkers character traits out of balance and would consequently be considered an unethical act.

Selling the research would not develop Pat Parkers character in any way and would be considered unethical. Although it appears to be legal for Parker & Associates to sell the research to the State Academy of Trial Lawyers, the ethical reasons show that it should not be done.

4. Conclusion

I believe this case raises an issue regarding intellectual property, specifically federal copyright law. The legal problems surrounding this case are basically about one research report that was written by one person that may have belonged to the client that commissioned it. Parker acted cautiously as though Parker & Associates owned the copyrights to the report they had created. Under federal copyright law, a specific category called “work for hire, “ which states that once a product is completed and turned over to the employer, it rightfully became the property of the employer.

However, Parker was an independent contractor, not an employee. Plus, no such language of “work for hire” ever existed in the research or the contractual agreement between Parker and the client. Therefore, Parker & Associates had every legal right to sell the report to anyone else that wished to do so without violating federal copyright law.

However, Pat Parker would have gone against the personal beliefs that had carried Parker & Associates for years if the research report had been sold to the State Academy of Trial Lawyers. There would have been a sense of betrayal or untruthfulness to the Democratic Party, which Parker & Associates had supported for many years.

Pat Parker could legally sell the report to the State Academy of Trial Lawyers, but would feel ethically and morally wrong for having done so. It could have opened up the potential for future clients, but at what cost to Parkers personal preferences or to Parker & Associates in the long run by playing both sides against the middle? Which was more important, the potential for increased business or the continued respect of the firms chosen affiliation?

I believe that Pat Parker would be better off taking the path that leads to both the legal and ethical right answer. Parker & Associates had the legal right to either sell or not sell the research report to whomever they chose. By not selling a report produced for one party to another party would put Parker & Associates in a Win-Win situation.

· They would maintain the respect of the party with whom they had done business for years by not having opted for higher revenues over loyalty.

· The potential for more clients from the Democratic Party in the future was greater since it would show them that Parker & Associates was both ethically and legally bound to the good faith trust that their clients had placed in them.

· Pat Parker would be satisfied knowing that Parker & Associates had not provided documentation to the party that was not aligned with personal preferences.



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canterbury tales

We are ready to represent the best custom paper writing assistance that can cope with any task like canterbury tales even at the eleventh hour. The matter is that we posses the greatest base of expert writers. Our staff of freelance writers includes approximately 300 experienced writers are at your disposal all year round. They are striving to provide the best ever services to the most desperate students that have already lost the hope for academic success. We offer the range of the most widely required, however, not recommended for college use papers. It is advisable to use our examples like canterbury tales in learning at public-education level. Get prepared and be smart with our best essay samples cheap and fast! Get in touch and we will write excellent custom coursework or essay especially for you.

In the beauty of April, the Narrator and oddly assorted travelers happen to meet at the Tabard Inn in Southwark, London. This becomes the launching point for their 60-mile, four-day religious journey to the shrine of St. Thomas … Becket at the Cathedral in Canterbury. Great blessing and forgiveness were to be heaped upon those who made the pilgrimage; relics of the saint were enshrined there, and miracles had been reported by those who prayed before the shrine. Chaucers pilgrims, however, are not all traveling for religious reasons. Many of them simply enjoy social contact or the adventure of travel.

As the travelers are becoming acquainted, their Host, the innkeeper Harry Bailley, decides to join them. He suggests that they pass the time along the way by telling stories. Each pilgrim is to tell four stories - two on the way to Canterbury, and two on the return trip - a total of 10 stories. He will furnish dinner at the end of the trip to the one who tells the best tale. The framework is thus laid out for the organization of The Canterbury Tales.

Chaucer, the Narrator, observes all of the characters as they are arriving and getting acquainted. He describes in detail most of the travelers which represent a cross-section of fourteenth-century English society. All levels are represented, beginning with the Knight who is the highest ranking character socially. Several levels of holiness and authority in the clergy are among the pilgrims while the majority of the characters are drawn from the middle class. A small number of the peasent class are also making the journey, most of them as servants to other pilgrims.

As the travelers begin their journey the next morning, they draw straws to see who will tell the first tale. The Knight draws the shortest straw. He begins the storytelling with a long romantic epic about two brave young knights who both fall in love with the same woman and who spend years attempting to win her love.




Everyone enjoys the tale and they agree that the trip is off to an excellent start. When the Host invites the Monk to tell a story to match the Knights, the Miller, who is drunk, becomes so rude and insistent that he be allowed to go next that the Host allows it. The Millers tale is indeed very funny, involving several tricks and a very dirty prank as a young wife conspires with her lover to make love to him right under her husbands nose.

The Millers fabliau upsets the Reeve because it involves an aging carpenter being cuckolded by his young wife, and the Reeve himself is aging and was formerly a carpenter. Insulted by the Miller, the Reeve retaliates with a tale about a miller who is made a fool of in very much the same manner as the carpenter in the preceding rendition.

After the Reeve, the Cook speaks up and begins to tell another humorous adventure about a thieving, womanizing young apprentice. Chaucer did not finish writing this story; it stops almost at the beginning.

When the dialogue among the travelers resumes, the morning is half gone and the Host, Harry Bailley, urges the Man of Law to begin his entry quickly. Being a lawyer, the Man of Law is very long-winded and relates a very long story about the life of a noblewoman named Constance who suffers patiently and virtuouly through a great many terrible trials. In the end she is rewarded for her perseverence.

The Man of Laws recital, though lengthy, has pleased the other pilgrims very much. Harry Bailley then calls upon the Parson to tell a similar tale of goodness; but the Shipman, who wants to hear no more sermonizing, says he will take his turn next and will tell a merry story without a hint of preaching. Indeed, his story involves a lovely wife who cuckolds her husband to get money for a new dress and gets away with the whole affair.

Evidently looking for contrast in subject matter, the Host next invites the Prioress to give them a story. Graciously, she relates a short legend about a little schoolboy who is martyred and through whose death a miracle takes place.

After hearing this miraculous narrative, all of the travelers become very subdued, so the Host calls upon the Narrator (Chaucer) to liven things up. Slyly making fun of the Hosts literary pretensions, Chaucer recites a brilliant parody on knighthood composed in low rhyme. Harry hates Chaucers poem and interrupts to complain; again in jest, Chaucer tells a long, boring version of an ancient myth. However, the Host is very impressed by the serious moral tone of this inferior tale and is hightly complimentary.

Since the myth just told involved a wise and patient wife, Harry Bailley takes this opportunity to criticize his own shrewish wife. He then digresses further with a brief commentary on monks which leads him to call upon the pilgrim Monk for his contribution to the entertainment.

The Monk belies his fun-loving appearance by giving a disappointing recital about famous figures who are brought low by fate. The Monks subject is so dreary that the Knight stops him, and the Host berates him for lowering the morale of the party. When the Monk refuses to change his tone, the Nuns Priest accepts the Hosts request for a happier tale. The Priest renders the wonderful fable of Chanticleer, a proud rooster taken in by the flattery of a clever fox.

Harry Bailley is wildly enthusiastic about the Priests tale, turning very bawdy in his praise. The earthy Wife of Bath is chosen as the next participant, probably because the Host suspects that she will continue in the same bawdy vein. However, the Wife turns out to be quite a philosopher, prefacing her tale with a long discourse on marriage. When she does tell her tale, it is about the marriage of a young and virile knight to an ancient hag.

When the Wife has concluded, the Friar announces that he will tell a worthy tale about a summoner. He adds that everyone knows there is nothing good to say about summoners and tells a story which proves his point.

Infuriated by the Friars insulting tale, the Summoner first tells a terrible joke about friars and then a story which condemns them, too. His rendering is quite coarse and dirty.bHoping for something more uplifting next, the Host gives the Cleric his chance, reminding the young scholar not to be too scholarly and to put in some adventure. Obligingly, the Cleric entertains with his tale of the cruel Walter of Saluzzo who tested his poor wife unmercifully.

The Clerics tale reminds the Merchant of his own unhappy marriage and his story reflects his state. It is yet another tale of a bold, unfaithful wife in a marriage with a much older man.

When the Merchant has finished, Harry Bailley again interjects complaints about his own domineering wife, but then requests a love story of the Squire. The young man begins an exotic tale that promises to be a fine romance, but Chaucer did not complete this story, so it is left unfinished.

The dialogue resumes with the Franklin complimenting the Squire and trying to imitate his eloquence with an ancient lyric of romance. There is no conversation among the pilgrims before the Physicians tale. His story is set in ancient Rome and concerns a young virgin who prefers death to dishonor.

The Host has really taken the Physicians sad story to heart and begs the Pardoner to lift his spirits with a happier tale. However, the other pilgrims want something more instructive, so the Pardoner obliges. After revealing himself to be a very wicked man, the Pardoner instructs the company with an allegory about vice leading three young men to their deaths. When he is finished, the Pardoner tries to sell his fake relics to his fellow travellers, but the Host prevents him, insulting and angering him in the process. The Knight has to intervene to restore peace.

The Second Nun then tells the moral and inspiring life of St. Cecelia. About five miles later, a Canon and his Yeoman join the party, having ridden madly to catch up. Converstion reveals these men to be outlaws of sorts, but they are made welcome and invited to participate in the storytelling all the same.

When the Canons Yeoman reveals their underhanded business, the Canon rides off in a fit of anger, and the Canons Yeoman relates a tale about a cheating alchemist, really a disclosure about the Canon.

It is late afternoon by the time the Yeoman finishes and the Cook has become so drunk that he falls off his horse. There is an angry interchange between the Cook and the Manciple, and the Cook has to be placated with more wine. The Manciple then tells his story, which is based on an ancient myth and explains why the crow is black.

At sundown the Manciple ends his story. The Host suggests that the Parson conclude the day of tale-telling with a fable.

However, the Parson preaches a two-hour sermon on penitence instead. The Canterbury Tales end here.



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Korea, South Economy

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Economy - overview As one of the Four Tigers of East Asia, South Korea has achieved an incredible record of growth. Three decades ago GDP per capita was comparable with levels in the poorer countries of Africa and Asia. Today its GDP per capita is seven times Indias, 17 times North Koreas, and comparable to the lesser economies of the European Union. This success through the late 180s was achieved by a system of close government/business ties, including directed credit, import restrictions, sponsorship of specific industries, and a strong labor effort. The government promoted the import of raw materials and technology at the expense of consumer goods and encouraged savings and investment over consumption. The Asian financial crisis of 17- exposed certain longstanding weaknesses in South Koreas development model, including high debt/equity ratios, massive foreign borrowing, and an undisciplined financial sector. Growth plunged by 6.6% in 18, then strongly recovered to plus 10% in 1 and % in 000. Growth fell back to .% in 001 because of the slowing global economy, falling exports, and the perception that much-needed corporate and financial reforms have stalled.

GDP purchasing power parity - $865 billion (001 est.)

GDP - real growth rate .% (001 est.)

GDP - per capita purchasing power parity - $18,000 (001 est.)




GDP - composition by sector

agriculture 5%

industry 44%

services 51% (001 est.)

Population below poverty line 4% (001 est.)

Household income or consumption by percentage share

lowest 10% .6%

highest 10% 4.8% (18 est.)

Distribution of family income - Gini index 1.6 (1)

Inflation rate (consumer prices) 4.% (001 est.)

Labor force million (001)

Labor force - by occupation services 6%, industry 1.5%, agriculture .5% (001)

Unemployment rate .% (001)

Budget

revenues $118.1 billion

expenditures $5.7 billion, including capital expenditures of $.6 billion (000)

Industries electronics, automobile production, chemicals, shipbuilding, steel, textiles, clothing, footwear, food processing

Industrial production growth rate 1.8% (001 est.)

Electricity - production 7.04 billion kWh (000)

Electricity - production by source

fossil fuel 60.6%

hydro 1.45%

other 0.0% (000)

nuclear 7.8%

Electricity - consumption 54.08 billion kWh (000)

Electricity - exports 0 kWh (000)

Electricity - imports 0 kWh (000)

Agriculture - products rice, root crops, barley, vegetables, fruit; cattle, pigs, chickens, milk, eggs; fish

Exports $168. billion (f.o.b., 001)

Exports - commodities electronic products, machinery and equipment, motor vehicles, steel, ships; textiles, clothing, footwear; fish

Exports - partners US 1.8%, Japan 11.%, China 10.7%, Hong Kong 6.%, Taiwan 4.7% (000)

Imports $15. billion (f.o.b., 001)

Imports - commodities machinery, electronics and electronic equipment, oil, steel, transport equipment, textiles, organic chemicals, grains

Imports - partners Japan 1.8%, US 18.%, China 8%, Saudi Arabia 6%, Australia .7% (000)

Debt - external $10.5 billion (001)

Economic aid - recipient $NA

Currency South Korean won (KRW)

Currency code KRW

Exchange rates South Korean won per US dollar - 1,17.01 (January 00), 1,0. (001), 1,10.6 (000), 1,188.8 (1), 1,401.44 (18), 51. (17)

Fiscal year calendar year

NOTE The information regarding Korea, South on this page is re-published from the 00 World Fact Book of the United States Central Intelligence Agency. No claims are made regarding the accuracy of Korea, South Economy 00 information contained here. All suggestions for corrections of any errors about Korea, South Economy 00 should be addressed to the CIA.



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'One Art'

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Everybody loses. It is in human nature to be forgetful, to misplace things, to lack the responsibility to keep everything straight. In the poem “One Art”, Elizabeth Bishop illustrates that prioritizing is key to maintain hold of the things that truly important and let go of the things that are not.

Initially, Bishop discusses the loss of small items keys, names and places. She urges us to “accept the fluster... the hour badly spent”, and get on with life. As the poem continues, however, the items grow progressively larger in size. In tercet five, Bishop uses hyperbole to exaggerate this growth and make it impossible to miss. She has slowly led us farther and farther, moving so sneakily from keys to houses to cities, it is hardly noticeable at first. When we reach the fifth tercet, it is a surprise to hear of the “realms,... two rivers, [and] a continent” that she has misplaced. Bishop utilizes this technique in order to emphasize the difference between losing small items, and mislaying people.

Although rapidly changing size and context, Bishop keeps the poem unified using repetition. The words “master” and “disaster” are used many times throughout, as line or tercet-ending words. In keeping with this, other ‘er’ ending words are used to supplement the rhyme scheme. Also repeated are the ‘ent’ words, used on the inner line of the tercet. This use of repetition creates a common thread through the poem and helps us to see the similarities between the small or large objects.

When we reach the last quatrain, a shift has occurred because the poem is no longer talking about losing objects, but rather, people. “Even losing… a gesture [she] love[s]”, Bishop remains casual in tone. She maintains that “the art of losing’s not hard to master though it may look like… disaster.” These last lines are ironic because it is silly to be talking as indifferently of people as of keys. Bishop uses this irony to show that while losing might now be hard to master, it is the keeping which is the real art.






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Love

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What is it about death that changes people? This question had me stumped for a long period of time. Watching some of the films in this course helped me put these thoughts into perspective. After some careful thought and soul searching, I came to some surprising conclusions. There are many things that a person experiences when they come into contact with death; fear, loss of power, vulnerability and pain. These experiences tend to have life altering effects on individuals and in some cases they push people on a more religious path. There is an interesting trend that people tend to follow in life. As people age the more religious they become. It is as if when they age they have the desire to become closer to God.

Life can be separated into stages, Innocence, Rumination and Wisdom. The transition between each stage can be different for everyone. What thrusts an individual forward from one stage to another are their life experiences. Throughout this paper, with the help of the films we watched in class I would like to analyze the relationship between death and religion in each of these stages of life. It is my belief that the closer an individual is to death, the more religion has an impact on their life.

I often wonder why in the earlier stages of life people do not have many conversations about religion. The Innocence stage of life can be classified as the pleasurable stage. It seems people believe that this era in life is where all the experiences of life take place. In most cases this stage of life is where many of our most memorable experiences take place. Personally, I consider myself still in the Innocence phase and my university experiences have only added to it. Youngsters tend to neglect the religious aspect of their life here. This could be for many reasons. At this stage individuals are innocent and most of all selfish to




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fifteen million plastic bags

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Adrian Mitchell starts out his poem in a descriptive nature. He tells his exact location as he claims that ...[He] was walking in a government warehouse / Where the daylight never goes. And so, weve established where he is, but now, what is the significance of it. Why is he in a government warehouse? If you carefully note that the poem starts out in a government warehouse you can pretty much infer that this is a political poem. Mitchell uses the most influential tools possible, particularly repetition, symbolism, and tone, to help the reader uncover the true meaning of the poem.

Through Mitchells repetition the reader uncovers a deeper understanding of the poem. Over and over Mitchell pounds into our heads I saw Fifteen million plastic bags / hanging in a thousand rows. If your intuitive you may have discovered what this means, however, Mitchell gives us one more clue. Five million were stamped with Mickey Mouse / And they came in a smaller size. Through the repetition Mitchell nonchalantly portrays the aftermath of a nuclear holocaust. The repetition helps the reader to understand what the plastic bags really are and what they represent.

It it through thick layers of surreal symbolism that Mitchell can show the reader how deep the rabbit hole really goes. The Fifteen million plastic bags that Mitchell speaks of are in fact body bags, which depict the eerie and subtle death that the victims of the nuclear fall out were all subject to. And Five million bags were six feet long, and five million men were soon to be six feet under. Five million were five foot five, and these five million women were the mothers of the Five million [that] were stamped with Mickey Mouse. With Mitchells use of symbolism and repetition the tone is clearly defined.

In discovering the tone of the poem we must first discover what the poets point of view is. Mitchell says So Ive taken my bag from the hanger / And Ive pulled it over my head / And Ill wait for the priest to sip it / So the radiation wont spread. When the reader reads this passage, its overwhelmingly eerie and surreal tone jumps out at you. Then the government worker subtly dies, leaving the reader not know what to expect next.




The poem ends in repetition. Leaving the reader with nothing but the subtle workers opposition to nuclear war. With fifteen million dead that leaves the reader forever changed a enlightened with a whole new perspective on life.

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origins of equity

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Origins and Nature of Equity

Some parts of equity you may recognise. You will have come across it in Contract, breach (remedies) and it also relates to co-ownership issues in property law.

Equity is a little bit difficult to get used to as a concept- it is thus easier to briefly examine its origins and history. Until the Judicature Acts were passed in the 1870s, Equity was a separate jurisdiction. Since then it is no longer a separate/supplementary jurisdiction but rather has developed through the common law.

Before the Judicature Acts, Equity was applied and administered by the Court of the Chancery. In the 14th/ 15th Centuries, if an individual had a common law action he went to the Common law courts for redress. If his grievance was not resolved by the common law, he had to turn to the Chancery Courts for redress- for example, if he wanted damages, he sought them at common law but if an injunction was desired, he had to look to Chancery. Chancery offered specific performance of the obligation.




Prior to the 18th Century, the Chancellor was the most important man in the kingdom after the monarch. It was he who issued writs, allowing plaintiffs to proceed with their actions in court. A Plaintiff could only sue if his action/complaint came within the scope of an existing writ. These writs were very specific in their application and covered only very narrow ground. The Common law was thus frozen by its inflexibility.

Because the action by writ was so limited, people began to petition the Chancellor directly, requesting that he exercise discretion. The Chancellor then began to receive these petitions and started to run his own court, where he would receive the parties. He had the power to subpoena people to this court, a power the common law judges did not enjoy. Thus the Chancellors court developed, dealing with work that could not be dealt with by the common law judges. However, people soon realised that the Chancellor afforded better justice and therefore began to bring common law actions before the Chancellor as well. The Chancellor was not so much concerned with case law and precedent but rather an individual sense of right and wrong (idea of the Chancellors foot). Thus equity came into its own. Although the jurisdiction was vague and undefined, the Chancellor gave justice according to conscience. This is not how equity functions nowadays, however- it is not simply a case of going to court and seeing what mood the judge is in today!

The Chancellor was developing things which were equitable (eg. specific performance, injunctions and other equitable remedies) but the most far-reaching development was the trust.

What is a trust??

The following gives a simple illustration

A gives land to B. However, A does not want B to own the land just yet and thus passes it to C on the undertaking that he hold it for B. Therefore, B will ultimately own the land but for the time being it is vested in C. The common law took the view that C was the owner- his is the name on the deed. On the other hand, the Chancellor took a different and more inventive view - C keeps the land but holds it for B. The Chancellor compelled C to hold the land. Thus C was the owner at law (legal owner) and B the owner at equity (equitable or beneficial owner).

Early terminology - C was the FOEFEE TO USES (trustee) and B was CESTUI QUI USE (beneficiary).

The trust was called the USE. The law in this area was crystallised by the Statute of Uses 155. This Statute put the settlor (the person giving away something) and the beneficiary in a legal taxable relationship. To get around this, another use was built in and in the 1700s, the terminology then became UNTO AND TO THE USE OF A ON TRUST FOR B . Thus the use became the trust, defined by the relationship between the trustee and beneficiary.

At the same time, there was a struggle over the power to award injunctions in the Chancellors court. This was a quarrel between the Chancellors Court and the Common Law Courts, resulting in the Common law Procedure Act 1854 and the Chancery Amendment Act 1854.

The Common law Procedure Act 1854 gave the Common law courts power to give certain equitable remedies whilst the Chancery Amendment Act did the reverse- giving Chancery Courts powers to award damages.

Friction between the two jurisdictions was apparent as early as 1610. In order to align the two jurisdictions, the King (James 1) had Francis Bacon (then Attorney General) judge a famous dispute between Lord Chancellor Ellesmere and LCJ Coke. It was decided that where there is conflict between the two, equity shall always prevail.

Ultimately in the Judicature Acts (187 and 1875) the two systems (law and equity) were fused.

Through the Acts, all the old courts were abolished and the Supreme Court of the Judicature was formed.

Included High Court which was structured in three divisions;

QBD-Tort/Contract/

Chancery- land/ Companies/Trust/Insolvency/Probate etc.

Family- Divorce/Children etc.

Each court in the new Supreme Court dispenses Common law and Equity- it is no longer compartmentalised. A plaintiff may seek common law and equity together. Equity is thus no longer a supplementary jurisdiction - to regard it as such would be to an utterly misleading statement of equitys place in the scheme of things today. Equity is hard to define as a concept (Rather through its content).

Equitable remedies are not just granted ad hoc- rather according to previous cases and principles developed through them (precedent).

Is it open to Equity to invent new equitable interests? The Common law view is that it does not make law but declares the law. Equity doesnt hold with this fiction. The CA has said that if a claim in equity exists, it must be shown to have an ancestry founded in history- It is not sufficient that because we may think that the justice of the present case requires it, we should invent such a jurisdiction for the first time. (Re. Diplock 148 CH p.465 @ p. 481) and more recently that the creation of new rights and remedies is a matter for Parliament and not the judges (Per LJ Megaw in Western Fish Products Ltd. v Penrith D. C. 181).

In Cowcher v. Cowcher 17, Bagnall J spoke of equity in terms of the application of sure and settled principles. Thus, he further states, the length of the Chancellors foot has been measured or is capable of measurement.



Judges today have the power to dispense remedies at both common law and equity- where there is conflict equity will prevail.

With the fusion of the two systems with the 1870s Judicature Acts- did it result in a fusion of the administration or a fusion of Equity and Common law themselves? The traditional view is that merely the administration was fused. More recently the argument that the two areas themselves were fused has developed (Per Lord Denning, Errington v Errington ).

Why create a trust?

N. B. Can be created or imposed by the Court.

�æ Tax advantages

�æ To enable minors to hold land

�æ Tie up wealth/land for future generations (probably more historical than actual)

�æ To hold land on behalf of club or society (generally their land/possessions held by trustees)

�æ Make private provision for dependants (in the past for mistresses/illegitimate children). Trust deed is private whereas will is a public document.

�æ Make a gift in the future

�æ Make a gift to charity

Definition of a trust

A standard older definition by Underhill

An equitable obligation binding a person (Trustee) to deal with property over which he has control to benefit beneficiaries of whom he may be one, and any one of whom may enforce the obligation.

N.B. This definition does not include Charitable trusts nor does it cover trusts of imperfect obligation. A Charitable trust enjoys tax advantages that others do not.

Pettitt

A Trust is an equitable obligation binding a person (Trustee) to deal with property over which he has control either for the benefit of persons of whom he may be one and any one of whom may enforce the obligation or for a charitable purpose, which may be enforced at the instance of the AG or for some other purpose permitted by law though unenforceable.

Distinction of Trust from other legal concepts

1. A contract A contract cannot be enforced by someone who is not a party but a trust can be enforced by a beneficiary who is not a party.

A contract is a creation of the common law whereas a trust is a creature of equity. In a contract situation there is some give and take (element of bargain), each party giving the other some advantage. In a trust, the beneficiary is a volunteer (giving no consideration). The trustee himself generally gets no benefit and can get a lot of detriment (just say no if asked!).

N.B If a contract is delivered by way of a signed sealed and delivered deed, there is no requirement for consideration. Also remember the relatively new Contracts (Rights of Third Parties) Act 1

. Agency Both agents and trustees hold fiduciary obligations. Both come under certain obligations- duty not to delegate their responsibilities, they must not allow a conflict of interests, they cannot make secret profits and they both must keep proper accounts.

However, the principal Agent relationship is created by agreement, whereas the trustee-beneficiary relationship is not. The trustee does not represent the beneficiaries but he does perform duties for their benefit. The trustee has title vested in him (he is the legal owner) whereas that is not the case with an Agent. The Agent acts in behalf of the principle and subject to his control but the Trustee does not act in such a way vis a vis the beneficiaries.

. Powers. We will come back to these when we consider creation of trusts.

Features of a Trust

�æ Property owned and managed by Trustee who can sue and be sued

�æ For the benefit of beneficiaries (or charitable purposes enforced by Att. Gen or Charity Commissioners)

�æ Onerous fiduciary office- Trust property managed in best interests of the beneficiaries

�æ Trustee owes personal obligation to beneficiaries who also have equitable proprietary interest in the trust fund. They thus can trace trust assets and recover them from anyone but a bona fide purchaser for value without notice.

�æ Property owned and managed by trustee/s (as joint tenants) who sue or are sued

�æ Trustee owes equitable personal obligations to beneficiaries who also have equitable proprietary interests in the trust fund entitling them to trace trust assets and recover them from anyone but bona fide purchaser for value without notice.

�æ Segregated trust fund not available for claims of trustees creditors, spouse or heirs.

�æ To help with problems that may develop over long life of a trust the court has a supportive role in addition to its punitive enforcement role.

Maxims of Equity

Equity will not suffer a wrong to be without a remedy

Equity follows the law

Where there is equal equity, the law will prevail

He who seeks equity must do equity

Where the equities are equal the first in time will prevail

He who comes to equity must come with clean hands

Delay defeats equity

Equality is equity

Equity looks to the intent rather than to the form

Equity looks on that as done that which ought to have been done

Equity imputes an intention to fulfil an obligation

Equity acts in personam



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Dangerous Game for pleasure or understanding?

We are ready to represent the best custom paper writing assistance that can cope with any task like Dangerous Game for pleasure or understanding? even at the eleventh hour. The matter is that we posses the greatest base of expert writers. Our staff of freelance writers includes approximately 300 experienced writers are at your disposal all year round. They are striving to provide the best ever services to the most desperate students that have already lost the hope for academic success. We offer the range of the most widely required, however, not recommended for college use papers. It is advisable to use our examples like Dangerous Game for pleasure or understanding? in learning at public-education level. Get prepared and be smart with our best essay samples cheap and fast! Get in touch and we will write excellent custom coursework or essay especially for you.

There are certain ideas that the majority of human race treasures, such as life. What would happen if those ideas were suddenly challenged? What would the common reaction be? The short story “The Most Dangerous Game” by Richard Connell explains one man’s reaction to just such a challenge. This story is an example of escape literature because it has a sympathetic hero, a defined plot, and a happy ending.

To start of with, Sanger Rainsford is a sympathetic hero because he represents the values that nearly everyone has when it comes to the value of life. After hearing what the general does, Rainsford says, “Hunting? Good God, General Zaroff, what you speak of is murder.” He states right off what this opinion of Zaroff’s activities are. It is this opinion that conforms so easily with that held by the majority of society shooting down men for pleasure is not hunting, but murder. After spending the night in Zaroff’s house Rainsford tells the general that “[he wishes] to leave this island at once.” He doesn’t want anything to do with this sport. This is what most civilized persons would do. Because of Rainsford’s view of Zaroff’s hobby, he is seen as a sympathetic hero.

Besides having a sympathetic hero, “The Most Dangerous Game” also has a defined plot. Rainsford builds a Malay man-catcher and a Burmese tiger pit to try and escape Zaroff. After these traps have been set, the reader can hardly help but wonder whether it is going to work or not. After finding out the results of the traps, the reader wonders what will happen next. Towards the end of the hunt, Rainsford “leaped far out into the sea.” As the reader reads this, they can’t help but wonder what Rainsford was thinking and what was going to happen to him. They could see it as either a stupid or smart act, but it does cause them to think. It is these examples, as well as numerous others, that prove that this short story has a page-turner plot.

One further reason that “The Most Dangerous Game” is an example of escape literature is that it ends happily. After the general says that the winner of their hunt will get to sleep in the bed, the story ends with this sentence “he had never slept in a better bed, Rainsford decided.” This sentence tells us who won. Coincidentally, the winner was our sympathetic hero. The story ends exactly how escape literature usually does, happily ever after. The hero wins and the bad guy is destroyed.




In conclusion, it is the elements of a sympathetic hero, an exciting plot, and a happy ending that make “The Most Dangerous Game” an example of commercial fiction. Nearly all fiction has some elements of both escape and interpretive literature. However, most have more elements of one than the other, even if it is only a little bit more. The way it is classified depends who is reading it. Everyone is different, so they will all come up with different ideas.



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An Analysis of the Epic Tree Catalogue in Spensor's The Farie Queene and the Illustrative Effects of its Parody in Joyce's Ulysses

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An Analysis of the Epic Tree Catalogue in Spenser’s The Faerie Queene and the Illustrative Effects of its Parody in Joyce’s Ulysses

Edmund Spenser’s epic catalogue of trees in Book 1 of The Faerie Queene (1.1.6-81), an interpolation that shows that Una and Red Cross Knight have, at this early point in the epic, a “narrow preoccupation with the things of this world to the exclusion of broader concerns” (Cheney 4), has precedents in the works of Chaucer and Ovid, as well as in the works of many lesser-known classical authors such as Lucan, Statius, Claudian and Seneca (Wurtsbaugh 56). Thus Spenser, in allowing Una and Red Cross two stanzas to not “see the forest for the trees” (Cheney 7), established himself as among a tradition of epic cataloguers who date back to Homer (Monaghan 5). Within The Faerie Queene, Spenser offers other minor catalogues (including a catalogue of sea monsters in stanzas -4 in canto 1 of Book II) as well as a few major ones, such as the canto-long catalogue of British Kings who “invade the narrative” of Book II (Freeman 64). Some years later, James Joyce, in his amalgamated modern epic / epic parody Ulysses, parodied Spenser’s tree catalogue with his own tree catalogue interpolation (1.166-15) in a chapter full of inflated parodic interpolations meant to place its mock-hero Leopold Bloom in “lonely isolation within a world given over to vast excesses” (Blamires 118). Spenser and Joyce’s epic tree catalogue interpolations both give their heroes / protagonists “‘invisible boundaries’” (Levine 6) that, once broken, place them both deeper into their perilous circumstances (Red Cross Knight and Una with Error in the Wood of Error; Bloom with the politically zealous anti-Semitic “citizen” in Barney Kiernan’s pub). This broad similarity, as well as other minor similarities present between Spenser and Joyce’s interpolations, shows how effectively a parody can illuminate its source material. A close analysis of Joyce’s parody of Spenser allows the reader of both to approach either with a “decoder ring” of sorts that opens up these particular passages of The Faerie Queene and Ulysses for a more complete understanding.

Una and Red Cross Knight, on the outset of their journey in The Faerie Queene, seeking shelter from a storm, “A shadie grove not far away they spide, / That promist ayde the tempest to withstand / Whose loftie trees yclad with sommers pride” (1.1.56-58). Once inside the “shadie grove,” Una and Red Cross, “with pleasure forward led” (1.1.64) “[did] prayse the trees, so straight and hy” (1.1.68). Spenser’s epic catalogue of twenty trees follows, arranged by height (Monaghan 5), and each praised not for their aesthetic qualities, but for their practicality (Freeman 65)

1. “The sayling Pine” [for shipbuilding (Gifford 5)]




. “the Cedar proud and tall” [Recalls Isaiah 1, “And upon all the cedars of Lebanon, that are high and lifted up” (Maclean 8).]

. “The vine-prop Elme” [“the elm supporting the vine” (Rabbeth )]

4. “the Poplar never dry”

5. “The builder Oake, sole king of forrests all”

6. “The Aspine good for staves [staffs]” [The aspen stands for lamentation (Gifford 5).]

7. “the Cypresse funerall” [Ovid’s tree catalogue in Metamorphoses directly precedes the story of Cyparissus, who was turned into a Cypress tree by Apollo after becoming inconsolable after killing a deer (Maclean 8).]

8. “The Laurell, meed [reward] of mightie Conquerours / And Poets sage” [with it they are crowned (Rabbeth )]

. “the Firre that weepeth still”

10. “The Willow worne of forlorne Paramours” [“worn by desolate, forlorn lovers” (Rabbeth )]

11. “The Eugh obedient to the benders will” [“the yew, of which bows are made” (Rabbeth )]

1. “The Birch for shaftes” [Arrows; the birch stands for meekness (Gifford 5).]

1. “the Sallow for the mill”

14. “The Mirrhe sweete bleeding in the bitter wound” [Myrrh is associated with Christ’s birth and thus (here) the wounds of his crucifixion (Maclean 8).]

15. “The warlike Beech” [Beech symbolizes prosperity (Gifford 5).]

16. “the Ash for nothing ill”

17. “The fruitfull Olive”

18. “and the Platane round”

1. “The carver Holme” [“Holly or holm-oak, both suitable for carving” (Logan et al. 61).]

0. “the Maple seeldom inward sound” (1.1.6-81)

Why did Spenser include such an interpolation? The simplest answer is that he is allowing Una and Red Cross some textual wandering time (one and a half stanzas) in which to get thoroughly lost in the Wood of Error (Freeman 64). It is, most certainly, considering the later discovery of the hideous Error, a “prelude to crisis” (Cheney 7) that can be considered, in its wordy tangle of virtues, a way for Spenser to portray that “the image of the wood is governed by the idea of mental confusion” (Freeman 64).

That Spenser’s tree catalogue is ripe for parody, despite its use as a portrayal of “mental confusion,” is only contextually evident. Joyce places his Spenserian parody in a context that makes his Red Cross and Una counterparts essentially the trees themselves, lavishly wed as a means to re-forest Ireland. This is accomplished as one of parodic interpolations / asides in the so-called “Cyclops” chapter of Ulysses (Chapter 1, so named because of its Homeric parallels) (Gifford 14). The Spenserian parody is cued, in the main narrative of “Cyclops,” by a discussion of the deforestation of Ireland at Barney Kiernan’s pub in Dublin. The mock-hero of Ulysses, Leopold Bloom, only “stick[s] in an odd word” (1.16) in the conversation, which is dominated by barflies John Wyse Nolan, Lenehan, and “The Citizen,” a nameless, anti-Semitic political zealot who can be seen as the “Error” counterpart in Joyce’s parody, later threatening Bloom with crucifixion. Joyce’s Spenserian parody is built on four key phrases in the dialogue, which I have noted in italics

�As treeless as Portugal we’ll be soon, says John Wyse, or Heligoland with its one tree if something is not done to reafforest the land. Larches, firs, all the trees of the conifer family are going fast. I was reading a report of lord Castletown’s …

�Save them, says the citizen, the giant ash of Galway and the chieftain elm of Kildare with a fortyfoot bole and an acre of foliage. Save the trees of Ireland for the future men of Ireland on the fair hills of Eire, O.

�Europe has its eyes on you, says Lenehan. (1.158-165)

These four phrases serve as building blocks on which Joyce generates his parody. His parodic interpolation is in the style of both an epic and a journalistic international “society page” (hence “reading a report” and “Europe has its eyes on you”) reporting what Joyce himself called the “Forester’s Wedding” (-----). The intent of the “Forester’s Wedding” is, indeed, to “Save the trees of Ireland” by the tree “procreation” that will come from the marriage. The Una counterpart in Joyce’s parody is literally a member of the “conifer family”�“Miss Fir Conifer of Pine Valley” (1.168-6). Red Cross becomes John Wyse Nolan, or rather “Jean Wyse de Neaulan, grand high chief ranger of the Irish National Foresters” (1.167).







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Canturbury Tales

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Term Paper

Marriages Canterbury Tales

Throughout Chaucer’s Canterbury Tales, the marriages in the stories are as different and as intertwined as the pilgrims themselves who told of these tales. The diversity amongst the marriages was well illustrated by the following tales, The Wife of Bath, Alisoun’s departure from the standard beliefs, whose principle was that the wife should rule the husband for a happy marriage. The Clerk, Walter, showed the accepted and traditional view of the husband as the master over the wife. The Merchant as depicted by January showed personal bitterness towards women and in the Franklin’s Tale, Arveragus and Dorigen idealized mutual love and honor between husband and wife.

The Wife of Bath. “Of husbands at church door have I had five” (11), “welcome the sixth whenever come he shall” (1). Alisoun was thought to be a loose woman, almost trampish but her feelings were so, “I am free to wed, in God’s name, where it pleases me” (1). She had three good husbands, all of which were old and rich who treated her well and she picked them clean, her other two husbands were bad. Her fourth husband had a mistress so Alisoun pretended to be unfaithful as well, an sent him to his grave. “But certainly I showed so gay a soul that in his own thick grease I made him fry for anger and for utter jealousy. By God, on earth I was his purgatory” (4). The fifth husband though she loved him the best was the one that beat her. After striking her for tearing out a page in his cursed book, seeing how she lay so helpless he said, “O my dear sister Alison, so help me God, I’ll never strike you more” (). “My own true wedded wife, do as you please the term of all your life, guard your own honor and keep fair my state after that day we never had debate” (). Alisoun believed that the woman should be the master of the relationship, “Who shall be both my debtor and my thrall and have his tribulations therewithal Upon his flesh, the while I am his wife, I have the power during all my life over his own good body, and not he” (15).




Meskel

The Clerk. The Noble Walter enjoyed his freedom as a bachelor, but his people implored him to wed and beget an heir. He agreed as long as the choice of a wife was entirely his. He choose Griselda the daughter of Janicula a poor farmer. Before he takes Griselda for his wife, he says to her, “I say this Are you ready with good heart to grant my wish, and that I freely may, As I shall think best, make you laugh or smart, and you to grumble never, night or day? And too, when I say “yea” you say not “nay” By word or frown to what I have designed. Swear this, and here I will our contract bind” (84). Griselda responded, “My lord, unsuited, unworthy Am I to take the honor you give me here; But what you’d have, that very thing would I. And here I swear that never willingly, In deed or thought, will I you disobey, To save my life, and I love life, I say” (84).

Two years into the marriage Griselda bears a daughter. To test her obedience towards Walter he sends a servant to take away the baby presumably to her young death. Griselda accepts this without any kind of confrontation. Several years later she bears a son, again her baby is taken away and again Griselda accepts this type of manipulation from Walter. Eventually Walter sends Griselda away telling her he is to wed a new, younger bride that he has already sent for. In reality he is really sending for his two children who are now 1 and 8. Griselda leaves without dispute to go back to live with her Father, but Walter asks Griselda to stay and ready the castle for the wedding, as no one else knows his likes and dislikes as she does and she does so obligingly. When she has accomplished all that has been asked of her and she is on her way back to her Father, Walter tells her that she has passed his “tests” and tells her that the two children are hers that were taken away as babies. Walter than takes Griselda back as his loving wife, and of course she takes him into open arms.



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Baskerville

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The Font, Baskerville was created by John Baskerville, a typefounder and printer in late eighteenth-century England. It is classified as transitional. As a matter of fact, with its generous proportions, the Baskerville appears not very different from its predecessors. But the difference between fine and bold strokes is more marked, the lower-case serifs are almost horizontal and the emphasis on the stroke widths is almost vertical.

According to Baskerville, The whole duty of typography, is to communicate to the imagination.

He and Caslon were the two great type designers of the 18th cent. in England. He began his work as printer and publisher in 1757 and in 1758 became printer to Cambridge Univ. Baskervilles first volume was a quarto edition of Vergil. His type faces introduced the modern, pseudoclassical style, with level serifs and with emphasis on the contrast of light and heavy lines. This style influenced that of the Didot family in France and that of Bodoni in Italy. Books printed by Baskerville are typically large, with wide margins, made with excellent paper and ink. His masterpiece was a folio Bible, published in 176. After his death his wife operated the press until 1777. Then most of his types were purchased by Beaumarchais and were used in his 70-volume edition of Voltaire. The matrices, long lost, were rediscovered and in 15 were presented to the Cambridge Univ. Press. Among Baskervilles publications in the British Museum are Aesops Fables (1761), the Bible (176), and the works of Horace (1770).

A towering figure in the history of English typography, he broke one tradition and started another. Before Baskerville, the standard English type of the early 18th century was Caslon - a tradition which stretched back to Aldus Manutius of the 15th century. John Baskerville improved existing types, ink and presses and produced a clearer blacker type than any of his contemporaries. Unfortunately, his type was severely criticised due to the thinness of the strokes. Critics maintained that his type hurt the eye and would be responsible for blinding the nation. It was a commercial failure and wasnt revived until the early 0th century.




He has been called the greatest printer England ever produced but was very much disliked by his contemporaries. He was regarded as nouveau-riche, provincial, and had unpopular anti-establishment views on religion. He insisted on being buried standing up in a special building in his garden and was thence branded an atheist. In 180, his body was dug up and used as a sort of local peepshow. The curious could view it for the sum of 6 pence.



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Brand Community

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Introduction

A community is made up of its member entities and the relationships among them. Communities tend to be identified based on commonality or identification among their members, whether a neighborhood, an occupation, a leisure pursuit, or devotion to a brand. Through communities, people share essential resources that may be cognitive, emotional, or material in nature.

Brand communities are communities whose primary bases of identification are either brands or consumption activities, that is, whose meaningfulness is negotiated through the symbolism of the marketplace.




Definition

“A brand community is a specialized, non-geographically bound community, based on a structured set of social relationships among admirers of a brand.” It, like other communities, is characterized by qualities like a shared consciousness, rituals and traditions, and a sense of moral responsibility. However, as it is centered around a branded good or service, everything is situated within a commercial and mass mediated ethos.

Characteristics of brand communities

Like other communities, brand communities are marked by a shared consciousness, rituals and traditions and a sense of moral responsibility. Each of these qualities is, however, situated within a commercial and mass-mediated ethos, and has its own particular expression.

Consciousness of kind

The most important element of Brand community is consciousness of kind. Members share a we-ness. Members feel an important connection to the brand, but more importantly, they feel a stronger connection toward one another. The consciousness of kind found in brand communities transcends geographic boundaries. It is also characterized by a few processes like legitimacy and oppositional brand loyalty

Legitimacy is a process whereby members of the community differentiate between true members of the community and those who are not, or who occupy a more marginal space. In the context of brands this is demonstrated by really knowing,” the brand as opposed to using the brand for the wrong reasons. The wrong reasons are typically revealed by failing to fully appreciate the culture, history, rituals, traditions, and symbols of the community.

Brand communities are generally open social organizations in that they do not deny membership, but like most communities, they do have status hierarchies. Ostensibly, anyone who is devoted to the brand can be a member of the community, regardless of ownership. However, the devotion to the brand must be sincere and for the right reasons. Legitimacy is however not a necessary condition in all brand communities.

Oppositional brand loyalty is another social process involved in perpetuating consciousness of kind. Through opposition to competing brands (Coke vs. Pepsi), brand community members derive an important aspect of their community experience, as well as an important component of the meaning of the brand. This serves to delineate what the brand is not, and who the brand community members are not.

Rituals and Traditions

Rituals and traditions represent vital social processes by which the meaning of the community is reproduced and transmitted within and beyond the community. They are typically centered on shared consumption experiences with the brand and maintain the culture of the community.

Some of the rituals and traditions include celebrating the history of the brand and sharing brand stories. Advertisements play an important role in brand community rituals and traditions. Members are particularly concerned with advertisements as they represent the brand to those outside of the community, as well as to themselves.

The preservation of what the brand is and stands for is important to the brand community. Members often feel that they have a better understanding of the brand than the manufacturer does. They can be, and frequently are, critical of various aspects of the brand and/or its management. Brand community members play an active role in the social construction of brand meaning through accommodation, negotiation, text rejection, interpretation, evaluation, and use of communal symbol systems. Often the marketer is regarded as having too much say in the brands future and the brands very ownership is contested. Thus, these rituals and traditions represent an important aspect of consumer agency, and point to the social negotiation between marketer and consumer in constructing a brands meaning.

Moral responsibility

Moral responsibility is a sense of duty to the community as a whole, and to individual members of the community. This sense of moral responsibility is what produces collective action and contributes to group cohesion. A prime concern among brand communities being that of survival, moral responsibility includes Integrating and Retaining Members.

Brand Communities are intentional, voluntary, and partial in the level of involvement they engender and commitment is narrowly defined. Members are united predominantly by their common interest in a brand. Brand communities are defined in contra distinction to one another and gain their identity by their most apparent differences from one another.

Some other characteristics of brand communities are

· They are not restricted by geography.

· They are explicitly commercial; exist in full view, with communal self-awareness and self-reflexivity.

· Brand communities are less ephemeral and their members as more committed. Brand communities can be relatively stable groupings, with relatively strong (but rarely extreme) degrees of commitment.



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